1000 resultados para análises químicas
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Bisphosphonates are drugs that have been widely used in different bone diseases, and have recently been used successfully against many parasites. Various synthetic routes to prepare different types of bisphosphonates have been described, with distinct potency and pharmacological activity. A number of analytical techniques are currently being used to analyze these drugs; among these, the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with different systems of detection, is worth highlighting. However, the development of more sensitive methods is still necessary, once they are essential for bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. This paper reports the major synthesis routes, chemical analysis methodologies and pharmacological applications of bisphosphonates.
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The amazing world of micro total analysis systems has provided a true revolution in analytical chemistry in recent years. The application of the microfluidic devices for chemical and biochemical processing has attracted considerable interest due to its advantages such as reduced sample and reagent consumption, processing time, energy, waste, cost, and portability. The aim of the present report is to disseminate the state of the art related to the miniaturization science in Analytical Chemistry. Historical progress, microfabrication technologies, required instrumentation and applications of the mTAS are presented in the current article, with special attention to the Brazilian contributions.
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The conventional curriculum of Analytical Chemistry undergraduate courses emphasizes the introduction of techniques, methods and procedures used for instrumental analysis. All these concepts must be integrated into a sound conceptual framework to allow students to make appropriate decisions. Method calibration is one of the most critical parameters that has to be grasped since most analytical techniques depend on it for quantitative analysis. The conceptual understanding of calibration is not trivial for undergraduate students. External calibration is widely discussed during instrumental analysis courses. However, the understanding of the limitations of external calibration to correct some systematic errors is not directly derived from laboratory examples. The conceptual understanding of other calibration methods (standard addition, matrix matching, and internal standard) is imperative. The aim of this work is to present a simple experiment using grains (beans, corn and chickpeas) to explore different types of calibration methods.
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Este trabalho descreve uma revisão a respeito do uso do ligante dietilditiofosfato de amônio em química analítica e suas potencialidades no campo da análise química espectrofotométrica (UV/VIS) e espectrométrica (AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS) em diferentes matrizes e meios. A discriminação de espécies químicas por meio de complexações seletivas de elementos químicos com dietilditiofosfato e a hifenação de técnicas espectroscópicas a etapas de separação como extração em fase sólida, extração líquido-líquido, extração por "cloud point", são outros assuntos abordados neste trabalho.
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Produced water is characterized as one of the most common wastes generated during exploration and production of oil. This work aims to develop methodologies based on comparative statistical processes of hydrogeochemical analysis of production zones in order to minimize types of high-cost interventions to perform identification test fluids - TIF. For the study, 27 samples were collected from five different production zones were measured a total of 50 chemical species. After the chemical analysis was applied the statistical data, using the R Statistical Software, version 2.11.1. Statistical analysis was performed in three steps. In the first stage, the objective was to investigate the behavior of chemical species under study in each area of production through the descriptive graphical analysis. The second step was to identify a function that classify production zones from each sample, using discriminant analysis. In the training stage, the rate of correct classification function of discriminant analysis was 85.19%. The next stage of processing of the data used for Principal Component Analysis, by reducing the number of variables obtained from the linear combination of chemical species, try to improve the discriminant function obtained in the second stage and increase the discrimination power of the data, but the result was not satisfactory. In Profile Analysis curves were obtained for each production area, based on the characteristics of the chemical species present in each zone. With this study it was possible to develop a method using hydrochemistry and statistical analysis that can be used to distinguish the water produced in mature fields of oil, so that it is possible to identify the zone of production that is contributing to the excessive elevation of the water volume.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica) - IBB
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É descrita a invenção de um substrato flexível portátil para detecção e análises químicas usando fenômenos de amplificação sers e serrs por espectroscopia micro-raman e processo de obtenção do dito substrato. É descrita a invenção de um substrato flexível portátil para detecção e análises químicas usando fenômenos de amplificação sers (surface enhanced raman spectroscopy) e serrs (surface-enhanced resonance spectroscopy) por espectroscopia micro-raman e respectivo processo de obtenção do dito substrato que provê um substrato de borracha natural impregnando com nanopartículas de ouro.
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The Brazilian wine industry has a remarkable characteristic that distinguishes from other markets, while the foreign market only accepts products originating from European varieties (Vitis vinifera), in Brazil, products originating from American varieties (Vitis labrusca and Vitis bourquina) and hybrids are also accepted. Dry and sweet varietal wines from varieties Bordô (dry and sweet), Isabel (sweet) e Máximo (dry) were analyzed, by the following chemical standard analyses: alcohol content; density; total and reduced dry matter; alcohol/reduced dry extract ratio; reducing sugars; total, volatile and fixed acidity; pH; total and free sulfur dioxide; and energy value. All analyzed wines presented results within the parameters set forth by Brazilian law, a positive fact, once they are commercialized. The varietal wine Máximo presented a low content of total and free sulfur dioxide, which may cause future problems with its sanity.
Resumo:
Produced water is characterized as one of the most common wastes generated during exploration and production of oil. This work aims to develop methodologies based on comparative statistical processes of hydrogeochemical analysis of production zones in order to minimize types of high-cost interventions to perform identification test fluids - TIF. For the study, 27 samples were collected from five different production zones were measured a total of 50 chemical species. After the chemical analysis was applied the statistical data, using the R Statistical Software, version 2.11.1. Statistical analysis was performed in three steps. In the first stage, the objective was to investigate the behavior of chemical species under study in each area of production through the descriptive graphical analysis. The second step was to identify a function that classify production zones from each sample, using discriminant analysis. In the training stage, the rate of correct classification function of discriminant analysis was 85.19%. The next stage of processing of the data used for Principal Component Analysis, by reducing the number of variables obtained from the linear combination of chemical species, try to improve the discriminant function obtained in the second stage and increase the discrimination power of the data, but the result was not satisfactory. In Profile Analysis curves were obtained for each production area, based on the characteristics of the chemical species present in each zone. With this study it was possible to develop a method using hydrochemistry and statistical analysis that can be used to distinguish the water produced in mature fields of oil, so that it is possible to identify the zone of production that is contributing to the excessive elevation of the water volume.
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No experimento foram utilizadas amostras de terra de um Oxísol (LR) e um Alfisol (PVp) , horizontes A e B2, sujeitas à compactação. Foram confinadas em vasos com capacidade para 3,8 litros, incubadas durante 80 dias e cultivadas com feijoeiro durante 67 dias, numa faixa de umidade correpondente à tensão entre 100 e 300 mbares. Através das análises físicas, pode-se verificar a ocorência de aumento da densidade do solo e redução da porosidade total, macroporosidade e condutívidade hidráulica saturada. Os microporos e poros bloqueados sofreram aumento no LR e redução no PVp. A amostra de terra do LR-B2 mostrou ser menos suscetível à compactação, enquanto que a do PVp-B2 mostrou ser a mais suscetível, seguida do LR-Al e PVp-Ap. As análises químicas revelaram tendências de aumento no teor de carbono no horizonte A sem adubo e redução no com adubo, no LR e PVp com o aumento da compactação. Verificou-se também redução do P disponível e aumento do Mg trocável nas parcelas sem e com adubo, no horizonte A de ambos os solos, com aumento da compactação.
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Os diferentes sistemas de preparo provocam alterações nas propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo, podendo requerer modificações no manejo e nas recomendações de adubação e calagem. Este trabalho avaliou os efeitos dos sistemas de preparo sobre as propriedades químicas e físicas do solo, em um experimento instalado em 1985. A área experimental vem sendo cultivada com culturas anuais em seis sistemas de preparo: semeadura direta (SD), arado de discos (AD), arado de aivecas (AA), grade pesada (GP), grade pesada + arado de discos (GP + AD) e grade pesada + arado de aivecas (GP + AA). O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas após a cultura do milho (safra 2001/02), nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. As amostras de solo foram submetidas às análises químicas e físicas e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Os sistemas de preparo influíram nas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo, com a maior parte das diferenças ocorrendo entre a SD e os demais sistemas. A densidade do solo foi superior na SD, em relação à dos demais tratamentos. Houve incremento nos valores de MO, pH, CTC efetiva, Ca2+, Mg2+, K e P, na camada superficial da SD, em relação às demais profundidades. A semeadura direta apresentou valores de Al3+ inferiores aos dos demais tratamentos, na camada de 0-5 cm de profundidade, e superiores aos dos tratamentos AD, GP e GP + AA, na camada de 10-20 cm. Os tratamentos AD, GP, GP + AD e GP + AA apresentaram valores de K superiores aos dos tratamentos SD e AA, na camada de 0-5 cm de profundidade. O tratamento SD apresentou teores de P disponível superiores aos dos demais tratamentos, na camada de 0-5 cm de profundidade e na média das três profundidades.