Acid volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in the sediment cores of the Pearl River Estuary, South China

The acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM), total metals, and chemical partitioning in the sediment cores of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) were studied. The concentrations of total metals, AVS, and SEM in the sediment cores were generally low in the river outlet area, increased along the seaward direction, and decreased again at the seaward boundary of the estuary. The amounts of AVS were generally greater in deeper sediments than in surface sediments. SEM/AVS was > 1 in the surface sediments and in the river outlet cores. The ratio was < 1 in the sediments down the profiles, suggesting that AVS might play a major role in binding heavy metals in the deep sediments of the PRE. The SEM may contain different chemical forms of trace metals in the sediments, depending on the metal reaction with 1 M cold HCl in the AVS procedure compared with the results of the sequential chemical extraction. The SEM/AVS ratio prediction may overestimate trace metal availability even in the sediments with high AVS concentrations. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Authigenic sulfide minerals and their sulfur isotopes in sediments of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea and their implications for methane flux and gas hydrate formation

This is a report of the study of the authigenic sulfide minerals and their sulfur isotopes in a sediment core (NH-1) collected on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea, where other geophysical and geochemical evidence seems to suggest gas hydrate formation in the sediments. The study has led to the findings: (1) the pyrite content in sediments was relatively high and its grain size relatively large compared with that in normal pelagic or hemipelagic sediments; (2) the shallowest depth of the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) content maximum was at 437.5 cm (> 2 mu mol/g), which was deeper than that of the authigenic pyrite content maximum (at 141.5-380.5 cm); (3) delta S-34 of authigenic pyrite was positive (maximum: +15 parts per thousand) at depth interval of 250-380 cm; (4) the positive delta S-34 coincided with pyrite enrichment. Compared with the results obtained from the Black Sea sediments by Jorgensen and coworkers, these observations indicated that at the NH-1 site, the depth of the sulfate-methane interface (SMI) would be or once was at about 437.5-547.5 cm and the relatively shallow SMI depth suggested high upward methane fluxes. This was in good agreement with the results obtained from pore water sulfate gradients and core head-space methane concentrations in sediment cores collected in the area. All available evidence suggested that methane gas hydrate formation may exist or may have existed in the underlying sediments.

Approccio SEM-AVS (Simultaneously Extracted Metals-Acid Volatile Sulfides) per la valutazione del rischio ambientale dei metalli nei sedimenti della Pialassa Baiona

La Pialassa Baiona è una laguna sottoposta a diversi vincoli normativi, visto il suo inquadramento tra le aree SIC e ZPS, e soggetta a diverse sorgenti di disturbo antropico, più intense negli anni ‘50-‘70. Questa tesi si propone lo scopo di valutare il rischio associato ai metalli bivalenti presenti nei sedimenti della Pialassa Baiona attraverso tre approcci: il primo riguarda la determinazione della frazione biodisponibile dei metalli presenti nei sedimenti attraverso la determinazione dei solfuri acidi volatili (AVS) e dei metalli simultaneamente estraibili (SEM), nonché la valutazione della potenziale tossicità dei sedimenti attraverso la valutazione del rapporto molare SEM/AVS, il secondo approccio considera invece il contenuto pseudo totale dei metalli bivalenti (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) e il loro confronto sia con i valori tipici di fondo naturale del Mar Adriatico che con i valori guida di riferimento internazionale (Threshold Effect Level, TEL e Probable Effect Level, PEL) al fine di valutare lo stato di qualità dei sedimenti della zona d’indagine. Il terzo approccio considera l’influenza del gradiente naturale terra-mare tipico delle zone di transizione e del gradiente antropico legato alla vicinanza dell’area industriale alla Pialassa Baiona, sulla distribuzione spaziale dei metalli oggetto di questo studio. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano che l’area più prossima alla zona industriale e al contempo più lontana dall’effetto del ricambio delle acque e di dilavamento ad opera del mare, è risultata quella con livelli significativamente più elevati per la maggior parte dei metalli analizzati. Questo permette di ipotizzare un’influenza diretta delle sorgenti di inquinanti, ma anche un effetto dispersivo della circolazione. Gli AVS hanno invece evidenziato un gradiente terra-mare; ciò comporta che nelle zone più prossime all’influenza del mare si sono riscontrate concentrazioni minori di AVS. La valutazione della potenziale tossicità dei metalli in termini di rapporto SEM/AVS non ha evidenziato la presenza di siti a rischio per il biota acquatico, se non per un unico sito prossimo all’area industriale.

Quantificação e avaliação da biodisponibilidade de metais em sedimentos na Baía da Ribeira RJ

A toxicidade dos metais em ambientes aquáticos está relacionada à sua biodisponibilidade e esta, por sua vez, pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores. As características do sedimento fazem dele um importante compartimento para avaliação do nível de contaminação no ambiente aquático. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo quantificar e avaliar a biodisponibilidade de metais em sedimentos da baía da Ribeira. Nessa região, encontram-se os bairros mais populosos de Angra dos Reis RJ. Essa baía está localizada na parte nordeste da baía da Ilha Grande, que consiste de um espaço pesqueiro, turístico e de importante valor econômico e industrial. Foram coletados 12 sedimentos na baía da Ribeira e determinados os teores dos metais Al, Cu, Cd , Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn, através da extração com água régia (protocolo BCR-701), e o potencial de toxicidade dos metais Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn pelo método de extração dos sulfetos voláteis em meio ácido e quantificação dos metais extraídos simultaneamente (em inglês Acid Volatile Sulfide and Simultaneously Extracted Metal, AVS/SEM). Também foram efetuadas medidas de pH, potencial redox (Eh), carbono orgânico, fósforo total e granulometria. Através desses dados, foi possível estudar correlações entre essas variáveis. As concentrações de cada metal são similares nas diferentes localizações dos sedimentos e não apresentam significativas diferenças com relação a estudos reportados para a área, com exceção do Pb que apresentou a mais alta concentração já reportada. Os valores de SEM/AVS (entre 0,02 e 0,2) menores que 1, indicam que há quantidade de sulfetos suficiente para o aprisionamento dos metais investigados. As correlações obtidas através da Análise dos Componentes Principais demonstram relação direta entre as concentrações da maioria dos metais extraídos por água-régia (Ni, Fe, Cr, Cu, Zn); entre os metais Mn, Pb, Al e o fósforo total; entre os teores de matéria orgânica, carbono orgânico total, fósforo total com as frações finas de silte e argila com o Eh. Os resultados sugerem que a região não sofre influência significativa de fontes antrópicas em relação a metais e que, segundo o AVS/SEM, esses se encontram pouco disponíveis para o ambiente e, portanto, apresentam baixo potencial tóxico

胶州湾李村河口区沉积物有机碳、酸可挥发硫化物及重金属的环境响应

本论文以胶州湾李村河口区为研究对象，通过4个沉积柱样的分析测试，对港湾内河口区沉积物中的有机质（TOC）、酸可挥发硫化物(AVS)及重金属的环境响应进行了系统的探讨，发现由于湾内河流流量较小、水动力较弱，且港湾有机生产力较强，只有紧贴河口的细粒（泥质粉砂）区域的有机质才受陆源控制，有机碳含量较高（JZB-2柱平均为1.87%），TOC、AVS与多数重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Pb、Sr、Zn等）呈正相关性，且重金属含量高，反映了在高重金属污染的情况下，有机质对重金属的吸附呈无选择性。而离河口稍远处，沉积物粒度较粗（粉砂），有机碳含量相对较低（JZB-4柱平均为1.02%），C/N大（>>20），C与N的相关性不强，受海、陆双源控制，重金属含量相对较低，TOC仅与Cd、Cu、Sr的活性部分呈正相关，N与Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn的活性部分呈正相关，说明部分重金属组分受陆源有机碳控制，而AVS与Fe、Hg、Zn的SEM部分呈正相关，表明在S的循环中，一些类Fe重金属往往参与其中。并分析了李村河口区的粒度变化特征，并根据有机质、酸可挥发硫化物及重金属的分布规律将河口区三角洲划分为三个区域、五种相带，总结了不同的沉积模式下其不同的环境响应，从而为海陆交互相地区的沉积物早期成岩作用与环境响应研究提供指导与参考。而且在研究的过程中还发现了目前国际通用的沉积物有机碳测定方法中存在着很大的人为误差，并通过系统实验改正了沉积物有机碳的测定方法。

Calcium nitrate addition to control the internal load of phosphorus from sediments of a tropical eutrophic reservoir: Microcosm experiments

The main objective of this study was to perform laboratory experiments on calcium nitrate addition to sediments of a tropical eutrophic urban reservoir (Ibirite reservoir, SE Brazil) to immobilize the reactive soluble phosphorus (RSP) and to evaluate possible geochemical changes and toxic effects caused by this treatment. Reductions of 75 and 89% in the concentration of RSP were observed in the water column and interstitial water, respectively, after 145 days of nitrate addition. The nitrate application increased the rate of autotrophic denitrification, causing a consumption of 98% of the added nitrate and oxidation of 99% of the acid volatile sulfide. As a consequence, there were increases in the sulfate and iron (II) concentrations in the sediment interstitial water and water column, as well as changes in the copper speciation in the sediments. Toxicity tests initially indicated that the high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in the sediment interstitial water (up to 2300 mg L-1 and 260 mg L-1, respectively) were the major cause of mortality of Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Chironomus xanthus. However, at the end of the experiment, the sediment toxicity was completely removed and a reduction in the 48 h-EC50 of the water was also observed. Based on these results we can say that calcium nitrate treatment proved to be a valuable tool in remediation of eutrophic aquatic ecosystems leading to conditions that can support a great diversity of organisms after a restoration period. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Geochemistry of continental slope and deep sea basin sediments off Uruguay

Pore water and solid phase from surface sediments of the continental slope off Uruguay and from the Argentine Basin (southwestern Atlantic) were investigated geochemically to ascribe characteristic early diagenetic reactions of iron and manganese. Solid-phase iron speciation was determined by extractions as well as by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Both methods showed good agreement (<6% deviation) for total-Fe speciation. The proportion of easy reducible iron oxyhydroxide relative to total-Fe oxides decreased from the continental slope to the deep sea which is attributed to an increase in crystallinity during transport as well as to a general decrease of iron mobilization. The product of iron reoxidation is Fe oxyhydroxide which made up less than 5% of total Fe. In addition to this fraction, a proportion of smectite bound iron was found to be redox reactive. This fraction made up to 10% of total Fe in sediments of the Argentine Basin and was quantitatively extracted by 1 N HCl. The redox reactive Fe(+II) fraction of smectite was almost completely reoxidized within 24 h under air atmosphere and may therefore considerably contribute to iron redox cycling if bioturbation occurs. In the case of the slope sediments we found concurrent iron and manganese release to pore water. It is not clear whether this is caused by dissimilatory iron and manganese reduction at the same depth or dissimilatory iron reduction alone inducing Mn(+IV) reduction by (abiotic) reaction with released Fe2+. The Argentine Basin sediment showed a significant manganese solid-phase enrichment above the denitrification depth despite the absence of a distinct pore-water gradient of Mn. This implies a recent termination of manganese mobilization and thus a non-steady-state situation with respect to sedimentation or to organic carbon burial rate.

Iron and carbon geochemistry of sediment core GeoB1401-4

Iron speciation was determined in hemiplegic sediments from a high productivity area to investigate systematically the early diagenetic reactivity of Fe. A combination of various leaching agents (1 M HCI, dithionite buffered in citrate/acetic acid, HF/H2SO4, acetic Cr(II)) was applied to sediment and extracted more than 80% of total Fe. Subsequent Fe species determination defined specific mineral fractions that are available for Fe reduction and fractions formed as products of Fe diagenesis. To determine the Fe speciation of (sheet) silicates we explored an extraction procedure (HF/H2SO4) and verified the procedure by application to standard rocks. Variations of Fe speciation of (sheet) silicates reflect the possible formation of Fe-bearing silicates in near surface sediments. The same fraction indicates a change in the primary input at greater depth, which is supported by other parameters. The Fe(II)/ Fe(III) -ratio of total sediment determined by extractions was compared with Mössbauer-spectroscopy ] at room temperature and showed agreement within 10%. M6ssbauer-spectroscopy indicates the occurrence of siderite in the presence of free sulfide and pyrite, supporting the importance of microenvironments during mineral formation. The occurrence of other Fe(II) bearing minerals such as ankerite (Ca-, Fe-, Mg-carbonate) can be presumed but remains speculative.

Pore water and solid phase sulfur, carbon and iron data from samples collected in the Argentine Basin during expedition M78

Sulfur phases in the Argentine Basin.

Oxygen and sulfur isotopes of peridotite and gabbro from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Whole rock sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions of altered peridotites and gabbros from near the 15°20'N Fracture Zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were analyzed to investigate hydrothermal alteration processes and test for a subsurface biosphere in oceanic basement. Three processes are identified. (1) High-temperature hydrothermal alteration (~250-350°C) at Sites 1268 and 1271 is characterized by 18O depletion (2.6-4.4 per mil), elevated sulfide-S, and high delta34S (up to ~2 wt% and 4.4-10.8 per mil). Fluids were derived from high-temperature (>350°C) reaction of seawater with gabbro at depth. These cores contain gabbroic rocks, suggesting that associated heat may influence serpentinization. (2) Low-temperature (<150°C) serpentinization at Sites 1272 and 1274 is characterized by elevated delta18O (up to 8.1 per mil), high sulfide-S (up to ~3000 ppm), and negative delta34S (to -32.1 per mil) that reflect microbial reduction of seawater sulfate. These holes penetrate faults at depth, suggesting links between faulting and temperatures of serpentinization. (3) Late low-temperature oxidation of sulfide minerals caused loss of sulfur from rocks close to the seafloor. Sulfate at all sites contains a component of oxidized sulfide minerals. Low delta34S of sulfate may result from kinetic isotope fractionation during oxidation or may indicate readily oxidized low-delta34S sulfide derived from microbial sulfate reduction. Results show that peridotite alteration may be commonly affected by fluids +/- heat derived from mafic intrusions and that microbial sulfate reduction is widespread in mantle exposed at the seafloor.