Composition Dependent Study of AC conductivity in AsSe samples

The room temperature AC conductivity σ(ω) of amorphous AsSe samples with various compositions have been measured in the 103 -106 Hz frequency range. The results indicate that ac conductivity is proportional to n with n=0.89±.01 in the 103 –106 Hz frequency range. Consideration of different models for the frequency –dependent conductivity leads to thermally activated hopping as the most likely process

AC Conductivity and Impedance Properties of 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-0.35PbTiO(3) Ceramics

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

ac conductivity and conduction mechanism of NaNbO3 semiconductor antiferroelectric ceramic: A relaxational approach at high temperature

The electric properties of the sodium niobate perovskite ceramic were investigated by impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range from 5 Hz to 13 MHz and from room temperature up to 1073 K, in a thermal cycle. Both capacitance and conductivity exhibit an anomaly at around 600 K as a function of the temperature and frequency. The electric conductivity as a function of angular frequency sigma(omega) follows the relation sigma(omega)=Aomega(s). The values of the exponent s lie in the range 0.15less than or equal tosless than or equal to0.44. These results were discussed considering the conduction mechanism as being a type of polaron hopping. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

Hopping transport on a fractal: ac conductivity of porous silicon

We have measured the frequency dependence of the conductivity and the dielectric constant of various samples of porous Si in the regime 1 Hz-100 kHz at different temperatures. The conductivity data exhibit a strong frequency dependence. When normalized to the dc conductivity, our data obey a universal scaling law, with a well-defined crossover, in which the real part of the conductivity sigma' changes from an sqrt(omega) dependence to being proportional to omega. We explain this in terms of activated hopping in a fractal network. The low-frequency regime is governed by the fractal properties of porous Si, whereas the high-frequency dispersion comes from a broad distribution of activation energies. Calculations using the effective-medium approximation for activated hopping on a percolating lattice give fair agreement with the data.

Characterization of low dielectric constant polyaniline thin film synthesized by ac plasma polymerization technique

Polyaniline thin films were prepared by ac plasma polymerization technique. Capacitance, dielectric loss, dielectric constant and ac conductivity of these films were investigated in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1MHz and in the temperature range from 300 to 373 K. Capacitance and dielectric loss decreased with frequency and increased with temperature. This type of behaviour was found to be in good agreement with an existing model. The ac conductivity σ(ω) was found to vary as ωs with the index s 1. Annealing of polyaniline thin films in high vacuum at 373K for 1 h was found to reduce the dielectric loss. FTIR studies reveal that the aromatic ring is retained in the polyaniline thin films, which enhances the thermal stability of the polymer films

Dielectric and Conductivity Studies on Cobalt Phthalocyanine Tetramers

Electrically conductive organic and metalloorganic polymers are of great interest and they have applications in electronic, optical, photonic, photoelectric, electrochemical, and dielectric devices. Tetrameric cobalt phthalocyanine was prepared by conventional chemical method. The dielectric permittivity of the tetrameric cobalt phthalocyanine sample was evaluated from the observed capacitance values in the frequency range 100 KHz to 5 MHz and in the temperature range of 300 to 383°K. It is found that the system obeys the Maxwell Wagner relaxation of space charge phenomenon. Further, from the permittivity studies AC conductivity was evaluated. The values of AC conductivity and DC conductivity were compared. Activation energy was calculated. To understand the conduction mechanism Mott’s variable range hopping model was applied to the system. The T 1/4 behavior of the DC conductivity along with the values of Mott’s Temperature (T0), density of states at the Fermi energy N (EF), and range of hopping R and hopping energy W indicate that the transport of charge carriers are by three-dimensional variable range hopping

Mechanism of ac conduction in nanostructured manganese zinc mixed ferrites

Mn1−xZnxFe2O4 nanoparticles (x = 0 to 1) were synthesized by the wet chemical co-precipitation technique. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy were effectively utilized to investigate the different structural parameters. The ac conductivity of nanosized Mn1−xZnxFe2O4 were investigated as a function of frequency, temperature and composition. The frequency dependence of ac conductivity is analysed by the power law σ(ω)ac = Bωn which is typical for charge transport by hopping or tunnelling processes. The temperature dependence of frequency exponent n was investigated to understand the conduction mechanism in different compositions. The conduction mechanisms are mainly based on polaron hopping conduction

Rietveld refinement, microstructure, conductivity and impedance properties of Ba[Zr0.25Ti0.75]O-3 ceramic

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dielectric relaxation dynamics of high-temperature piezoelectric polyimide copolymers

Polyimide co-polymers have been prepared based on different diamines as co-monomers: a diamine without CN groups and a novel synthesized diamine with two CN groups prepared by polycondensation reaction followed by thermal cyclodehydration. Dielectric spectroscopy measurements were performed and the dielectric complex function, ac conductivity and electric modulus of the co-polymers were investigated as a function of CN group content in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 107 Hz at temperatures from 25 to 260 °C. For all samples and temperatures above 150ºC, the dielectric constant increases with increasing temperature due to increaseing conductivity. The α-relaxation is just detected for the sample without CN groups, being this relaxation overlapped by the electrical conductivity contributions in the remaining samples. For the copolymer samples and the polymer with CN groups an important Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars contribution is detected. The mechanisms responsible for the dielectric relaxation, conduction process and electric modulus response have been discussed as a function of the CN groups content present in the samples.

Propriétés optiques dans l'infrarouge des nanotubes de carbone et du graphène

Les nanotubes de carbone et le graphène sont des nanostructures de carbone hybridé en sp2 dont les propriétés électriques et optiques soulèvent un intérêt considérable pour la conception d’une nouvelle génération de dispositifs électroniques et de matériaux actifs optiquement. Or, de nombreux défis demeurent avant leur mise en œuvre dans des procédés industriels à grande échelle. La chimie des matériaux, et spécialement la fonctionnalisation covalente, est une avenue privilégiée afin de résoudre les difficultés reliées à la mise en œuvre de ces nanostructures. La fonctionnalisation covalente a néanmoins pour effet de perturber la structure cristalline des nanostructures de carbone sp2 et, par conséquent, d’affecter non seulement lesdites propriétés électriques, mais aussi les propriétés optiques en émanant. Il est donc primordial de caractériser les effets des défauts et du désordre dans le but d’en comprendre les conséquences, mais aussi potentiellement d’en exploiter les retombées. Cette thèse traite des propriétés optiques dans l’infrarouge des nanotubes de carbone et du graphène, avec pour but de comprendre et d’expliquer les mécanismes fondamentaux à l’origine de la réponse optique dans l’infrarouge des nanostructures de carbone sp2. Soumise à des règles de sélection strictes, la spectroscopie infrarouge permet de mesurer la conductivité en courant alternatif à haute fréquence des matériaux, dans une gamme d’énergie correspondant aux vibrations moléculaires, aux modes de phonons et aux excitations électroniques de faible énergie. Notre méthode expérimentale consiste donc à explorer un espace de paramètres défini par les trois axes que sont i. la dimensionnalité du matériau, ii. le potentiel chimique et iii. le niveau de désordre, ce qui nous permet de dégager les diverses contributions aux propriétés optiques dans l’infrarouge des nanostructures de carbone sp2. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la spectroscopie infrarouge des nanotubes de carbone monoparois sous l’effet tout d’abord du dopage et ensuite du niveau de désordre. Premièrement, nous amendons l’origine couramment acceptée du spectre vibrationnel des nanotubes de carbone monoparois. Par des expériences de dopage chimique contrôlé, nous démontrons en effet que les anomalies dans lespectre apparaissent grâce à des interactions électron-phonon. Le modèle de la résonance de Fano procure une explication phénoménologique aux observations. Ensuite, nous établissons l’existence d’états localisés induits par la fonctionnalisation covalente, ce qui se traduit optiquement par l’apparition d’une bande de résonance de polaritons plasmons de surface (nanoantenne) participant au pic de conductivité dans le térahertz. Le dosage du désordre dans des films de nanotubes de carbone permet d’observer l’évolution de la résonance des nanoantennes. Nous concluons donc à une segmentation effective des nanotubes par les greffons. Enfin, nous montrons que le désordre active des modes de phonons normalement interdits par les règles de sélection de la spectroscopie infrarouge. Les collisions élastiques sur les défauts donnent ainsi accès à des modes ayant des vecteurs d’onde non nuls. Dans une deuxième partie, nous focalisons sur les propriétés du graphène. Tout d’abord, nous démontrons une méthode d’électrogreffage qui permet de fonctionnaliser rapidement et à haute densité le graphène sans égard au substrat. Par la suite, nous utilisons l’électrogreffage pour faire la preuve que le désordre active aussi des anomalies dépendantes du potentiel chimique dans le spectre vibrationnel du graphène monocouche, des attributs absents du spectre d’un échantillon non fonctionnalisé. Afin d’expliquer le phénomène, nous présentons une théorie basée sur l’interaction de transitions optiques intrabandes, de modes de phonons et de collisions élastiques. Nous terminons par l’étude du spectre infrarouge du graphène comportant des îlots de bicouches, pour lequel nous proposons de revoir la nature du mécanisme de couplage à l’œuvre à la lumière de nos découvertes concernant le graphène monocouche.

Preparation and Characterisation of Spinel Ferrites - Their Incorporation in Rubber Matrix and Evaluation of Properties

The objectives of the proposed work are preparation of ceramic nickel zinc ferrite belonging to the series Ni1-XZnXFe2O4 with x varying from 0 to 1in steps of 0.2, structrural, magnetic and electrical characterization of Ni1-XZnXFe2O4, preparation and evaluation of Cure characteristics of Rubber Ferrite Composites (RFCs), magnetic characterization of RFCs using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), electrical characterization of RFCs and estimation of magnetostriction constant form HL parameters. The study deals with the structural and magnetic properties of ceramic fillers, variation of coercivity with composition and the variation of magnetization for different filler loadings are compared and correlated. The dielectric properties of ceramic Ni1-XZnXFe2O4 and rubber ferrite composites containing Ni1-XZnXFe2O4 were evaluated and the ac electrical conductivity (ac) of ceramic as well as composite samples can be calculated by using a simple relationship of the form ac = 2f tan 0r, with the data available from dielectric measurements. The results suggest that the ac electrical conductivity is directly proportional to the frequency

Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of the sol-gel prepared Li0.5Fe2.5O4 fine particles

Fine particles of lithium ferrite were synthesized by the sol-gel method. By subsequent heat treatment at different temperatures, lithium ferrites of different grain sizes were prepared. A structural characterization of all the samples was conducted by the x-ray diffraction technique. A grain size of around 12 nm was observed for Li0.5Fe2.5O4 obtained through the sol-gel method. Magnetic properties of lithium ferrite nanoparticles with grain size ranging from 12 to 32 nm were studied. Magnetization measurements showed that Li0.5Fe2.5O4 fine particles exhibit a deviation from the predicted magnetic behaviour. The as-prepared sample of lithium ferrite showed a maximum saturation magnetization of 75 emu g−1. Variation of coercivity is attributed to the transition from multi-domain to single domain nature. Dielectric permittivity and ac conductivity of all the samples were evaluated as a function of frequency, temperature and grain size. Variation of permittivity and ac conductivity with frequency reveals that the dispersion is due to the Maxwell–Wagner type interfacial polarization

Finite size effects on the electrical properties of sol–gel synthesized CoFe2O4 powders: deviation from Maxwell–Wagner theory and evidence of surface polarization effects

Fine particles of cobalt ferrite were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Subsequent heat treatment at different temperatures yielded cobalt ferrites having different grain sizes. X-ray diffraction studies were carried out to elucidate the structure of all the samples. Dielectric permittivity and ac conductivity of all the samples were evaluated as a function of frequency, temperature and grain size. The variation of permittivity and ac conductivity with frequency reveals that the dispersion is due to Maxwell–Wagner type interfacial polarization in general, with a noted variation from the expected behaviour for the cold synthesized samples. High permittivity and conductivity for small grains were explained on the basis of the correlated barrier-hopping model

Evidence for polaron conduction in nanostructured manganese ferrite

Nanoparticles of manganese ferrite were prepared by the chemical co-precipitation technique. The dielectric parameters, namely, real and imaginary dielectric permittivity (ε and ε ), ac conductivity (σac) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ), were measured in the frequency range of 100 kHz–8MHz at different temperatures. The variations of dielectric dispersion (ε ) and dielectric absorption (ε ) with frequency and temperature were also investigated. The variation of dielectric permittivity with frequency and temperature followed the Maxwell–Wagner model based on interfacial polarization in consonance with Koops phenomenological theory. The dielectric loss tangent and hence ε exhibited a relaxation at certain frequencies and at relatively higher temperatures. The dispersion of dielectric permittivity and broadening of the dielectric absorption suggest the possibility of a distribution of relaxation time and the existence of multiple equilibrium states in manganese ferrite. The activation energy estimated from the dielectric relaxation is found to be high and is characteristic of polaron conduction in the nanosized manganese ferrite. The ac conductivity followed a power law dependence σac = Bωn typical of charge transport assisted by a hopping or tunnelling process. The observed minimum in the temperature dependence of the frequency exponent n strongly suggests that tunnelling of the large polarons is the dominant transport process

Investigations on the electrical and structural properties of polyaniline doped with camphor sulphonic acid

Polyaniline is chemically synthesised and doped with camphor sulphonic acid. FTIR studies carried out on these samples indicate that the aromatic rings are retained after polymerisation. The percentage of crystallinity for polyaniline doped with camphor sulphonic acid has been estimated from the X-ray diffraction studies and is around 56% with respect to polyaniline emeraldine base. The change in dielectric permittivity with respect to temperature and frequency is explained on the basis of interfacial polarisation. AC conductivity is evaluated from the observed dielectric permittivity. The values of AC and DC conductivity and activation energy are calculated. The activation energy values suggested that the hopping conduction is the prominent conduction mechanism in this system.