Phosphate solubilization and synergism between P-solubilizing and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of several P-solubilizing fungi to solubilize aluminum phosphate and Araxá apatite as well as the synergism between the P-solubilizing fungus, PSF 7, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to promote clover growth amended with aluminum phosphate. Two experiments were carried out, the first under laboratory conditions and the second in a controlled environmental chamber. In the first experiment, PSF 7, PSF 9, PSF 21 and PSF 22 isolates plus control were incubated in liquid medium at 28ºC for eight days. On the 2nd, 4th and 8th day of incubation, pH and soluble P were determined. In the second experiment, clover was sowed in plastic pots containing 300 g of sterilized substrate amended with aluminum phosphate, 3 g L-1, in presence and absence of PSF 7 isolate and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A completely randomized design, in factorial outline 2x2 (presence and absence of PSF 7 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and five replicates were used. In the first experiment, higher P content was detected in the medium containing aluminum phosphate. PSF 7 is the best fungi isolate which increases aluminum solubilization with major tolerance to Al3+. Clover growth was stimulated by presence of PSF 7 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. There is synergism between microorganisms utilized to improve plant nutrition.

A plasticidade dos amorfos: fazendo pigmentos brancos com fosfato de alumínio

A new white pigment made out of nano-structured non-crystalline aluminum phosphate was recently launched as an industrial product. Pigment opacifying properties are not intrinsic to aluminum phosphate but they arise as the result of a rare hollow particle nano-structure. This is in turn derived from the core-and-shell structure of amorphous aluminum phosphate precipitated under well-defined conditions. The new pigment is a product of the often neglected chemistry of non-crystalline ionic solids that can probably be a rich source of new successful products. The text describes a short account of the R&D activities, from the initial ideas to the present.

Mineral zoning and geochemistry of epithermal polymetallic Zn-Pb-Ag-Cu-Bi mineralization at Cerro de Pasco, Peru

The large Cerro de Pasco Cordilleran base metal deposit in central Peru is located on the eastern margin of a middle Miocene diatreme-dome complex and comprises two mineralization stages. The first stage consists of a large pyrite-quartz body replacing Lower Mesozoic Pucara carbonate rocks and, to a lesser extent, diatreme breccia. This body is composed of pyrite with pyrrhotite inclusions, quartz, and black and red chalcedony (containing hypogene hematite). At the contact with the pyrite-quartz body, the diatreme breccia is altered to pyrite-quartz-sericite-pyrite. This body was, in part, replaced by pipelike pyrrhotite bodies zoned outward to carbonate-replacement Zn-Pb ores hearing Fe-rich sphalerite (up to 24 mol % Fes). The second mineralization stage is partly superimposed on the first and consists of zoned east-west-trending Cu-Ag-(Au-Zn-Pb) enargite-pyrite veins hosted in the diatreme breccia in the western part of the deposit and well-zoned Zn-Pb-(Bi-Ag-Cu) carbonate-replacement orebodies; in both cases, sphalerite is Fe poor and the inner parts of the orebodies show typically advanced argillic alteration assemblages, including aluminum phosphate Sulfate (APS) minerals. The zoned enargite-pyrite veins display mineral zoning, from a core of enargite-pyrite +/- alunite with traces of Au, through an intermediate zone of tennantite, chalcopyrite, and Bi minerals to a poorly developed Outer zone hearing sphalerite-galena +/- kaolinite. The carbonate-hosted replacement ores are controlled along N 35 degrees E, N 90 degrees E, N 120 degrees E, and N 170 degrees E faults. They form well-zoned upward-flaring pipelike orebodies with a core of famatinite-pyrite and alunite, an intermediate zone with tetrahedrite-pyrite, chalcopyrite, matildite, cuprobismutite, emplectite, and other Bi minerals accompanied by APS minerals, kaolinite, and dickite, and an outer zone composed of Fe-poor sphalerite (in the range of 0.05-3.5 mol % Fes) and galena. The outermost zone consists of hematite, magnetite, and Fe-Mn-Zn-Ca-Mg carbonates. Most of the second-stage carbonate-replacement orebodies plunge between 25 degrees and 60 degrees to the west, suggesting that the hydrothermal fluids ascended from deeper levels and that no lateral feeding from the veins to the carbonate-replacement orebodies took place. In the Venencocha and Santa Rosa areas, located 2.5 km northwest of the Cerro de Pasco open pit and in the southern part of the deposit, respectively, advanced argillic altered dacitic domes and oxidized veins with advanced argillic alteration halos occur. The latter veins are possibly the oxidized equivalent of the second-stage enargite-pyrite veins located in the western part of the deposit. The alteration assemblage quartz-muscovite-pyrite associated with the pyrite-quartz body suggests that the first stage precipitated at slightly, acidic fin. The sulfide mineral assemblages define an evolutionary path close to the pyrite-pyrrhotite boundary and are characteristic of low-sulfidation states; they suggest that the oxidizing slightly acidic hydrothermal fluid was buffered by phyllite, shale, and carbonate host rock. However, the presence in the pyrite-quartz body of hematite within quartz suggests that, locally, the fluids were less buffered by the host rock. The mineral assemblages of the second mineralization stage are characteristic of high- to intermediate-sulfidation states. High-sulfidation states and oxidizing conditions were achieved and maintained in the cores of the second-stage orebodies, even in those replacing carbonate rocks. The observation that, in places, second-stage mineral assemblages are found in the inner and outer zones is explained in terms of the hydrothermal fluid advancing and waning. Microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in quartz indicate that the different ores of the first mineralization stage formed at similar temperatures and moderate salinities (200 degrees-275 degrees C and 0.2-6.8 wt % NaCl equiv in the pyrite-quartz body; 192 degrees-250 degrees C and 1.1-4.3 wt % NaCl equiv in the pyrrhotite bodies; and 183 degrees-212 degrees C and 3.2-4.0 wt % NaCl equiv in the Zn-Pb ores). These values are similar to those obtained for fluid inclusions in quartz and sphalerite from the second-stage ores (187 degrees-293 degrees C and 0.2-5.2 wt % NaCl equiv in the enargite-pyrite veins: 178 degrees-265 degrees C and 0.2-7.5 wt % NaCl equiv in quartz of carbonate-replacement orebodies; 168 degrees-999 degrees C and 3-11.8 wt % NaCl equiv in sphalerite of carbonate-replacement orebodies; and 245 degrees-261 degrees C and 3.2-7.7 wt % NaCl equiv in quartz from Venencocha). Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions oil kaolinite from carbonate-replacement orebodies (delta(18)O = 5.3-11.5%o, delta D = -82 to -114%o) and on alunite from the Venencocha and Santa Rosa areas (delta(18)O = 1.9-6.9%o, delta D = -56 to -73%o). Oxygen isotope compositions of quartz from the first and second stages have 6180 values from 9.1 to 1.7.8 per mil. Calculated fluids in equilibrium with kaolinite have delta(18)O values of 2.0 to 8.2 and delta D values of -69 to -97 per mil; values in equilibrium with alunite are -1.4 to -6.4 and -62 to -79 per mil. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides from both stages have a narrow range of delta(34)S values, between -3.7 and +4.2 per mil; values for sulfates from the second stage are between 4.2 and 31.2 per mil. These results define two mixing trends for the ore-forming fluids. The first trend reflects mixing between a moderately saline (similar to 10 wt % NaCl equiv) magmatic end member that had degassed (as indicated by the low delta D values) and meteoric water. The second mixing indicates condensation of magmatic vapor with HCl and SO(2) into meteoric water, which formed alunite. The hydrothermal system at Cerro de Pasco was emplaced at a shallow depth (similar to 500 m) in the epithermal and upper part of a porphyry environment. The similar temperatures and salinities obtained for the first stage and second stages, together with the stable isotope data, indicate that both stages are linked and represent successive stages of epithermal polymetallic mineralization in the upper part of a porphyry system.

A plasticidade dos amorfos: fazendo pigmentos brancos com fosfato de alumínio

A new white pigment made out of nano-structured non-crystalline aluminum phosphate was recently launched as an industrial product. Pigment opacifying properties are not intrinsic to aluminum phosphate but they arise as the result of a rare hollow particle nano-structure. This is in turn derived from the core-and-shell structure of amorphous aluminum phosphate precipitated under well-defined conditions. The new pigment is a product of the often neglected chemistry of non-crystalline ionic solids that can probably be a rich source of new successful products. The text describes a short account of the R&D activities, from the initial ideas to the present.

Potential utilization ways of recovered chemical products from digestate

The study evaluates the potential application of chemical substances, obtained from biogas plants` by-products. Through the anaerobic digestion process with biogas the large amount of digestate is produced. This digestate mainly consists on the organic matter with the high concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. During ammonia stripping and phosphorus precipitation the products- ammonia water, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ferrous phosphate, aluminum phosphate, calcium phosphate and struvite can be recovered. These chemicals have potential application in different industrial sectors. According to Finnish market and chemicals properties, the most perspective industrial applications were determined. Based on the data, obtained through the literature review and market study, the ammonia water was recognized as a most perspective recovered substances. According to interview provided among Finnish companies, ammonia water is used for flue gas treatment in SNCR technology. This application has a large scale in the framework of Finnish industrial sectors. As well nitrogen with phosphorous can be used as a source of nutrients in the biological wastewater treatment plants of paper mills.

Sol-gel prepared AlPO(4) with incorporating Rhodamine 6G

Rhodamine 6G (RH6G) laser dye-doped AlPO(4) xerogel and glass were prepared via a simple sol-gel route by one-step process and two-step process, respectively. The aggregating behavior of dyes in xerogel and glass was studied by excitation and emission spectra. The results indicated the dye aggregates become significantly weak in AlPO(4) glass than in xerogel, which might be attributed to the enhanced interactions between dye and AlPO(4) network as well as the nano-scale separation of dye by the mesoporous structure of AlPO(4) glass. The (27)Al MAS NMR of AlPO(4) glass confirms the interaction of RH6G with AlPO(4) glass network. Incorporation of RH6G into AlPO(4) glass converts Al(4) to Al(6) units, resulting in the increase of Al(6) concentration with the doped RH6G concentration. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fluorescent AlPO(4) gels and glasses doped with Rhodamine 6G: Preparation, structural and optical characterization

Fluorescent AlPO(4) xerogels doped with different amounts of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) laser dye were prepared by a one-step sal-gel process. In addition, mesoporous AlPO(4) glasses obtained from undoped gels were loaded with different amounts of Rh6G by wet impregnation. Optical excitation and emission spectra of both series of samples show significant dependences on Rh6G concentration, revealing the influence of dye molecular aggregation. At comparable dye concentrations the aggregation effects are found to be significantly stronger in the gels than in the mesoporous glasses. This effect might be attributed to stronger interactions between the dye molecules and the glass matrix, resulting in more efficient dye dispersion in the latter. The interaction of Rh6G with the glassy AlPO(4) network has been probed by (27)Al and (31)P solid-state NMR techniques. New five- and six-coordinated aluminum environments have been observed and characterized by advanced solid-state NMR techniques probing (27)Al-(1)H and (27)Al-(31)P internuclear dipole couplings. The fractional area of these new Al sites is correlated with the combined fractional area of two new Q(3Al)((0)) and Q(2Al)((0)) phosphate species observed in the (31)P MAS NMR spectra. Based on this correlation as well as detailed composition dependent studies, we suggest that the new signals arise from the breakage of Al-O-P linkages associated with the insertion process. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermoluminescence of aluminophosphate glasses in the metaphosphate composition

Potassium aluminum phosphate (KAP) glasses in the system xKPO(3)-(100-x)AI(PO3)3 with x = 10, 30 and 50 mol% were prepared in the metaphosphate composition. The glasses were doped with MnO2 and their thermoluminescent (TL) response was investigated. Raman spectra showed that these glasses did not undergo structural changes with the substitution of manganese ions. The glass composition x = 50 mol% doped with 1.0 mol% of MnO2 presented the best TL response. The material displayed good sensitivity for gamma-rays, X-rays and UV light. The emission curves exhibited two TL peaks, one at a low temperature (similar to 150 degrees C) and the other at a high temperature (similar to 365 degrees C), whose positions were dependent on the type of exciting radiation applied. The results of the present study indicated that the high temperature peak is a good candidate for TL dosimetric investigations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Produção de pellets livres e imobilizados e mecanismo de solubilização de fosfatos inorgânicos por Aspergillus niger

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Os fragmentos de cerâmica arqueológica como fonte potencial de fertilidade dos solos TPA

Os solos tipo Terra Preta Arqueológica (TPA) são reconhecidos por sua elevada fertilidade, em forte contraste com os solos pobres da Amazônia. Esta fertilidade parece persistir mesmo após o seu uso intensivo na agricultura. As TPA são geralmente ricas em fragmentos cerâmicos, importantes registros de que estão interligados com ocupação humana na Préhistória. Muitos estudos se concentraram sobre os aspectos estilísticos das vasilhas cerâmicas representativas desses fragmentos, e mais restritamente são motivos de estudos de caracterização químico-mineral, para identificação de matéria prima, procedência, tecnologia, e principalmente a origem do seu conteúdo em P, variado e relativamente elevado. Esses teores de P estão representados por fosfatos de alumínio, em geral, amorfos a variscitaestrengita, e sua origem é creditada ao uso das vasilhas para o preparo de alimentos. Embora já aventado a possibilidade de que estes fragmentos possam responder pela a fertilidade continuada destes solos, estudos experimentais não foram realizados para demonstrar a potencial contribuição destes fragmentos para reconhecida fertilidade das TPA. O presente trabalho demonstra esta possibilidade, e para atingir este fim foram selecionados fragmentos de três sítios arqueológicos com características distintas situados em diferentes porções da Amazônia: Monte Dourado 1 (Almeirim-PA), Jabuti (Bragança-PA) e Da Mata (São José de Ribamar-MA). Inicialmente 325 fragmentos cerâmicos foram descritos mesoscopicamente e submetidos à caracterização mineralógica e química por DRX; microscopia óptica; TG-ATD; IV-FT; MEV-SED; ICP-MS e ICP-OES; adsorção gasosa; medidas dos parâmetros de fertilidade; e ensaios de dessorção de P. Com estes dados objetivou-se identificar matérias primas, processos produtivos, modificações ocorridas durante o uso e após o descarte, e desta forma avaliar as possíveis contribuições destes fragmentos a fertilidade das TPA. A hipótese de contaminação por nutrientes provindos dos alimentos durante o uso das vasilhas para preparação de alimentos foi comprovada através de experimento em laboratório simulando condições de cozimento, onde foi avaliada a incorporação de cálcio e fósforo em panelas cerâmicas similares as arqueológicas. Os resultados mostram que os antigos povos ceramistas utilizaram matérias primas dos arredores de seus sítios. A composição em termos de uma matriz com metacaulinitica e quartzo, por vezes muscovita é comum a todos os fragmentos, indicando matéria prima rica em caulinita e quartzo, fundamental para produção das vasilhas. A metacaulinita sugere que a queima ocorreu em torno de 550°C. Por outro lado, adições de antiplásticos distintos promoveram diferenças químicas e mineralógicas fazendo com que os fragmentos no seu todo divirjam entre si: os do sítio Da Mata se caracterizam pelo emprego exclusivo de cariapé, em Monte Dourado 1 o cariapé com rochas trituradas de mineralogia complexa, e no Jabuti conchas por vezes cariapé. Fosfatos amorfos são comuns a todos os sítios, embora em teores distintos, sendo que fosfatos de alumínio cristalinos tipo crandallitagoyazita foram encontrados apenas no Jabuti e fosfatos de Fe-Mg-Ca, a segelerita, em Monte Dourado 1. Os fosfatos amorfos e a crandallita-goyazita foram interpretados como indicadores de uso das vasilhas representativas dos fragmentos para preparação de alimentos, enquanto a segelerita uma neoformação ocorrida após o sítio ter sido submetido às condições hidromórficas, que persistem até atualidade. Em termos das concentrações de P, nos fragmentos do sítio Da Mata estão as menores, em média, 1,04% de P₂O₅ que assemelham-se a maioria dos fragmentos já investigados, enquanto os do Jabuti são os mais elevados (em média, 7,75%) já conhecidos, e nos do Monte Dourado 1 são, em média, 2,23% . É provável que os altos teores de P, Ca e Sr sejam provenientes da dieta alimentar a base de mariscos, como demonstra a riqueza em conchas nos fragmentos. Os teores elevados de Ca em Monte Dourado 1 refletem a presença de labradorita no antiplástico. A fertilidade potencial dos fragmentos cerâmicos é nitidamente superior a dos solos TPA quando analisados sem os fragmentos. Portanto é plausível se supor que os fragmentos podem ser fonte dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Isto foi comprovado através dos ensaios que comprovara a dessorção de P, a qual ocorre de forma lenta, um aspecto muito importante para reforçar a persistência da fertilidade. Essa dessorção é mais bem descrita pelo modelo de Freundlich que sugere interações entre os íons adsorvidos. O experimento que simulou condições de cozimento mostrou que o Ca e o P podem ser adsorvidos tanto nas paredes quanto nas tampas das panelas cerâmicas, porém concentrações mais elevadas são evidenciadas nas paredes. Embora o Ca tenha sido adsorvido não foi identificada uma fase seja ela amorfa ou cristalina contendo este elemento, provavelmente porque o tempo não foi suficiente. Porém quanto ao P, a adsorção ocorreu, e já a partir de 600 h formou-se variscita, um fosfato de alumínio, nas paredes das panelas. Portanto os fosfatos de alumínio podem se formar ainda nas vasilhas cerâmicas durante o preparo de alimento por cozimento, assim, sua presença nas das vasilhas cerâmicas se constitui, em um importante indicador de uso das mesmas para o cozimento de alimentos e seus fragmentos nos solos são fonte potencial importante de fertilidade.

Preparação, caracterização e propriedades de lipossomas contendo o ácido -ciano-4-hidroxicinâmico e o agente fotossenbilizador AICIPc: um novo sistema carreador específico com ação sinérgica aplicado a terapia fotodinâmica

Ftalocianina de alumínio-cloro (AlClPc) é um fotossensibilizador de segunda geração em terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) caracterizado por seu caráter anfifílico e tendência de auto-agregação em meio aquoso, o que prejudica seu potencial de aplicação. O aCHC é um substrato de transportadores de monocarboxilato (MCT) superexpresso em células de MCF-7. Objetivando a solubilização da AlClPc e aumento de internalização em tecidos neoplásicos nos propomos aqui o uso de DSPC e DOPC em diferentes proporções para formar vesículas lipidicas mistas (LV) na presença de aCHC como sistemas veiculadores de fármaco. Lv foi preparado pelo método de injeção etanólica e formou vesículas de dimensões nanométricas (aproximadamente 100 nm) com bom índice de polidispersão, valores negativos de potencial zeta e estáveis em meio aquoso por mais de 50 dias. AlClPc se complexou com o fosfato das LV o que conferiu uma localização interfacial às moléculas de AlClPc como demonstrado pelos resultados de supressão de fluorescência. Medidas de anisotropia, fluorescência estática e resolvida no tempo corroboram com estes resultados e demonstram que a auto-agregação da AlClPc ocorre mesmo em lipossomas. Entretanto, a veiculação da AlClPc por LV em carcinoma de células escamosas oral (OSCC) levou a um processo de desagregação demonstrado por (FLIM). Este incrível comportamento é novo e aumenta o conhecimento científico sobre o mecanismo intracelular de ação de fotossensibilizadores em TFD. Em TFD, ambos os sistemas LVIII+AlClPc e LVIII+AlClPc+aCHC não apresentaram toxicidade no escuro no período de incubação de 3 h com as concentrações de lipídios, AlClPc e aCHC iguais a 0,15 mmol/L, 0,5 umol/L e 10,0 umol/L, respectivamente. De maneira inesperada, o sistema LVIII+AlClPc foi mais eficiente em TFD que o sistema LVIII+AlClPc+aCHC, devido ao caráter antioxidante do aCHC. Estes resultados abrem uma nova perspectiva do potencial uso de LV-AlClPc para o tratamento fotodinâmico.

Alteration mineralogy and pathfinder element inventory of the McArthur River unconformity-related uranium deposit, Canada

The chemical compositions, modal mineralogy, and textural variability of interstitial minerals in sandstones of the Athabasca Group strata in the vicinity of the McArthur River unconformity-related uranium deposit were characterized using a combination of short wave infrared spectroscopy (SWIR), lithogeochemistry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to determine the residence sites of pathfinder trace elements. The importance of integrating in-situ mineral chemistry with whole-rock analyses resides in the possibility to establish the mineralogical and paragenetic context of geochemical signatures in defining the footprint of the deposit. Located in the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada, the deposit is situated below ~550 m of quartz arenitic sandstones that are strongly silicified between depths of approximately 200-400 m. The silicified layer exhibits significant control on the distribution of alteration minerals, and appears to have restricted both the primary and secondary dispersion of pathfinder trace elements, which include U, radiogenic Pb isotopes, V, Ni, Co, Cu, Mo, As, Zn, and REEs. Diagenetic background sandstones contain assemblages of illite, dickite, aluminum-phosphate-sulfate (APS) minerals, apatite, and Fe-Ti oxide minerals. Altered sandstones contain assemblages of Al-Mg chlorite (sudoite), alkali-deficient dravite, APS minerals, kaolinite, illite, and oxide minerals. Throughout the sandstones, APS minerals account for the majority of the Sr and LREE concentrations, whereas late pre-ore chlorite, containing up to 0.1 wt.% Ni, accounts for the majority of Ni concentrations. Cobalt, Cu, Mo, and Zn occur predominantly in cryptic sub-micron sulfide and sulfarsenide inclusions in clay mineral aggregates and in association with paragenetically-late Fe-Ti oxides. Uranium occurs predominantly in cryptic micro-inclusions associated with pyrite in late-stage quartz overgrowths, and with paragenetically late Fe-Ti oxide micro-inclusions in kaolinite. Additionally, up to 0.2 wt.% U is cryptically distributed in post-ore Fe-oxide veins. Early diagenetic apatite, monazite and apatite inclusions in detrital quartz, and detrital zircon also contribute significant U and HREE to samples analyzed with an aggressive leach such as Aqua Regia. Detailed LA-ICP-MS chemical mapping of interstitial assemblages, detrital grains, and cements provides new insights into the distribution and inventory of pathfinder elements in the footprint of the McArthur River uranium deposit.

Lead and aluminum bonding in Pb-Al metaphosphate glasses

The bonding properties of cations in phosphate glasses determine many short- and medium-range structural features in the glass network, hence influencing bulk properties. In this work, Pb-Al-metaphosphate glasses (1 - x)Pb-(PO(3))(2)center dot xAI(PO(3))(3) with 0 <= - x <= 1 were analyzed to determine the effect of the substitution of Pb by Al on the glass structure in the metaphosphate composition. The glass transition temperature and density were measured as a function of the Al concentration. The vibrational and structural properties were probed by Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance of (31)P, (27)Al, and (207)Pb. Aluminum incorporates homogeneously in the glass creating a stiffer and less packed network. The average coordination number for Al decreases from 5.9 to 5.0 as x increases from 0.1 to 1, indicating more covalent Al-O bonds. The coordination number of Pb in these glasses is greater than 8, showing an increasing ionic behavior for compositions richer in Al. A quantitative analysis of the phosphate speciation shows definite trends in the bonding of AlO(n) groups and phosphate tetrahedra. In glasses with x < 0.48, phosphate groups share preferentially only one nonbridging O corner with an AlO(n) coordination polyhedron. For x > 0.48 more than one nonbridging O can be linked to AlO(n) polyhedra. There is no corner sharing of O between AlO(n) and PbO(n) polyhedra nor between AlO(n) themselves throughout the compositional range. The PbO(n) coordination polyhedra show considerable nonbridging O sharing, with each O participating in the coordination sphere of at least two Pb. The bonding preferences determined for Al are consistent with the behavior observed in Na-Al and Ca-Al metaphosphates, indicating this may be a general behavior for ternary phosphate glasses.

The status of soil phosphate fractions and the ability of fungi to dissolve hardly soluble phosphates

Brazilian soils predominantly consist of iron and aluminum oxides and have a low phosphorus content. The present study was carried out in order to assess the status of phosphate fractions in pasture, forest and agricultural soils and the ability of soil fungi to solubilize iron and aluminum phosphates. The abundance of P fractions in the soils studied occurred in the following order: Fe-P > reductant-soluble Fe-P > occluded Fe-P > occluded Al-P > Al-P > Ca-P. of the 481 fungi isolated, 33 showed the ability to solubilize the inorganic phosphates in culture. of these, 14 were considered to be high or very high solubilizers based on a solubilization capacity > 1000 mu g PO43- ml(-1). Isolate F-111 was the only one that dissolved all the insoluble phosphates used. Nine isolates solubilized both Al-P and Ca-P, and four other isolates only solubilized Ca-P. The highest number of isolates with high solubilization capacity were detected in pasture soil, followed by tropical rain forest and forest patch soils. Pasture soil presented both the largest contents of insoluble phosphates and the largest number of fungal isolates with phosphate-solubilizing ability. The range and size of P fractions influenced the number of fungi and their ability to solubilize hardly soluble phosphates. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.