Diabetes induces metabolic alterations in dental pulp

Diabetes can interfere in tissue nutrition and can impair dental pulp metabolism. This disease causes oxidative stress in cells and tissues. However, little is known about the antioxidant system in the dental pulp of diabetics. Thus, it would be of importance to study this system in this tissue in order to verify possible alterations indicative of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate some parameters of antioxidant system of the dental pulp of healthy (n = 8) and diabetic rats (n = 8). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in rats. Six weeks after diabetes induction, a pool of the dental pulp of the 4 incisors of each rat (healthy and diabetic) was used for the determination of total protein and sialic acid concentrations and catalase and peroxidase activities. Data were compared by a Student t test (p <= 0.05). Dental pulps from both groups presented similar total protein concentrations and peroxidase activity. Dental pulps of diabetic rats exhibited significantly lower free, conjugated, and total sialic acid concentrations than those of control tissues. Catalase activity in diabetic dental pulps was significantly enhanced in comparison with that of control pulps. The result of the present study is indicative of oxidative stress in the dental pulp caused by diabetes. The increase of catalase activity and the reduction of sialic acid could be resultant of reactive oxygen species production.

Influência da luminosidade na fisiologia e morfoanatomia de jequitibá branco (Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze) e jequitibá rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze)

Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze e C. legalis (Mart.) Kuntze são arbóreas nativas do Brasil que, além de possuírem alto poder econômico, são objeto de interesse em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas e em plantios comerciais. A escassez de informações relacionadas ao desempenho ecofisiológico dessas espécies em condições ambientais estressantes dificultam o manejo e conservação das mesmas. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a ecofisiologia das espécies em um gradiente de irradiância, por meio de dois experimentos. No experimento 1, plantas de C. estrellensis com 12 meses de idade foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos: 40%, 50%, 70% e 100% de irradiância, durante 104 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises de crescimento, do conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos, de trocas gasosas, da fluorescência da clorofila a, do conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis, das características anatômicas foliares e caulinares e da plasticidade fenotípica da espécie. No experimento 2, plantas de C. estrellensis e C. legalis com 14 meses de idade foram submetidas a dois tratamentos: 30% e 100% de irradiância (sombra e sol, respectivamente), durante 30 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises do estresse oxidativo das espécies, por meio da quantificação da atividade das enzimas catalase e peroxidase do ascorbato e por meio da quantificação do conteúdo foliar de pigmentos fotossintéticos. No experimento 1, em 70% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram melhor crescimento em altura e diâmetro, maior massa seca de folhas (MSF), de caule (MSC) e de raiz (MSR). Em 70% e 100% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram folhas menores (AFU) e mais espessas (AFE e MFE) resultando em menor área foliar total (AFT). Nesses tratamentos as plantas também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b), porém, maior razão Chl a/b e maior conteúdo de carotenóides, o que implicou em menor razão Chl a/Carot. Taxas fotossintéticas maiores foram encontradas nas plantas em 70% e inibidas em 40% e 50%, em função da baixa irradiância solar, e em 100%, possivelmente pela ocorrência de fotoinibição, como mostraram os parâmetros do fluxo de energia do fotossistema II. De acordo com a análise da fluorescência da clorofila a, em pleno sol, as plantas apresentaram menor densidade de centros de reação ativos (RC/ABS) e maior dissipação de energia (DI0/ABS), culminando com menor desempenho do fotossistema II (PIabs) e desempenho total (PITotal). O conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis foi maior nas plantas em 70%, seguido das plantas em 100% de irradiância, com exceção da glicose, que não variou entre os tratamentos. A maior espessura encontrada nas folhas sob 100% de irradiância foi em função da maior espessura das epidermes adaxial e abaxial e dos parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso. E o maior diâmetro do caule em 70% de irradiância se deu pela maior espessura do xilema e floema secundários. No experimento 2, as plantas em pleno sol de ambas as espécies também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b) e maior razão Chl a/b. No entanto, o conteúdo de carotenóides foi maior, o que implicou em menores razões Chl a/Carot. A atividade da catalase (CAT) variou em função do tempo e da espécie, apresentando uma queda em C. estrellensis aos 16 dias, possivelmente em função de fotoinativação, e um aumento em C. legalis aos 30 dias. Já a atividade da peroxidase do ascorbato (APX) não variou em função do tempo, da espécie ou dos tratamentos. O estudo da plasticidade fenotípica mostrou que C. estrellensis é uma espécie plástica, principalmente em função das variáveis de fotossíntese e trocas gasosas, sendo capaz de sobreviver no gradiente de irradiância testado, o que viabiliza o seu uso em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas. E, uma vez que as análises ecofisiológicas mostraram que C. estrellensis e C. legalis apresentaram melhor desempenho em luminosidade moderada, sugere-se que ambas comportaram-se como espécies intermediárias no processo de sucessão florestal. No entanto, uma vez que a concentração de pigmentos foliares e a produção de enzimas antioxidantes inferiram maior susceptibilidade de C. estrellensis à fotoinibição em alta irradiância, sugere-se maior viabilidade do uso de C. legalis em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradas.

Evaluation of drought tolerance in several genotypes of spelt (Triticum aestivum Var. Spelta)

Domestication of plants and plant breeding have dramatically eroded the allelic variations of crop species which led to an increasing susceptibility of crop plants to environmental stresses, diseases and pests. Drought is a major environmental stress factor that affects the growth and development of plants so the selection of tolerant genotypes becomes increasingly important with respect to the predicted effects of global warming. In this study, several genotypes of Spelt (Triticum aestivum var. spelta) were tested under low water supply in soil with the aim of to find Spelt genotypes more resistant than wheat to these conditions, and select them so that in future may be used to improve wheat crops. Morphological analyses were performed and mineral and enzymatic analyses and also dry matter production were calculated. Our results suggests that the genotypes Sp53, Sp96, Sp912, Sp757 and Sp804 are a potential ones to use in breeding programs to improve wheat production. Under drought, these genotypes had growth efficiency of 38%, 45%, 64%, 37%, and 31% respectively and also showed higher biomass than modern wheat and were also mineralogical richer. The genotypes Sp96 and Sp912 showed highest activity of all antioxidants enzymes tested. This work proves that Spelt is a good wheat to continue to study in order to improve wheat crops in dry areas and consequently increase the quality of life and health of the populations living in those areas.

Stress oxydatif, fonction mitochondriale et maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin

CONTEXTE: Bien que la dysfunction mitochondriale et le stress oxydant jouent des rôles prépondérants dans plusieurs conditions pathologiques, ils n’ont pas été étudiés de façon extensive au niveau du tube digestif qui est constamment exposé aux oxydants (provenant de l’alimentation) et à divers agents pathogènes. L’ingestion simultanée de sels ferreux et d’acide ascorbique peut causer le dommage des macromolécules par oxydation. Le ‘’Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor’’ (Nrf2) est un important facteur de transcription sensible au potentiel redox et qui protège contre le stress oxydant en induisant des gènes anti-oxydants et de detoxification par sa liaison à l’élément de réponse antioxydante (ARE). Les fonctions anti-oxydantes et anti-inflammatoires de Nrf2 ont été décrites dans une variété de types cellulaires et de tissus. Cependant son rôle est très peu connu au niveau du tube digestif. OBJECTIFS: Les objectifs sont d’évaluer comment la peroxydation lipidique médiée par le fer/ascorbate (FE/ASC) affecte les fonctions mitochondriales dans les cellules Caco-2/15, et de déterminer l’ampleur de l’implication de Nrf2. MÉTHODES: Le stress oxydant a été induit dans les cellules Caco2/15 en les traitant avec 0.2mm/2mm de FE/ASC. L’augmentation de l’expression de Nrf2 a été obtenue suite au prétraitement des cellules Caco2/15 avec 50 μM d’Olitpraz (OPZ), un puissant activateur. L’invalidation du gène de Nrf2 a été réalisée dans les cellules par transfection avec un vecteur lentiviral contenant un shRNA contre Nrf2. RÉSULTATS: Nos résultats montrent que le traitement des cellules Caco-2/15 avec du FE/ASC (0.2 mm/2 mm) augmente les niveaux du malondialdehyde (MDA), réduit la production d’ATP, entraîne une surcharge mitochondriale de calcium, active l’expression protéique du cytochrome C et de l’AIF (apoptotic inducing factor), réduit l’activité des complexes I, II, 2 III et IV de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale, augmente les niveaux de 8-OHdG, un marqueur des dommages à l’ADN mitochondrial, diminue la DNA glycosylase, et altère les expressions génique et protéique des facteurs de transcription mitochondriaux (mtTFA, mtTFB1, mtTFB2). De plus, nos observations montrent que l’induction et l’activation de Nrf2 dans les cellules Caco-2/15 résultent en: une augmentation des enzymes anti-oxydantes endogènes (catalase, glutathion peroxydase, et superoxyde dismutase), une réduction du facteur nucléaire NFκβ et de TNF-α, une augmentation de la production d’ ATP et de l’activité des complexes respiratoires (I, II, III, IV) et de PGC-1α, et une régulation des niveaux de la prohibitine mitochondriale, du Bcl-2 anti-apoptotique et de l’occludine. CONCLUSION: Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que l’exposition aigüe des cellules Caco-2/15 à la peroxydation par le FE/ASC entraîne des effets pathologiques sur les fonctions mitochondriales et l’intégrité de l’ADN, qui sont abolis par l’induction de Nrf2. Il en ressort que Nrf2 joue un rôle majeur dans la protection de l’épithélium intestinal contre le stress oxydant.

Chronic contamination assessment integrating biomarkers' responses in transplanted mussels-A seasonal monitoring

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Healing, Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Properties of Indigofera truxillensis in Different Models of Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso de reguladores vegetais e bioestimulantes para a abreviação de produção do porta-enxerto limoeiro ‘cravo’ (Citrus limonia Osbeck)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Armazenamento, tolerância à dessecação e o potencial fisiológico de sementes de híbridos de milho e seus recíprocos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Chronic contamination assessment integrating biomarkers' responses in transplanted mussels-A seasonal monitoring

This study aimed to provide the first biomonitoring integrating biomarkers and bioaccumulation data in Sao Paulo coast, Brazil and, for this purpose, a battery of biomarkers of defense mechanisms was analyzed and linked to contaminants' body burden in a weigh-of-evidence approach. The brown mussel Perna perna was selected to be transplanted from a farming area (Caraguatatuba) to four possibly polluted sites: Engenho D'Agua, DTCS (Dutos e Terminais do Centro-Oeste de Sao Paulo) oil terminal (Sao Sebastiao zone), Palmas Island, and Itaipu (It; Santos Bay zone). After 3 months of exposure in each season, mussels were recollected and the cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A)- and CYP3A-like activities, glutathione-S-transferase and antioxidants enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) were analyzed in gills. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes, and nonessential metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, and Hg) in whole tissue were also analyzed and data were linked to biomarkers' responses by multivariate analysis (principal component analysisfactor analysis). A representation of estimated factor scores was performed to confirm the factor descriptions and to characterize the studied stations. Biomarkers exhibited most significant alterations all year long in mussels transplanted to It, located at Santos Bay zone, where bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic compounds was detected. This integrated approach using transplanted mussels showed satisfactory results, pointing out differences between sites, seasons, and critical areas, which could be related to land-based contaminants' sources. The influence of natural factors and other contaminants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) on biomarkers' responses are also discussed.

Modulação da capacidade antioxidante e de detoxificação no peixe Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) após tratamento com nanocápsulas de ácido lipóico

O metabolismo aeróbico é muito eficiente no processo de geração de energia, no entanto, é uma fonte de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). Para a prevenção dos efeitos potencialmente danosos dessas ERO, os organismos desenvolveram um sistema de defesa antioxidante (SDA), que inclui compostos enzimáticos e não enzimáticos. O ácido lipóico (AL) é uma molécula lipo e hidro solúvel, com capacidade de atravessar membranas celulares. Ele possui propriedades antioxidantes, auxiliando na eliminação de ERO, induzindo a expressão de genes importantes nas defesas antioxidantes, quelando metais e interagindo com outros antioxidantes. Trabalhos prévios demonstraram que nanocápsulas poliméricas de ácido lipóico favoreceram a proteção deste antioxidante, aumentando sua estabilidade físico- química em comparação com formulações contendo ácido lipóico livre. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o efeito do AL livre e do AL em nanocápsulas sobre a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes (glutamato-cisteína ligase, GCL e glutationa-S- transferase, GST), a concentração de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e sub-produtos da peroxidação lipídica (malondealdeído, método TBARS) e da expressão de genes que codificam para as diferentes formas da enzima GST (alfa e pi). Para isso o peixe Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) foi exposto a uma dose de 40 mg/kg a diferentes formas de AL (livre e em nanocápsulas) por injeção intraperitoneal (duas injeções, sendo a primeira no tempo 0 e a segunda após 24 h), sendo logo sacrificados a diferentes tempos da primeira injeção (48 h, 96 h e uma semana), sendo dissecados o cérebro, fígado e músculo dos peixes de cada tratamento. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os órgãos respondem de forma diferente. A curto prazo, o fígado foi o principal órgão a apresentar respostas antioxidantes após tratamento com AL, enquanto que a longo prazo o cérebro e o músculo se mostraram mais responsivos em termos antioxidantes quando 6 comparado ao fígado. Foi também importante a forma em que o AL é administrado, livre ou em nanocápsulas, sendo observado que um mesmo órgão em um mesmo tempo de exposição pode responder de forma diferente de acordo com o tipo de AL que está sendo utilizado. Além disso, o efeito antioxidante do AL nanoencapsulado parece ser mais efetivo quando utilizado a longo prazo, sugerindo que a forma nanoencapsulada libera o antioxidante em forma mais lenta. Os resultados também indicam que a composição da nanocápsulas deve ser levada em consideração, uma vez que foi observado um efeito antioxidante significativo nos tratamentos que continham apenas a nanocápsulas, sem o AL. Sugere-se que este efeito ocorra devido à produção endógena do próprio antioxidante em questão, favorecida pela composição da própria nanocápsula, que possui ácido octanóico, substrato para a síntese de AL. Também se observou um efeito pró-oxidante em alguns tratamentos onde foi utilizada esta formulação, sugerindo que alguns componentes da nanocápsula, como por exemplo, o surfactante que é utilizado para estabilizar a suspensão, possam aumentar a suscetibilidade dos órgãos ao estresse oxidativo.

Chronic contamination assessment integrating biomarkers' responses in transplanted mussels-A seasonal monitoring

This study aimed to provide the first biomonitoring integrating biomarkers and bioaccumulation data in São Paulo coast, Brazil and, for this purpose, a battery of biomarkers of defense mechanisms was analyzed and linked to contaminants' body burden in a weigh-of-evidence approach. The brown mussel Perna perna was selected to be transplanted from a farming area (Caraguatatuba) to four possibly polluted sites: Engenho D'Agua, DTCS (Dutos e Terminais do Centro-Oeste de São Paulo) oil terminal (Sao Sebastiao zone), Palmas Island, and Itaipu (It; Santos Bay zone). After 3 months of exposure in each season, mussels were recollected and the cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A)- and CYP3A-like activities, glutathione-S-transferase and antioxidants enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) were analyzed in gills. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes, and nonessential metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, and Hg) in whole tissue were also analyzed and data were linked to biomarkers' responses by multivariate analysis (principal component analysisfactor analysis). A representation of estimated factor scores was performed to confirm the factor descriptions and to characterize the studied stations. Biomarkers exhibited most significant alterations all year long in mussels transplanted to It, located at Santos Bay zone, where bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic compounds was detected. This integrated approach using transplanted mussels showed satisfactory results, pointing out differences between sites, seasons, and critical areas, which could be related to land-based contaminants' sources. The influence of natural factors and other contaminants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) on biomarkers' responses are also discussed. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.

Modulatory activity of antioxidants against the toxicity of Rifampicin in vivo

The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown concern about the burden of tuberculosis in the developing countries. Even though rifampicin is an effective drug in the management of tuberculosis, it has been documented to have some toxic effects in humans. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the modulatory effect of vitamins C and E on the hepatotoxicity, sperm quality and brain toxicity of Rifampicin. Forty Wistar albino rats were used, 10 animals per group. Group 1 animals received 0.3 mL of distilled water, the Group 2 animals received the therapeutic dose of rifampicin, Group 3 animals received therapeutic doses of rifampicin plus vitamin E, while Group 4 received therapeutic doses of rifampicin and vitamin C. The administration was performed orally during three months; the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of that period. Blood samples were collected and liver function and lipid profile was analyzed using fully automated clinical chemistry device. The liver, brain and reproductive organs underwent histopathological examination. Sperm samples were collected from the epididymis to achieve count and motility and morphological analysis. Results showed rifampicin alone to raise (p < 0.05) liver function enzymes (Aspartate amino transferase [AST], Serum alanine amino transferase [ALT] and Total Bilirubin) when compared with controls. While the vitamin E treated group showed remarkable protection, the vitamin C treated group showed questionable protection against the rifampicin induced liver damage. Sperm count results showed an important (p < 0.05) increase in the sperm quality in vitamin E and C treated groups. However, the vitamin E plus Rifampicin treated group showed increased lipid peroxidation. The histopathological findings revealed structural damages by rifampicin in liver, brain and epididymis while some remarkable architectural integrity was observed in the antioxidant-treated groups. It can be concluded that vitamin E or C improved sperm quality and protected against the brain damage caused by rifampicin. Moreover, vitamin E demonstrated remarkable hepatoprotection against rifampicin induced damage while vitamin C shows a questionable hepatoprotection.

Dietary n-6- or n-3-rich vegetable fats and antioxidants: effects on fatty acid composition and stability of rabbit plasma, liver and meat

We supplemented diets with a-tocopheryl acetate (100 mg/kg) and replaced beef tallow (BT) in feeds with increasing doses of n-6- or n-3-rich vegetable fat sources (linseed and sunflower oil), and studied the effects on the fatty acid (FA) composition, the a-tocopherol (aT) content and the oxidative stability of rabbit plasma and liver. These effects were compared with those observed in a previous study in rabbit meat. As in meat, the content of saturated, monounsaturated and trans FA in plasma and liver mainly reflected feed FA profile, except stearic acid in liver, which increased as feeds contained higher doses of vegetable fat, which could be related to an inhibition of the activity of the stearoyl-CoA-desaturase. As linseed oil increased in feeds, the n-6/n-3 FA ratio was decreased in plasma and liver as a result of the incorporation of FA from diets and also, due to the different performance and selectivity of desaturase enzymes. However, an increase in the dose of vegetable fat in feeds led to a significant reduction in the aT content of plasma and liver, which was greater when the fat source was linseed oil. Increasing the dose of vegetable fat in feeds also led to an increase in the susceptibility to oxidation (lipid hydroperoxide (LHP) value) of rabbit plasma, liver and meat and on the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of meat. Although the dietary supplementation with a-tocopheryl acetate increased the aT content in plasma and liver, it did not modify significantly their TBA or LHP values. In meat however, both TBA and LHP values were reduced by the dietary supplementation with a-tocopheryl acetate. The plasma aT content reflected the aT content in tissues, and correlated negatively with tissue oxidability. From the studied diets, those containing 1.5% linseed oil plus 1.5% BT and 100 mg of a-tocopheryl acetate/kg most improved the FA composition and the oxidative stability of rabbit tissues.

The role of endothelial enzymes NOS, VAP-1 and CD73 in acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a syndrome of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates that is not caused by left atrial hypertension. Since there is no effective treatment available, this frequent clinical syndrome significantly contributes to mortality of both medical and surgical patients. Great majority of the patients with the syndrome suffers from indirect ALI caused by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Sepsis, trauma, major surgery and severe burns, which represent the most common triggers of SIRS, often induce an overwhelming inflammatory reaction leading to dysfunction of several vital organs. Studies of indirect ALI due to SIRS revealed that respiratory dysfunction results from increased permeability of endothelium. Disruption of endothelial barrier allows extravasation of protein-rich liquid and neutrophils to pulmonary parenchyma. Both under normal conditions and in inflammation, endothelial barrier function is regulated by numerous mechanisms. Endothelial enzymes represent one of the critical control points of vascular permeability and leukocyte trafficking. Some endothelial enzymes prevent disruption of endothelial barrier by production of anti-inflammatory substances. For instance, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) down-regulates leukocyte extravasation in inflammation by generation of nitric oxide. CD73 decreases vascular leakage and neutrophil emigration to inflamed tissues by generation of adenosine. On the other hand, vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) mediates leukocyte trafficking to the sites of inflammation both by generation of pro-inflammatory substances and by physically acting as an adhesion molecule. The aims of this study were to define the role of endothelial enzymes NOS, CD73 and VAP-1 in acute lung injury. Our data suggest that increasing substrate availability for NOS reduces both lung edema and neutrophil infiltration and this effect is not enhanced by concomitant administration of antioxidants. CD73 protects from vascular leakage in ALI and its up-regulation by interferon-β represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of this syndrome. Enzymatic activity of VAP-1 mediates neutrophil infiltration in ALI and its inhibition represents an attractive approach to treat ALI.

Contribution of antioxidant enzymes to toxicity assessment in fluvial biofilms

Per tal d’avaluar l’impacte de la contaminació en els ecosistemes aquàtics, aquesta tesi es centra en una aproximació multi-biomarcador en els biofilms. En complement dels biomarcadors clàssics, es va demostrar que les activitats dels enzims antioxidants (AEA): catalasa, ascorbat peroxidasa i glutatió reductasa eren biomarcardors d'estrès oxidatiu en els biofilms. Tot i que les AEA poden veure's influenciades amb la mateixa mesura per factors naturals (edat del biofilm, llum de colonització o d'exposició) i contaminants (herbicides i farmacèutics), aquestes AEA permeten entendre millor l'efecte dels contaminants. Cal remarcar que assajos de toxicitat aguda es poden utilitzar per comparar la capacitat antioxidant entre comunitats i conèixer la seva pre-exposició a l'estrès oxidatiu. Aquesta aproximació multi-biomarcador a nivell de comunitat és especialment interessant per avaluar la toxicitat dels contaminants emergents (β-blockers) sobre espècies no-diana. Per tal de millorar-la, també es va verificar la possibilitat de mesurar l'expressió gènica en biofilms.