Antixenosis of bean genotypes to Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate bean genotypes for resistance to soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens). Initially, free-choice tests were carried out with 59 genotypes, divided into three groups according to leaf color intensity (dark green, light green, and medium green), in order to evaluate oviposition preference. Subsequently, 12 genotypes with high potential for resistance were selected, as well as two susceptible commercial standards. With these genotypes, new tests were performed for oviposition in a greenhouse, besides tests for attractiveness and consumption under laboratory conditions (26±2ºC, 65±10% RH, and 14 h light: 10 h dark photophase). In the no-choice test with adults, in the greenhouse, the 'IAC Jabola', Arcelina 1, 'IAC Boreal', 'Flor de Mayo', and 'IAC Formoso' genotypes were the least oviposited, showing antixenosis-type resistance for oviposition. In the free-choice test with larvae, Arcelina 4, 'BRS Horizonte', 'Pérola', H96A102-1-1-1-52, 'IAC Boreal', 'IAC Harmonia', and 'IAC Formoso' were the less consumed genotypes, which indicates antixenosis to feeding. In the no-choice test, all genotypes (except for 'IAPAR 57') expressed moderate levels of antixenosis to feeding against C. includens larvae.

Antixenosis to the peach/potato aphid, myzus persicae (SuIzer) in potato cultivars

Field studies were conducted to determine the antixenotic resistance against the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in different potato cultivars i.e. Cardinal, Ultimus and Desiree. These cultivars were studied in the paired tests as Cardinal vs. Desiree and Cardinal vs. Desiree for antixenosis (systemic insecticide-based test). In Desiree vs. Ultimus, no significant difference was found for the preference of M. persicae, while in case of Cardinal vs. Desiree, there was a significant preference for Desiree. Cardinal clearly showed antixenosis to M. persicae.

Characterization of antibiosis and antixenosis to the whitefly silverleaf Bemisia tabaci B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in several squash varieties

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Assessing antixenosis of soybean entries against Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Antixenosis and tolerance to Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in common bean cultivars

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Factors Influencing Expression of Antixenosis in Soybean to Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Antixenosis of bean genotypes to Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

ASSESSING Bemisia tabaci (GENN.) BIOTYPE B RESISTANCE IN SOYBEAN GENOTYPES: ANTIXENOSIS AND ANTIBIOSIS

Since it was first reported in Brazil in the 1990s, the B biotype of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci [Genn.], Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has been recognized as an important pest in soybeans (Glycine max L.), reducing the productivity of this legume species in some areas of the country. As an alternative to chemical control, the use of resistant genotypes represents an important tool for integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated the performance of 10 soybean genotypes prior to whitefly infestation, by testing attractiveness and preference for oviposition in the greenhouse and antibiosis in the laboratory. In a multiple-choice test, 'IAC-17' was the least attractive to insects. In a no-choice test, 'IAC-17' was the least attractive for, egg deposition, indicating the occurrence of non-preference for oviposition on this genotype. Trichome density was positively correlated with the oviposition site and may be associated with the resistance of 'IAC-17' to infestation. The genotypes 'IAC-PL1', 'IAC-19', 'Conquista', 'IAC-24' and 'IAC-17' extended the insect's life cycle, indicating the occurrence of a small degree of antibiosis and/or non-preference for feeding.

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola in Sorghum bicolor

Sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) is the most important pest of grain sorghum worldwide, and plant resistance is an important component for the control of this pest. To identify sorghum genotypes with diverse mechanisms of resistance to sorghum midge, we studied oviposition, larval survival, and midge damage in 27 sorghum midge-resistant genotypes, and a susceptible check under greenhouse conditions. Observations were also recorded on floral characteristics and compensation in grain mass. Of the 28 sorghum genotypes tested, 19 showed high levels of antixenosis to oviposition as a component of resistance, and had

Estudio del patosistema geminivirus-moscas blancas, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) en cultivos de soja. Study of the geminivirus-whiteflies Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) pathosystem in soybean crops.

La soja es la especie oleaginosa de mayor importancia y consumo en el mundo. Su cultivo se efectúa en aproximadamente 50 países, aunque el 90 por ciento de la producción está concentrada en: Estados Unidos (40 por ciento), Brasil (24 por ciento), Argentina (18 por ciento) y China (8 por ciento). En nuestro país durante la campaña agrícola 2006/07 se alcanzaron 15.981.264 ha y 47.482.784 t. Actualmente, ocupa una amplia zona ecológica, desde los 23º a los 39º de latitud sur y la región pampeana, con cerca del 90 por ciento de la superficie sembrada en las provincias de Santa Fe (28.5 por ciento), Córdoba (28 por ciento) y Buenos Aires (23 por ciento) es la principal productora. Entre los factores que limitan la producción de este cultivo se encuentra el patosistema begomovirus - mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), que causa pérdidas económicas, al reducir los rendimientos y calidad de los productos obtenidos y aumentar los costos de producción por el uso intensivo de insecticidas. La continua aplicación de agroquímicos para el control del insecto conlleva la selección de individuos resistentes en la población, que puede verse acelerada si se tiene en cuenta que, durante el ciclo de cultivo, se desarrollan varias generaciones. Además, formas inmaduras y adultos se alojan en el envés de las hojas y la acción de los insecticidas es menos eficaz. Ante esto, los agricultores aumentan el número y frecuencia de las aplicaciones, con lo que se incrementa la presión de selección en las poblaciones, favoreciendo el surgimiento de estirpes resistentes. El control químico resulta antieconómico y genera un severo peligro ambiental, con perjuicios para la salud humana y animal. Por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible la búsqueda de formas alternativas de control de la plaga y de los virus que transmite, a través del manejo integrado sustentable, dentro del cual se destacan la resistencia de la planta hospedante (HPR) y el empleo de métodos culturales. Con respecto a los geminivirus, como primer paso en la búsqueda de resistencia, es de gran importancia identificar las especies y/o razas que se encuentran infectando al cultivo de soja. Además, se presupone la existencia de fuentes de resistencia a moscas blancas en germoplasma de soja y, por ende, a los begomovirus que transmiten y que es posible la caracterización de los mecanismos que confieren dicha resistencia. En base a la problemática expuesta se proponen los siguientes objetivos de trabajo:- Aislar y caracterizar molecularmente a las nuevas especies y/o razas de begomovirus detectadas en cultivos de soja y ajustar las técnicas que permitan su identificación.- Detectar y caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia, antixenosis, antibiosis o ambas, frente a la mosca blanca B. tabaci en distintos cultivares de soja. Para cumplimentar tales objetivos se efectuará el clonado y secuenciación del genoma completo de los diferentes begomovirus detectados; serán ajustadas técnicas de hibridación molecular con marcado no radioactivo y producidos clones infecciosos que, posteriormente, se emplearán para inocular distintas especies (rango de hospedantes). Por otro lado, se tratará de detectar y caracterizar fuentes de resistencia a B. tabaci en germoplasma de soja (cultivares comerciales y líneas en proceso avanzado de mejoramiento). Como primer paso se efectuará la cría de la mosca blanca bajo condiciones controladas.Se medirán variables indicadoras de antibiosis (en condiciones de no elección o alimentación forzada): número de huevos, ninfas y adultos, tasa de mortalidad, duración del ciclo biológico, longevidad y peso de insectos adultos. Complementariamente se determinará antixenosis (en condiciones de libre elección): índice de atracción y preferencia para la oviposición y su correlación con el número de tricomas foliares. Los resultados del proyecto serán de inmediata transferencia a fitotecnistas, semilleros y sector productivo en general, permitiendo la reducción de pérdidas significativas ocasionadas por begomovirus y por su vector.

Tomato plant inheritance of antixenotic resistance to tomato leafminer

The objective of this work was to determine the inheritance of resistance by antixenosis in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) to tomato leafminer [Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)]. Evaluations were performed for tomato plants of the generations P1, P2, F1, F2, RC1 and RC2. The measured characteristic in the parents, BGH-1497 (P2 male) and 'Santa Clara' (P1 female), and in the F1, F2, RC1 and RC2 generations was the number of eggs per plant. This number was converted to the oviposition nonpreference index. The inheritance of antixenosis resistance of genotype BGH-1497 is ruled by a gene of greater effect and polygenes in epistatic interactions, with a phenotypic proportion of 13:3 between susceptible and resistant genotypes, respectively.

Resistance of sugarcane cultivars to Diatraea saccharalis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the oviposition preference of Diatraea saccharalis and the effect of ten sugarcane cultivars on larval development. Oviposition preference was assessed under greenhouse conditions by three releases of couples of moths, with subsequent counting of egg masses and eggs per plant. In order to evaluate the effect of the cultivars on larval development, each plant was infected with about 150 eggs, and, 29 days later, the total number of internodes, number of bored internodes, number of life forms found, larval and pupal weight and length, and the width of larval head capsule were evaluated. The cultivars IACSP94-2101 and IACSP96-2042, the least preferred by D. saccharalis for oviposition, and IACSP94-2094, the most unfavorable for larvae entrance and development, show resistance to the pest.

Resistência de genótipos de batata (Solanum spp.) a Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Preferência alimentar de Dione juno juno (Cramer) por genótipos de maracujazeiro e avaliação do uso de extratos aquosos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Preferência alimentar de adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) por genótipos de batata (Solanum spp.)

Avaliou-se a preferência alimentar de adultos de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar), pelos genótipos de batata Achat, Baronesa, Monalisa, N 140-201 e NYL 235-4. Foram realizados ensaios com e sem chance de escolha, em laboratórios e em casa de vegetação, na FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. em dois testes utilizaram-se discos de folíolos provenientes de plantios em vaso (plantas com 40 dias); em outros seis semelhantes (exceção ao genótipo N 140-201) foram utilizados discos de folíolos provenientes de plantio de campo (plantas com 30, 50 e 70 dias). Nas placas de Petri (repetições) foram liberados dois adultos/disco. Dois outros ensaios foram efetuados em gaiolas (sem chance de escolha), no interior de casa de vegetação, com plantas com 15 e 45 dias de idade, liberando-se três e 10 adultos/planta respectivamente, avaliando-se o consumo de área foliar quatro e cinco dias após. Nos testes em laboratório com material de vaso, o genótipo NYL 235-4 (com e sem chance) foi o menos consumido (1,08 a 1,12 mg de peso seco). Com material de campo (com e sem chance), o peso de matéria fresca consumida pela praga foi menor em NYL 235-4 (médias de 26,2 e 66,1 mg) e Baronesa (30,2 e 57,9 mg). Nos ensaios em gaiolas (sem chance) também verificou-se menor consumo em NYL 235-4 (3,35 cm² e 16,70 cm²/planta). Esses resultados revelam que o genótipo NYL 235-4 apresenta resistência do tipo não-preferência para alimentação em relação a D. speciosa.