865 resultados para abastecimento público urbano


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Este trabalho discute o abastecimento público urbano no município de Paraiba do Sul – RJ/Brasil, frente aos processos de degradação que o rio Paraiba do Sul, seu manancial, vem sofrendo ao longo dos anos. O abastecimento de água nesta cidade torna-se um desafio por conta do crescimento populacional e a extrema dependência deste rio. Foi escolhida uma bacia onde é possível afirmar que as águas do córrego principal estão em plenas condições de uso para o consumo humano, dependendo apenas de tratamento convencional já que suas águas foram enquadradas como Classe 2, segundo a Resolução CONAMA nº 357. Porém, a logística para o uso deste córrego como manancial de abastecimento ainda precisa ser estudada.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Dissertação de mest., Arquitetura Paisagista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2013

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A maneira mais eficaz de garantir uma água distribuída, ao consumidor, em segurança é através de uma boa avaliação e gestão de riscos, envolvendo todo o sistema de abastecimento de água (captação, tratamento e distribuição). O presente estudo teve como objectivos caracterizar os riscos associados aos perigos encontrados e avalia-los através de uma metodologia de priorização de riscos, propor novas medidas de controlo para os perigos encontrados, estabelecer limites de controlo relacionados com as medidas de controlo e propor uma monitorização ao longo de todo o sistema de abastecimento de água. Este estudo foi efectuado no sistema de abastecimento público de água de Castro Verde. A principal metodologia foi a priorização de riscos. Foram classificados vários riscos com diferentes classificações associados aos perigos encontrados, encontrando-se dez pontos de controlo críticos. Uma vez que a monitorização neste sistema é insuficiente em alguns pontos tornou-se necessário propor novos locais sendo eles no local de preparação de reagentes, antes e depois da filtração e em todos os reservatórios de água tratada. Os perigos do sistema podem ser reduzidos ou eliminados através de uma boa e adequada gestão de riscos.

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Essa dissertação analisa o potencial de medidas de gerenciamento da demanda no transporte coletivo por ônibus urbano, com foco na tarifa diferenciada por hora do dia. A simultaneidade temporal e espacial das atividades determina picos de demanda por transportes em certos horários do dia, causando congestionamento nas vias e sobrecarga nos transportes coletivos. Neste contexto, o transporte coletivo desempenha importante papel, uma vez que se constitui como único meio de transporte para grande parte da população, além de ser a alternativa mais sustentável para as viagens motorizadas. A conveniência de uma distribuição mais uniforme da demanda por viagens decorre das perdas provocadas pelo congestionamento e do desperdício de recursos que representa a capacidade ociosa do transporte coletivo e do sistema viário urbano nos horários de baixa demanda. Políticas de gerenciamento da demanda por transportes visando diluir os picos são aplicadas com fteqüência em grandes centros urbanos e, entre as medidas que atuam diretamente sobre a demanda por transporte coletivo, destacam-se as políticas tarifárias, programas de horário de trabalho flexível, escalonado, com semana comprimida ou teletrabalho, e, também, melhorias dos níveis de serviço. Tarifa diferenciada por hora do dia no transporte público é prática corrente em diversos países. Com o objetivo de influenciar o usuário quanto à escolha do horário de viagem, adotam-se valores tarifários mais altos para as viagens realizadas nos períodos de pico e mais baixos fora do pico Essa estratégia busca atrair a demanda mais elástica para os horários em que o sistema é menos solicitado. A justificativa para a discriminação apóia-se no fato de que a excessiva concentração de usuários em poucas horas do dia é um dos fatores responsáveis pela elevação dos custos totais do sistema. O estudo de caso permitiu analisar, através de modelagem comportamental, a resposta da demanda do período de pico a políticas de diferenciação tarifária por hora do dia. A metodologia empregada mostrou-se adequada e os resultados encontrados permitem concluir que políticas que contemplem variações tarifárias em troca de alterações nos horários de início da viagem podem ser empregadas no contexto analisado. Ainda, verificou-se que os entrevistados aos quais é proposta a antecipação do horário de viagem são mais elásticos do que aqueles aos quais é proposta a postergação do horário de viagem.

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If urban planning is to support the equitable distribution of public goods and services, it must recognize and address the dismal condition of millions of poor people who are living in a city. The primary focus of contemporary planners and planning students should be on finding and advocating solutions that help eliminate the problems of today¿s cities. Any meaningful solution will need to be grounded in a thorough understanding of the social class inequities of citizens. With the rapid development of national economy and urbanization process in Brazil over the last two decades, the number of vehicles and their travels are dramatically increased. This is particularly evident in all large cities. Traffic congestion becomes more and more severe. Inadequate parking facilities often result in difficulty to find a parking space in large cities and many illegally parked vehicles can be seen on the crowed streets. These illegally parked vehicles further intensify traffic congestion and also pose a traffic safety hazard. The process of urbanization and motorization in Brazil is likely to continue in a rapid pace. The urban public passengers transport modes problems in large cities are likely to get even worse. There is an urgent need for the development of policy and criteria for public service of urban public passenger transport by bus in large cities. The purpose of survey is to develop policy guidelines for public transport services planning, design, construction and mobility management, that meet community needs for accessibility in large cities. So this thesis will present major comparative characteristics of urban mobility management, urban public passengers transport by bus services planning and the quality of social life in two towns of Brazil: Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba. The study case has been focused on Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba because of the major different results of the survey presented by the two cities. The objectives of this thesis are: a) to analyze and discus existing urban mobility related accessibility and economic development problems in large cities; b) to provide an overview of the relationship within city ¿ quality of social life ¿ urban mobility in Rio and Curitiba; c) to analyze and discuss existing urban mobility management related public transport services in Rio and Curitiba; d) to analyze and discuss existing quality of bus public transport services problems in Rio. Some preliminary recommendations for mobility management policies will also be presented.

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O presente trabalho, desenvolvido na estação de tratamento de água de Novo Hamburgo, avalia uma alternativa aos tradicionais coagulantes metálicos. Esta alternativa é um coagulante orgânico de origem vegetal produzido na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este coagulante a base de tanino extraído da acácia negra tem o nome comercial de Veta organic. Foi verificada, além da qualidade da água tratada, do custo do tratamento e do impacto ambiental gerado durante o processo de potabilização da água, a operacionalidade da ETA com o coagulante. Foram pesquisados os fenômenos físico-químicos que ocorrem na coagulação. Foram feitas análises dos principais resíduos do tratamento (água de lavagem dos filtros e lodo dos decantadores), definindo alguns parâmetros para sua disposição no solo. A caracterização dos efluentes do tratamento confirmou alguns preceitos da literatura, como a relação DBO/DQO e o alto teor de umidade. Outros parâmetros apresentaram valores divergentes dos publicados em outros trabalhos, sendo, provavelmente, o principal motivo a substituição do coagulante. Foi traçado um comparativo com o sulfato de alumínio, determinando vantagens e desvantagens da substituição do sulfato de alumínio pelo Veta organic. Este comparativo considerou aspectos relacionados à operação e manutenção da ETA, segurança e salubridade dos envolvidos com o processo de tratamento, qualidade e quantidade da água tratada, volume e contaminação dos resíduos do tratamento, custo para tratar um metro cúbico de água e adequação às leis, normas e portarias referentes a abastecimento público de água e poluição por despejos industriais. Os resultados deste trabalho permitiram verificar a redução na concentração de alumínio na água tratada e nos resíduos oriundos do tratamento com Veta organic em relação ao tratamento com sulfato de alumínio. Também, constatou-se a redução no volume de lodo gerado nos decantadores com o uso do Veta organic se comparado com os valores para quantidade de produção de lodo com sulfato de alumínio definidos em literatura. Foi determinado o aumento no custo do tratamento na ETA-NH com a introdução do novo coagulante. Além disso, foram feitas sugestões referentes à operação da estação que podem aumentar a eficiência do tratamento com o Veta organic, tendo sido abordadas questões relativas ao processo de tratamento, verificadas durante o trabalho de campo, com uso deste produto. A alteração mais importante na operação da ETA e que trouxe mais benefícios no tratamento com Veta organic foi a utilização de ar na retrolavagem dos filtros, tendo sido verificada a redução da cor e turbidez da água de lavagem dos filtros, com o auxílio do ar na lavagem, até valores estáveis.

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This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in trophic state and its relation with the structure and dynamics of planktonic community of a large reservoir located in semi-arid tropical region of Northeast Brazil. The reservoir Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves is the biggest reservoir of the Rio Grande do Norte State and is responsible for about 53% of all surface water accumulated in the State. The samples of water and plankton were taken monthly in 10 points distributed throughout the longitudinal axis of the reservoir and over a full hydrological cycle. The samples were collected to determine concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a and suspended solids (fixed and volatile) and for determining the composition and abundance of phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic species. During the study period, the reservoir was characterized as eutrophic and there was no trend of increasing the trophic state of the reservoir in the period of drought. The concentrations of total phosphorus and suspended fixed solids decreased towards the dam while the N:P ratios increased in the same direction due to the reduction in the phosphorus concentrations and relative constancy in the nitrogen concentrations. The N:P ratios observed were indicative of greater limitation by phosphorus than by nitrogen. However, as concentrations of both nutrients were high and the water transparency was very low, with secchi depth usually lower than one meter, it seems likely that the planktonic primary production of the reservoir is more limited by the availability of light than the availability of nutrients. High nutrient concentrations coupled with low availability of light may explain the continuing dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the plankton of the reservoir.These cyanobacteria are potentially toxic and pose a serious environmental problem because it compromises the water quality for public supply, recreation and fishing when present in high densities as in this study. The mesozooplankton of the reservoir was dominated by the calanoid Notodiaptomus cearensis and the cladoceran Diaphanosoma spinulosum. In general, the structure of zooplankton community seems to be particularly influenced by the spatial variation of cyanobacteria. The results of the regression analyses show that both the chlorophyll a concentrations and the cyanobacteria biovolume were more strongly correlated with the nitrogen than with phosphorus and that the water transparency was more strongly correlated with algal biomass than with other sources of turbidity. The maximum load of phosphorus to attain the maximum permissible concentration of total P in the reservoir was estimated in 63.2 tonnes P/ year. The current external P load to the reservoir is estimated in 324 tonnes P / year and must be severely reduced to improve the water quality for water supply and allow the implementation of aquaculture projects that could contribute to the socio-economic development of the region

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The use of Natural Gas Vehicle has had a fast increase lately. However, in order to have a continuous success this Program needs to develop converting devices of Otto-cycle engines, gasoline or alcohol, to the use of NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle) that presents low cost, maintaining the same original development of the vehicle and low level of emissions, considering the PROCONVE rules. Due to the need to diversify the matrix in order to avoid energetic dependence and due to strict pollution control, it has increased in the Brazilian market the number of vehicles converted to the use of NGV. The recent regulation of the PROCONVE, determining that the converted engines with kits should be submitted to emission testing, comes to reinforce the necessity of the proposed development. Therefore, if we can obtain kits with the characteristics already described, we can reach a major trust in the market and obtain an increase acceptance of the vehicle conversion for NGV. The use of natural gas as vehicle fuel presents several advantages in relation to liquid fuels. It is a vehicle fuel with fewer indexes of emissions when compared to diesel; their combustion gases are less harmful, with a major level of safety than liquid fuels and the market price is quite competitive. The preoccupation that emerges, and the motivation of this project, is to know which are the main justifications for such technology, well accepted in other countries, with a low index or emission, with a high level of safety, where its maintenance becomes low, reminding that for this it is necessary that this technology has to be used properly, and once available in the market will not motivate interest in the urban transportation companies in Brazil, in research centers in general. Therefore this project exists to show the society in a general way the current vision of the main governmental factors, of the national research centers and of the private companies concerning the use of natural gas vehicles in urban transport vehicles, in order to give a major reliability to the population as well as to motivate national market competitiveness with a low cost and reliable product and to enrich the national technology

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This thesis carries through an application of Analysis of Multicriterion Decision with use of the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the problematic one of taking of decision of the adoption of electronic collecting in the system of urban transport in the country, a subject that has been controversial. A modeling of criteria and alternatives is carried through and applied a questionnaire based on method AHP the excellent actors in the system of urban transport - Leading of the Managing Agency Public Municipal theatre of Urban Transports, Controller of Company of Bus, Controller of Labor union, Controller of Union of Companies, Communitarian Leader. The considered alternatives were: the maintenance of the current state with collectors, the implementation of electronic collection without collectors, and the implementation of electronic collection with collectors. The used criteria were: job, impact in the fare, control of the system, easiness of use, information. The study was carried through in the city of Natal, RN, where if the adoption of electronic collection argues and where this implementation in some bus lines between Natal and Parnamirim exists, city that integrates the region of the great Natal. The main results of the method evidence in a dimension, the viability of use of method AHP with questionnaire by means of validation of the judgments with analysis of variance beyond proper the normal mechanisms of analysis of consistency to the method, and in another one, the contribution of the analysis boarding multicriterion to become the judgments more clearly. The main results of the analysis help to show that although to models of criteria and distinct judgments of the actors, the method evidenced that it has inclination the adoption of the electronic collection on the current situation, even so with divergences between the maintenance or not of the collector. The research points to the possibility of accomplishment of the application of the AHP in successive rounds of judgments

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Aiming to know the influence of the pluviometric precipitation over the physical chemical and bacteriological characteristics of the water coming from three sources of public supply, and to verify the probable origin of faecal contamination, tests of total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and mesophilic microorganisms, as well as the determination of pH, temperature and turbidity of 156 water samples were done. The samples were taken from a stream, a drain and an artesian well, located in the city of Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The results obtained showed that the occurrence of pluviometric precipitation determined a significant increase of the number of total coliforms in the water samples from the stream. The use of the ratio CF/EF, indicate the probable origin of the faecal contamination only in the samples of the water coming from the stream, which were defined as being of human origin. In relation to the physical-chemical composition it was noticed that the influence of the pluviometric precipitation over the turbidity appeared to be higher and significant in the samples of water of the stream.

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It may be difficult for small and medium cities to obtain information about the fluoride content of public water, because of the lack of equipments and technicians. This study aimed to analyze the fluoride levels of the water supplied by the public treatment stations of 40 cities situated in the northwest region of São Paulo State, during a period of 6 months, to verify if fluoridation occurs in a continuous manner and if the fluoride levels are within the recommended. Maps of the water distribution system were obtained from the water treatment companies and utilized to randomize the addresses of the collection sites, so that they included all regions with treated water sources. One water sample by month was collected and analyzed in duplicate using an ion-specific-electrode. Samples with 0.6 to 0.8 mgF/L were considered acceptable. In the 38 cities that regularly provided the samples in the 6 months of the study, water from 144 collection sites was collected and a total of 864 samples were analyzed, of which 61.81 percent were classified as unacceptable. It was observed that 33 cities performed fluoridation but in 78.79 percent of these cities there were variations in the fluoride level among the sites and in the same site during the period of study. One can conclude that most of these cities do not control the fluoride levels in the public water, since fluoridation occurs in a discontinuous manner and in most of the situations not within the recommended concentrations.

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Incluye bibliografía