250 resultados para accumulo, rinnovabili, CAES
Resumo:
La tesi si propone come informativa dei principali metodi di produzione di energia rinnovabile e su come ottimizzare tali produzioni tenendo conto dei vincoli imposti dal sistema elettrico all'immissione in rete di potenza elettrica intermittente. Viene proposto, in particolare, l'accumulo di energia sotto forma di aria compressa (sistema CAES).
Resumo:
Questo elaborato si propone di collocare i Sistemi di Accumulo nell’attuale panorama energetico italiano ed europeo, con particolare attenzione alla crescente presenza della produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili. Dopo alcune valutazioni preliminari sull’Energy Mix europeo ed italiano, si procede a mettere in luce i rischi per il sistema elettrico derivanti dalla eccessiva penetrazione delle fonti rinnovabili. In questo contesto si analizza il potenziale contributo dei Sistemi di Accumulo alla stabilità e all’equilibrio della rete elettrica, soprattutto nella risoluzione delle problematiche derivanti da una Generazione Distribuita e non programmabile. Vengono presentate diverse tipologie di SdA, dal punto di vista del funzionamento e delle caratteristiche, anche in funzione della destinazione d’uso. Si dà poi un quadro generale delle normative europee e italiane, e si indaga l’effettiva convenienza dei Sistemi di Accumulo, anche in relazione all’impatto sull’ambiente e alle emissioni.
Resumo:
La situazione energetica mondiale, strettamente dipendente dai combustibili fossili, richiede un notevole cambio di rotta, per puntare su fonti energetiche più sostenibili dal punto di vista ambientale, ma che contemporaneamente permettano di evitare le negoziazioni in mercati competitivi come quello del petrolio. Un'efficiente soluzione per colmare i limiti legati all'utilizzo delle fonti rinnovabili è l'uso di sistemi di accumulo dell'energia; grazie a questi sistemi è possibile trasformare l'energia elettrica in altre forme di energia (meccanica, chimica, etc.) per poter essere accumulata e conservata fino al momento dell'utilizzo. Nel corso della trattazione verranno presentate le principali tecnologie per l'accumulo e/o lo stoccaggio di energia, attraverso una descrizione degli impianti, dei principali vantaggi e degli aspetti negativi legati a ciascuno di essi. In seguito saranno fissati i parametri fondamentali per l'analisi delle tecnologie al fine di stabilire, in base alle funzioni da assolvere, quali siano più adatte allo scopo.
Resumo:
Le microreti caratterizzate da unità di generazione con Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili (FER), sono oggetto di crescente interesse in due contesti molto diversi tra loro: l’integrazione della Generazione Diffusa (GD) in reti di distribuzione pubbliche nei paesi sviluppati e l’elettrificazione di zone rurali attualmente non servite dalla rete elettrica. L’introduzione dei sistemi di accumulo nelle microreti rende possibile la compensazione della variabilità delle FER trasformando le microreti in sistemi di produzione che nel complesso risultano completamente regolabili. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è dimostrare come le microreti possono svolgere un ruolo fondamentale per lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture elettriche nei paesi in via di sviluppo e nelle economie emergenti ponendo le basi per l’elettrificazione di aree remote e scarsamente popolate ad oggi non connesse alla rete di distribuzione dell’energia.
Resumo:
Nel corso degli anni le fonti rinnovabili e in particolare il fotovoltaico hanno assunto un ruolo sempre più importante nel panorama energetico italiano. Si è effettuata un’analisi della tecnologia fotovoltaica illustrandone il funzionamento, le tipologie di pannelli, il calcolo dell’energia elettrica producibile e le curve caratteristiche. Dal momento che la maggior parte delle rinnovabili presenta il problema della non programmabilità dovuta alla produzione intermittente, è necessario adottare dei sistemi di accumulo. Tali sistemi vengono mostrati, con particolare riguardo per le batterie al piombo acido e per l’idrogeno immagazzinato in idruri metallici, spiegando nel dettaglio l’elettrolisi e gli elettrolizzatori PEM. Dopo questa panoramica iniziale, si è illustrato l’impianto oggetto di questa tesi, composto principalmente da due pannelli fotovoltaici, un simulatore solare, due batterie al Piombo, un elettrolizzatore, un carico e un alimentatore. In seguito viene spiegata l’attività sperimentale, svolta sulle prove di laboratorio ai fini di ottenere le curve di funzionamento dei vari componenti, tramite due approcci diversi: per il sistema atto all’elettrolisi e per tutti i suoi componenti si è usato un modello black-box, per i pannelli fotovoltaici si è usato un approccio fisico-matematico partendo dalle equazioni del simulatore solare applicandovi i dati dei pannelli del laboratorio. Una volta ottenute queste curve, si è creato un modello completo del laboratorio per simularne il funzionamento al variare dell’irraggiamento. Si è testato prima il modello su un’utenza da 3 kW, poi, dopo aver confrontato gli andamenti reali con quelli ottenuti, si sono simulate varie configurazioni per trovare quella che permette al sistema di produrre idrogeno alla potenza nominale di 250 W in una giornata senza supplemento della rete elettrica.
Resumo:
A closed aquatic ecosystem (CAES) was developed to stud), the effects of microgravity on the function of closed ecosystems aboard the Chinese retrieved satellite and on the spacecraft SHENZHOU-II. These systems housed a small freshwater snail (Bulinus australianus) and an autotrophic green algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa). The results of the test on the satellite were that the concentration of algae changed little, but that the snails died during the experiments. We then sought to optimize the function of the control system, the cultural conditions and the data acquisition system and carried out an experiment on the spacecraft SHENZHOU-II. Using various sensors to monitor the CAES, real-time data regarding the operation of the CAES in microgravity was acquired. In addition, all on-board Ig centrifuge was included to identify gravity-related factors. It was found that microgravity is the major factor affecting the operation of the CAES in space. The change in biomass of the primary producer during each day in microgravity was larger than that of the control groups. The mean biomass concentration per day in the microgravity group decreased, but that of the control groups increased for several days and then leveled off. Space effects on the biomass of a primary producer may be a result of microgravity effects leading to increasing metabolic rates of the consumer combined with decreases in photosynthesis. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
A presente dissertação tem como principal objectivo a compreensão da dinâmica portuária da Ribeira de Lisboa em época moderna. Procura contribuir para a reconstrução da frente ribeirinha anterior ao terramoto de 1755, pouco conhecida a nível histórico e arqueológico. Será baseada no estudo arqueológico de duas estruturas portuárias exumadas no sítio da Boavista, antiga freguesia de S. Paulo. O seu cruzamento com dados historiográficos, documentação histórica e iconografia pode proporcionar uma interpretação mais precisa destes locais de embarque e desembarque na Ribeira de Lisboa. Outro objectivo da dissertação é a pesquisa e caracterização da forma, da funcionalidade e, se possível, o conhecimento da toponímia das estruturas portuárias em análise, em articulação com os edifícios existentes na orla ribeirinha. Estudos como estes são escassos em Portugal e permitem compreender a dinâmica marítimo-portuária local, neste caso de Lisboa, de uma capital de um reino em expansão marítima.
Resumo:
Two hundred and four stools of 102 diarrheic (0-12 months of age) and 102 non-diarrheic dogs coming from kennel and ambulatory, respectively, were assayed for the presence of Campylobacter. From the diarrhetic group, 46% of the samples yelded positive Campylobacter isolation mainly found in young animals until 5 months of age (72%), whereas those with age ranging from 6-12 months showed either a lower frequence of the organisms (28%) and a trend of the younger animals to be more charged than the older. 47 Campylobacter strains isolated from the diarrheic group were: C. jejuni biotype 1 (49%); C. jejuni biotyp 2 (11%); C. jejuni/coli (19%); C. coli (8,5%); Campylobacter NARTC group (8,5%) and C. sputoruns (4%). In the non-diarrhetic group, 27 (28%) Campylobacter strains were classified as: C. jejuni biotype 1 (34%) and biotype 2 (28%); C. jejuni/coli (24%) and C. coli (14%). According the biochemical tests, the 1% glycine tolerance test was not taking in account for the differentiation of C. jejuni because 45% of the strains failed in showing characteristic and 3 strains did not reduce the sodium selenite. The biochemical studies also showed phenotipical cross reactions between two Campylobacter NARTC-group strains with the C. jejuni strains, as well as two thermophilic species grew also at 25°C. All the 76 isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and neomycin and resistant to oxacillin and penicillin. Furthermore, for the remaining 16 drugs the populational resistance ranged from 8% to 73% of strains. The presence of Campylobacter in dogs as well their close contact which man makes possible the occurrence of infections as also confirm the campylobacteriosis as an important zoonosis.
Resumo:
Background and Objectives - A controversy exists in the literature regarding the effects of the acute administration of magnesium on the cardiovascular system of animals and humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypermagnesemia on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of dogs. Methods - Sixteen mongrel dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbitone 30 mg.kg-1 and submitted to volume expansion with Ringer's solution (0.4 ml.kg-1.min-1 and mechanical ventilation with room air. In this model, the hemodynamic repercussions of the following drugs and doses were studied. pentobarbitone 5 mg.kg-1 Group 1, control - and the association of pentobarbitone and magnesium sulphate (MS), at the dose of 140 mg.kg-1 injected in 15 minutes, followed by an infusion of 80 mg.kg-1.h-1 - Group 2. The parameters studied were: heart rate, blood pressure, inferior vena cava pressure, cardiac index, systolic index and peripheral resistance index, evaluated at 5 different moments: 15(M1), 30(M2), 60(M3) and 75(M4) minutes after the first suppplementary dose of pentobarbitone and 15 minutes (M5) after the second supplementary dose. In Group 2, the moments M3, M4, M5 corresponded to 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the priming dose of magnesium sulphate. Results - Group 1 animals exhibited tachycardia since the beginning of the experiment. There was a decrease in the cardiac index, in the systolic index and an increase in the inferior vena cava pressure. Group 2 animals also exhibited tachycardia, but heart rate decreased after MS infusion. The blood pressure and the peripheral resistance index decreased. The systolic index increased and the cardiac index decreased only at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: The antiadrenergic effects of MS could have been responsible for the decrease in heart rate. The vasodilating effects of the magnesium induced the decrease in the peripheral resistance index. The systolic index increased, showing that myocardial depression did not occur.
Resumo:
Background and objectives - The use of magnesium sulphate for the prevention of seizures in pre-eclampsia may induce hypermagnesemia. Clinical and experimental studies are not in agreement about the effects of magnesium on the renal hemodynamics and function. We therefore studied the effects of hypermagnesemia on the renal hemodynamics and function of dogs anesthetized with pentobarbitone. Methods - Sixteen mongrel dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbitone 30 mg.kg-1 and submitted to extracellular ) and mechanical ventilation with room air. The dogs were volume expansion with Ringer's solution (0.4 ml.kg.min allocated into two groups of 8 animals, for the study of renal hemodynamics and function following the administration of 5 mg.kg-1 of pentobarbitone (Group 1 - control or of pentobarbitone associated with magnesium sulphate in the dose (Group 2). The parameters studied were: PAH of 140 mg.kg, administered in 15 minutes, followed by 80 mg.kg-1.h-1 clearance, creatinine clearance, osmolar clearance, free water clearance, renal blood flow, renal vascular resistance, filtration fraction, urinary volume, plasmatic and urinary osmolarity, urinary and fractionary excretion of sodium and potassium, measured at five moments: 15 (M1), 30 (M2), 60 (M3) and 75 (M4) minutes after the first supplementary dose of pentobarbitone and 15 minutes (M5) after the second supplementary dose in Group 1. In Group 2, the moments M3, M4, M5 were 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the priming dose of magnesium sulphate and during the maintenance dose. Results - In Group I no significant changes were observed in renal hemodynamic parameters and creatinine clearance. The extracellular volume expansion increased urinary volume and decreased urinary osmolarity as a consequence of sodium, potassium and free water clearance. The fractionary excretion of sodium was maintained. The plasmatic osmolarity increased. In Group 2, renal hemodynamic parameters and creatinine clearance were also maintained. There was an increase in renal sodium clearance, as detected by the increase in the fractionary excretion of sodium. Conclusions - Magnesium sulphate did not produce significant changes in renal hemodynamics and facilitated the renal excretion of sodium in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbitone.
Resumo:
Background and Objectives. The analgesic actions of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) result from the inhibition of the peripheral synthesis of prostaglandins. In spite of the emphasis on the peripheral action, several studies have shown the potential central action of such drugs. In rats, NSAID doses insufficient to block pain when systemically administered were effective when intrathecally injected. This effect could be mediated by interaction with descending serotoninergic ways together with neurotransmission modulation of glycine or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Our goal was to study the effect of different tenoxican doses in the histology of dogs spinal cord and meninges. Methods. Thirty two dogs (7 to 17 kg) were randomly distributed in four groups: G1 - Control with distilled water (DW); G2 - 2 mg tenoxican diluted in DW; G3 - 4 mg tenoxican diluted in DW; G4 - 10 mg tenoxican diluted in DW in a constant volume of 1 ml. Anesthesia was induced with etomidate and fentanyl and dural puncture was performed with a 25G spinal needle in interspace L6-7. Animals were observed for 72 hours and subsequently euthanized by electrocution. Lumbar and sacral spinal cord segments were removed for further histologic examination. Results. All animals were clinically normal during the observation period and there has been no histologic alteration of the nervous system and meninges. Conclusions. In our experimental model intrathecal tenoxican doses up to 10 mg have not triggered nervous tissue or meningeal injuries in dogs.
Resumo:
Background and Objectives - Allopurinol is a drug which inhibits the formation of noxious renal free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protecting renal effects of allopurinol in ischemic kidneys of dogs. Methods - Sixteen dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and submitted to extracellular volume expansion (1.4 ml.kg-1.min-1), to mechanic ventilation with air, to right nephrectomy and to left renal artery clamping. Changes which might occur in renal morphology and function after 30 min of total ischemia and posterior reperfusion were studied in Group 1 (G1), in addition to the action of allopurinol (50 mg.kg-1) on those kidneys, when administered 24 h before the experiment and 1 h before the ischemic procedure in Group 2 (G2). The following parameters: heart rate, inferior vena cava pressure, mean blood pressure, PAH clearance (PAH(c)), renal blood flow (RBF), renal vascular resistance (RVR), creatinine clearance (Cr(c)), filtration fraction, urine output, plasma and urine osmolality, osmolar clearance, free water, sodium and potassium clearance, urine and fractional sodium and potassium excretion, hematocrit, rectal temperature, and left kidney histology were evaluated in four moments: M1 control, and M2, M3, M4 obtained immediately, 15 and 30 min after unclamping of the left renal artery. In G2, M1, M2, M3 and M4 were obtained 45, 90, 105, and 120 min after the second allopurinol dose. Results - Both groups showed the highest values for PAH(c), RBF, and Cr(c), and the lowest values for RVR in M1. Animals were tachycardiac since the beginning of the experiment both in G1 and in G2. The other parameters were not changed. Left kidney histological evaluation showed alterations compatible with acute tubular necrosis in both experimental groups. Conclusions - Alterations found in renal hemodynamics were compatible with the release of vasoconstrictor substances due to renal ischemia. Allopurinol was not effective in preventing renal alterations caused by ischemia and reperfusion.