Avaliação da matriz nutricional da enzima fitase em rações contendo sorgo para poedeiras comerciais

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da inclusão de fitase e de sua matriz nutricional em rações contendo sorgo sobre o desempenho das aves, a qualidade dos ovos, a ingestão e a excreção e retenção de fósforo e nitrogênio em poedeiras comerciais. Utilizaram-se 180 poedeiras comerciais, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 + 1, com dois níveis de fitase (0 e 500 FTU/kg de ração) e dois níveis de substituição do milho pelo sorgo (50 e 100%) e uma ração testemunha (isenta de sorgo e fitase), constituindo cinco tratamentos com seis repetições de seis aves. As rações foram à base de milho e farelo de soja, sem fitase e sorgo, considerando a matriz nutricional da fitase. O desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados em quatro períodos de 28 dias. Ao final do experimento, um ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado para quantificar a ingestão, excreção e retenção aparente de fósforo e nitrogênio e avaliar a viabilidade econômica das rações. Ao considerar a matriz nutricional da fitase, as exigências em energia, cálcio, fósforo, proteína e aminoácidos foram atendidas, mesmo com a redução dos níveis nutricionais da dieta, e o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos não foram comprometidos. A adição de fitase nas rações possibilitou reduzir todos os parâmetros econômicos avaliados. O sorgo pode substituir totalmente o milho e ser o único grão energético da dieta.

Avaliação técnica e econômica da matriz nutricional da enzima fitase em rações contendo farelo de girassol para poedeiras comerciais

Cento e oitenta poedeiras comerciais Isa Brown, com 60 semanas de idade, foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 õ 2, com dois níveis de fitase (0 e 500 ftu/kg de ração) e dois de farelo de girassol (4 e 8%), totalizando cinco dietas, avaliadas com seis repetições de seis aves. As dietas foram formuladas a partir de uma ração controle, à base de milho e farelo de soja, isenta de fitase e farelo de girassol, valorizando na formulação das dietas a matriz nutricional da fitase. O período experimental foi dividido em quatro ciclos de 28 dias cada. A matriz nutricional preconizada para fitase permitiu o atendimento pleno das exigências das aves, mesmo quando as dietas foram formuladas com níveis nutricionais reduzidos, isso quando desconsiderados os nutrientes presentes na matriz nutricional da enzima, de acordo com recomendação da empresa produtora. A adição de fitase na dieta reduz a excreção de fósforo pelas aves e melhora os parâmetros econômicos. A inclusão de farelo de girassol no nível de 8% prejudica a produção de ovos, mas não afeta os demais parâmetros de desempenho e qualidade dos ovos.

Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) alimentada com ovos de Diatraea saccharallis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The lacewings (Ceraeochrysa cincta) are important predators found associated to many pests in several agroecosystems. Eggs of Sitotroga cerealella and Anagasta kuehniella are used traditionally for massal rearing of these predators. Other foods can be used in substitution to the traditional ones, but little is known about the biology of lacewings and other alternative foods. So, this work was carried out to evaluate the effect of different diets on the post-embryonic development of C. cincta in laboratory. After been individualized in glass tubes, each larva was fed with S. cereallella and Diatraea saccharallis. It was evaluated the larvae duration, weight and viability in each instar, the duration, weight and viability of the pupa and pre-pupa stages and the duration of the post-embryonic period. It was adopted a completely randomized design with ten replications per treatment, each consisting of five eggs or larvae of C. cincta. Larvae were weighed 48 hours after hatching and 48 hours after each molt, and pre-pupae and pupae, 48 hours after starting these stages. There was no effect of the kind of food provided on the parameters evaluated. Therefore, D. saccharallis eggs can be used to feed C. cincta.

Efeito da utilização da fitase sobre o desempenho, qualidade dos ovos, avaliação econômica e excreção de fósforo e nitrogênio de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com rações contendo ingredientes alternativos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Farelo e mesocarpo do côco do babaçu na alimentação de aves

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação reprodutiva de touros bubalinos alimentados com subprodutos da agroindústria na Amazônia Oriental

Os subprodutos farelo de coco (FC) e a torta de amêndoa de dendê (TAD) disponíveis na agroindústria da Amazônia Oriental podem ser utilizados como alimentos alternativos na substituição de concentrados convencionais, porém com poucas informações a respeito da sua composição bromatológica, e sua relação com as características produtivas e reprodutivas dos animais. Assim, este trabalho visou avaliar o consumo alimentar, desempenho ponderal, perímetro escrotal, qualidade seminal e níveis de testosterona de búfalos suplementados com rações experimentais à base de TAD ou FC. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Unidade de Pesquisa Animal “Senador Álvaro Adolpho”, da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belém-PA. Foram utilizados como doadores de sêmen 15 machos bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) adultos, divididos em três grupos experimentais: Controle, Base-FC (farelo de coco) e Base-TAD (torta de amêndoa de dendê). Os concentrados experimentais foram fornecidos individualmente na proporção de 1% do peso vivo (PV) de cada animal, diariamente. As colheitas seminais (n=173) foram realizadas semanalmente, e iniciaram 112 dias após o início da suplementação. Foram avaliadas as características físicas (aspecto, cor, volume, concentração, pH, motilidade e vigor espermáticos) e morfológicas (defeitos espermáticos e integridade de membrana plasmática) do sêmen. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variâncias, pelo comando PROG GLM do SAS, com comparações de médias feitas por Teste t (P<0,05). O consumo médio de matéria seca dos concentrados experimentais foi de 4,778 ± 1,233 kg, no Grupo Controle, 3,112 ± 0,693 kg, no Base-FC, e 4,558 ± 1,077 kg no Base-TAD (P>0,05). Os pesos médios dos animais foram 591, 4 ± 103,3 kg, 566,4 ± 94,1 kg e 578,3 ± 107,5 kg (P>0,05), e as medidas de perímetro escrotal de 34,6 ± 2,0 cm, 33,0 ± 1,9 cm e 32,7 ± 1,9 cm, spectivamente, nos grupos Controle, Base-FC e Base-TAD. Não houve diferença na concentração espermática (x106 sptz/mL) entre Controle (1326,3 ± 893,8), Base-FC (1.698,1 ± 1023,0) e Base-TAD (1.003,2 ± 569,0). A integridade da membrana plasmática (%) foi de 68,0 ± 19,5, 72,0 ± 22,6 e 82,1 ± 12,2, respectivamente para Controle, Base-FC e Base-TAD, juntamente com a motilidade espermática progressiva (%), foram maiores (P<0,05) no grupo Base-TAD (71,7 ± 15,1%), quando comparadas ao Controle (59,3 ± 20,5%) e Base-FC (56,7 ± 24,8%). Foram observadas correlações entre as variáveis de resposta. O consumo dos concentrados experimentais e ingredientes contidos neles, como PB, lipídeos, macro, micronutrientes e metais foram maiores no Grupo Base-TAD, com exceção de K, maior no Grupo Controle, e de Ti, maior no Grupo Base-FC. Em relação os parâmetros seminais não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) no volume espermático, movimento de massa, vigor espermático, pH e patologias espermáticas, contudo, maiores concentrações espermáticas foram observadas no Grupo Base-FC e, maior motilidade espermática e integridade de membrana plasmática no Grupo Base-TAD. Deste modo, podemos concluir que as rações à base de subprodutos, como farelo de coco e torta de amêndoa de dendê podem ser utilizadas para touros reprodutores bubalinos, contudo, a melhor qualidade seminal foi observada nas rações à base de torta de amêndoa de dendê.

Evaluation of growth and foraging in laboratory colonies of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Assessing food insecurity : current underestimations in Australia, alternative measures and reflections on their use

Food insecurity is the limited access to, or availability of, nutritious, culturally-appropriate and safe foods, or the inability to access these foods by socially acceptable means. In Australia, the monitoring of food insecurity is limited to the use of a single item, included in the three-yearly National Health Survey (NHS). The current research comprised a) a review of the literature and available tools to measure food security, b) piloting and adaptation of the more comprehensive 16-item United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Security Survey Module (FSSM), and c) a cross-sectional study comparing this more comprehensive tool, and it’s 10- and 6- item short forms, with the current single-item used in the NHS, among a sample of households in disadvantaged urban-areas of Brisbane, Australia. Findings have shown that internationally the 16-item USDA-FSSM is the most widely used tool for the measurement of food insecurity. Furthermore, of the validated tools that exist to measure food insecurity, sensitivity and reliability decline as the number of questions in a tool decreases. Among an Australian sample, the current single-measure utilised in the NHS yielded a significantly lower prevalence for food insecurity compared to the 16-item USDA-FSSM and it’s two shorter forms respectively (four and two percentage points lower respectively). These findings suggest that the current prevalence of food insecurity (estimated at 6% in the most recent NHS) may have been underestimated, and have important implications for the development of an effective means of monitoring food security within the context of a developed country.

Supermarkets and agro-industrial foods : the strategic manufacturing of consumer trust

There is increasing evidence of a weakened platform of consumer trust in mass produced food products. The resistance shown by consumers to the agro-industrial paradigm is evident in an emergent phase of reflexive consumerism, public reactions to an overly-concentrated retail sector and the rise of alternative food networks such as farmers' markets and organic box schemes. Supermarkets are responding strategically by aiming to manufacture new trust relations with consumers. This paper identifies three key strategies of trust manufacturing: (i) reputational enhancement though the institution of “behind the scenes,” business-to-business private standards; (ii) direct quality claims via private standard certification badges on food products, and ; (iii) discursive claimsmaking through symbolic representations of “authenticity” and “tradition.” Drawing upon the food governance literature and a “visual sociology” of supermarkets and supermarket produce, we highlight how trust is both commoditized and increasingly embedded into the marketing of mass-produced foods.

Leaders in Local : Exploring Consumers‘ Purchase Intentions of Locally Produced Foods

* Local foods are growing in importance in the mind set of the consumer – “the new organic” (McKenzie-Minifie, 2007) * Consumers are becoming more active in choosing alternative channels to purchase locally grown/produced foods Growth of farmer’s markets, roadside stalls, community gardens and *CSA programs * Supermarkets and grocers continue to tailor their assortments to include, ethnic, organic, natural and local foods to meet changing consumer needs * Australian research is limited, although one early study has found ‘buying locally produced foods’ was considered an important attribute (Lea & Worsley, 2007) * International research has tended to focus on COO effects, rather than region or local effects. (Insch & Florek, 2009) *Emerging research is beginning to explore consumer interest in ‘local’ over simply ‘domestic’ – although not specifically in food. (Hustvedt, Carroll & Bernard, 2013) * One study has examined differences in attitudes, subjective norms and intentions toward the purchase of locally produced foods. (Campbell, 2013)

Modern techniques in detection, identification and quantification of bacteria and peptides from foods

Standards have been placed to regulate the microbial and preservative contents to assure that foods are safe to the consumer. In a case of a food-related disease outbreak, it is crucial to be able to detect and identify quickly and accurately the cause of the disease. In addition, for every day control of food microbial and preservative contents, the detection methods must be easily performed for numerous food samples. In this present study, quicker alternative methods were studied for identification of bacteria by DNA fingerprinting. A flow cytometry method was developed as an alternative to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, the golden method . DNA fragment sizing by an ultrasensitive flow cytometer was able to discriminate species and strains in a reproducible and comparable manner to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This new method was hundreds times faster and 200,000 times more sensitive. Additionally, another DNA fingerprinting identification method was developed based on single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP). This method allowed the differentiation of genera, species, and strains of pathogenic bacteria of Bacilli, Staphylococci, Yersinia, and Escherichia coli. These fingerprinting patterns obtained by SE-AFLP were simpler and easier to analyze than those by the traditional amplified fragment length polymorphism by double enzyme digestion. Nisin (E234) is added as a preservative to different types of foods, especially dairy products, around the world. Various detection methods exist for nisin, but they lack in sensitivity, speed or specificity. In this present study, a sensitive nisin-induced green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) bioassay was developed using the Lactococcus lactis two-component signal system NisRK and the nisin-inducible nisA promoter. The bioassay was extremely sensitive with detection limit of 10 pg/ml in culture supernatant. In addition, it was compatible for quantification from various food matrices, such as milk, salad dressings, processed cheese, liquid eggs, and canned tomatoes. Wine has good antimicrobial properties due to its alcohol concentration, low pH, and organic content and therefore often assumed to be microbially safe to consume. Another aim of this thesis was to study the microbiota of wines returned by customers complaining of food-poisoning symptoms. By partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, ribotyping, and boar spermatozoa motility assay, it was identified that one of the wines contained a Bacillus simplex BAC91, which produced a heat-stable substance toxic to the mitochondria of sperm cells. The antibacterial activity of wine was tested on the vegetative cells and spores of B. simplex BAC91, B. cereus type strain ATCC 14579 and cereulide-producing B. cereus F4810/72. Although the vegetative cells and spores of B. simplex BAC91 were sensitive to the antimicrobial effects of wine, the spores of B. cereus strains ATCC 14579 and F4810/72 stayed viable for at least 4 months. According to these results, Bacillus spp., more specifically spores, can be a possible risk to the wine consumer.

Artificial neural networks in modelling osmotic dehydration of foods

Artificial neural network (ANN) models for water loss (WL) and solid gain (SG) were evaluated as potential alternative to multiple linear regression (MLR) for osmotic dehydration of apple, banana and potato. The radial basis function (RBF) network with a Gaussian function was used in this study. The RBF employed the orthogonal least square learning method. When predictions of experimental data from MLR and ANN were compared, an agreement was found for ANN models than MLR models for SG than WL. The regression coefficient for determination (R2) for SG in MLR models was 0.31, and for ANN was 0.91. The R2 in MLR for WL was 0.89, whereas ANN was 0.84.Osmotic dehydration experiments found that the amount of WL and SG occurred in the following descending order: Golden Delicious apple > Cox apple > potato > banana. The effect of temperature and concentration of osmotic solution on WL and SG of the plant materials followed a descending order as: 55 > 40 > 32.2C and 70 > 60 > 50 > 40%, respectively.

Niagara alternative food projects : networks, discourses and nature /

This thesis undertakes an exploration of the nature of alternative food projects in Niagara. A review of various theoretical approaches to the study of food and agriculture, suggests that actor-network theory offers the most useful lens through which to understand these projects. In particular, actor-network theory facilitates non-dualistic theorisations of power and scale and a commitment to the inclusion of non-humans in the 'social' sciences. The research is based on 19 in-depth interviews with actors involved in various urban and rural projects including community supported agriculture, community gardens, chefs using local seasonal food, a winery that grows organically, the good food box, a value-added small business, and organic producers. The analysis consists of four themes. The first analytical section pays special attention to the prominence of agri-tourism in Niagara, and examines the ways in which the projects in the sample interact with agri-tourist networks. In the second section the discussion focuses on the discourses and practices of resistance among Niagara alternative food actors. The participants' interviews suggest there are more discourses of resistance toward agri-tourist than toward dominant food networks. The third section questions commodity chain theorisations of alternative food projects. In particular, this section shows how the inclusion of non-human actors in an analysis confounds conceptualisations of 'short' and 'local' chains. The final analytical section assesses relations of power in Niagara alternative food projects. Three important conclusions arise from this research. First, Niagara alternative food projects cannot be conceptualised as operating at the 'local' scale. Broadening the scope of analysis to include non-human actors, it becomes apparent that these projects actually draw on a variety of extra-local actors. They are at once local and global. Second, the projects in this sample are simultaneously part of alternative, dominant and agri-tourist networks. While Niagara alternative food projects do perform many of the roles characteristic of alternative food systems, they are also involved in practices of development, business, and class distinction. Thus, alternative food networks should not be understood as separate from and in direct opposition to dominant food networks. Despite the second conclusion, this research determines that Niagara alternative food projects have made significant strides in the reworking of power. The projects represented in this thesis do engage in resistant practices and are associated with increased levels ofjustice.

Very long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the UK and the potential of animal-derived foods to increase intake

The very long chain (VLC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are widely recognised to have beneficial effects on human health. However, recommended intakes of VLC n-3 PUFA (450 mg/day) are not being met by the diet in the majority of the population mainly because of low consumption of oil-rich fish. Current mean intake of VLC n-3 PUFA by adults is estimated to be about 282 mg/day with EPA and DHA contributing about 244 mg/day. Furthermore, the fact that only about 27% of adults eat any oil-rich fish (excluding canned tuna) and knowledge of the poor conversion of α-linolenic acid to EPA and DHA in vivo, particularly in men, leads to the need to review current dietary sources of these fatty acids. Animal-derived foods are likely to have an important function in increasing intake and studies have shown that feeding fish oils to animals can increase the EPA and DHA content of the resulting food products. This paper highlights the importance of examining current and projected consumption trends of meat and other animal products when exploring the potential impact of enriched foods by means of altering animal diets. When related to current food consumption data, potential dietary intakes of EPA+DHA from foods derived from animals fed enriched diets are calculated to be about 231 mg/day. If widely consumed, such foods could have a significant impact on progression of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Consideration is also given to the sources of VLC n-3 PUFA in animal diets, with the sustainability of fish oil being questioned and the need to investigate the use of alternative dietary sources such as those of algal origin.

Current intakes of EPA and DHA in European populations and the potential of animal-derived foods to increase them

The beneficial effects of long-chain (C chain >= 20) n-3 PUFA are well documented and, overall, increased intake reduces risk of CVD. Recent evidence also points to a role in reducing, age-related decline in cognitive function. The two key fatty acids are EPA (20:5) and DHA (22:6), with current UK recommendation for adults being 450 mg EPA + DHA/d. Whilst some EPA and DHA can be synthesised in vivo from alpha-linolenic acid, recent data indicate this source to be very limited, Suggesting that EPA and DHA should be classified as dietary essentials. In many parts of Europe the daily intake of EPA + DHA by adults and especially young adults (18-24 years) is < 100 mg/d, since many never eat oily fish. Poultry meat contributes small but worthwhile amounts of EPA+DHA. Studies to enrich the EPA+DHA content of animal-derived foods mainly use fish oil in the diet of the animal. Recent work has shown that such enrichment has the potential to provide to the UK adult diet a daily intake of EPA+DHA of about 230 mg, with poultry meat providing the largest amount (74 mg). There are. however. concerns that the Continued and possibly increased use of fish oils in animals diets is not Sustainable and alternative approaches are being examined, including the genetic modification of certain plants to allow them to synthesise EPA and DHA from shorter-chain precursors.