291 resultados para Zoonosis


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Emerging zoonoses threaten global health, yet the processes by which they emerge are complex and poorly understood. Nipah virus (NiV) is an important threat owing to its broad host and geographical range, high case fatality, potential for human-to-human transmission and lack of effective prevention or therapies. Here, we investigate the origin of the first identified outbreak of NiV encephalitis in Malaysia and Singapore. We analyse data on livestock production from the index site (a commercial pig farm in Malaysia) prior to and during the outbreak, on Malaysian agricultural production, and from surveys of NiV's wildlife reservoir (flying foxes). Our analyses suggest that repeated introduction of NiV from wildlife changed infection dynamics in pigs. Initial viral introduction produced an explosive epizootic that drove itself to extinction but primed the population for enzootic persistence upon reintroduction of the virus. The resultant within-farm persistence permitted regional spread and increased the number of human infections. This study refutes an earlier hypothesis that anomalous El Nino Southern Oscillation-related climatic conditions drove emergence and suggests that priming for persistence drove the emergence of a novel zoonotic pathogen. Thus, we provide empirical evidence for a causative mechanism previously proposed as a precursor to widespread infection with H5N1 avian influenza and other emerging pathogens.

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Brazilian spotted fever is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, which is the most pathogenic species of the spotted-fever rickettsiae group and is transmitted by the bite of infected ticks. Amblyomma cajennense is the most important tick species involved in the cycle of this zoonosis in Brazil as it presents low host specificity, great number of natural reservoirs and wide geographic distribution. It was first described in the state of São Paulo in 1929 and later in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Bahia. The number of cases decreased in the 1940's with the development of new plague control techniques and antibiotics. In the last decades, the number of new cases has increased. The current review aimed at reporting some of the epidemiological and public health aspects of this reemergent disease with new foci, mainly in the southeastern region of Brazil.

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Charla de clausura de la 2ªedición del ciclo Ciencia compartida

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Listeriosis is an emerging zoonotic infection of humans and ruminants worldwide caused by Listeria monocytogenes (LM). In both host species, CNS disease accounts for the high mortality associated with listeriosis and includes rhombencephalitis, whose neuropathology is strikingly similar in humans and ruminants. This review discusses the current knowledge about listeric encephalitis, and involved host and bacterial factors. There is an urgent need to study the molecular mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, which are poorly understood. Such studies will provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies that aim to prevent LM from invading the brain and spread within the CNS.

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Las zoonosis parasitarias raramente se enseñan en la educación media desde un abordaje experimental que comprenda trabajos de campo y laboratorio. Desde 2008 mediante pasantías en la cátedra de Parasitología se pretende un acercamiento a algunas zoonosis parasitarias según un criterio experimental siendo además una articulación entre los niveles medio y universitario. Los objetivos son concientizar a los alumnos de nivel medio acerca de las parasitosis, su significado epidemiológico y en salud humana y animal, conocer los riesgos a que se encuentran expuestos, discutir y proponer medidas de prevención, efectuando experiencias prácticas. Las pasantías cuatrimestrales se ofrecen a alumnos de los últimos años del nivel medio de escuelas de la región. Se realiza una introducción teórica, actividades audiovisuales, de identificación parasitaria y un trabajo de campo con muestreo de heces caninas en lugares públicos con riesgo zoonótico-sanitario. Las muestras son analizadas en un laboratorio especializado, se efectúa un análisis crítico de los resultados, se sacan conclusiones y se elaboran informes. Realizan un poster con fines de divulgación-prevención de las zoonosis detectadas para exponer en instituciones educativas. Se genera un espacio de reflexión y los pasantes se transforman en agentes multiplicadores de prevención de zoonosis parasitarias urbanas.Los alumnos mostraron siempre muy buena respuesta y predisposición

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Las zoonosis parasitarias raramente se enseñan en la educación media desde un abordaje experimental que comprenda trabajos de campo y laboratorio. Desde 2008 mediante pasantías en la cátedra de Parasitología se pretende un acercamiento a algunas zoonosis parasitarias según un criterio experimental siendo además una articulación entre los niveles medio y universitario. Los objetivos son concientizar a los alumnos de nivel medio acerca de las parasitosis, su significado epidemiológico y en salud humana y animal, conocer los riesgos a que se encuentran expuestos, discutir y proponer medidas de prevención, efectuando experiencias prácticas. Las pasantías cuatrimestrales se ofrecen a alumnos de los últimos años del nivel medio de escuelas de la región. Se realiza una introducción teórica, actividades audiovisuales, de identificación parasitaria y un trabajo de campo con muestreo de heces caninas en lugares públicos con riesgo zoonótico-sanitario. Las muestras son analizadas en un laboratorio especializado, se efectúa un análisis crítico de los resultados, se sacan conclusiones y se elaboran informes. Realizan un poster con fines de divulgación-prevención de las zoonosis detectadas para exponer en instituciones educativas. Se genera un espacio de reflexión y los pasantes se transforman en agentes multiplicadores de prevención de zoonosis parasitarias urbanas.Los alumnos mostraron siempre muy buena respuesta y predisposición

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Las zoonosis parasitarias raramente se enseñan en la educación media desde un abordaje experimental que comprenda trabajos de campo y laboratorio. Desde 2008 mediante pasantías en la cátedra de Parasitología se pretende un acercamiento a algunas zoonosis parasitarias según un criterio experimental siendo además una articulación entre los niveles medio y universitario. Los objetivos son concientizar a los alumnos de nivel medio acerca de las parasitosis, su significado epidemiológico y en salud humana y animal, conocer los riesgos a que se encuentran expuestos, discutir y proponer medidas de prevención, efectuando experiencias prácticas. Las pasantías cuatrimestrales se ofrecen a alumnos de los últimos años del nivel medio de escuelas de la región. Se realiza una introducción teórica, actividades audiovisuales, de identificación parasitaria y un trabajo de campo con muestreo de heces caninas en lugares públicos con riesgo zoonótico-sanitario. Las muestras son analizadas en un laboratorio especializado, se efectúa un análisis crítico de los resultados, se sacan conclusiones y se elaboran informes. Realizan un poster con fines de divulgación-prevención de las zoonosis detectadas para exponer en instituciones educativas. Se genera un espacio de reflexión y los pasantes se transforman en agentes multiplicadores de prevención de zoonosis parasitarias urbanas.Los alumnos mostraron siempre muy buena respuesta y predisposición

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Mode of access: Internet.

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Tesis (Médico Veterinario). -- Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, 2014

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Tesis (Médico Veterinario). -- Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, 2014

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Tesis (Médico Veterinario). -- Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, 2014

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Chlamydia pneumoniae is an enigmatic human and animal pathogen. Originally discovered in association with acute human respiratory disease, it is now associated with a remarkably wide range of chronic diseases as well as having a cosmopolitan distribution within the animal kingdom. Molecular typing studies suggest that animal strains are ancestral to human strains and that C. pneumoniae crossed from animals to humans as the result of at least one relatively recent zoonotic event. Whole genome analyses appear to support this concept – the human strains are highly conserved whereas the single animal strain that has been fully sequenced has a larger genome with several notable differences. When compared to the other, better known chlamydial species that is implicated in human infection, Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae demonstrates pertinent differences in its cell biology, development, and genome structure. Here, we examine the characteristic facets of C. pneumoniae biology, offering insights into the diversity and evolution of this silent and ancient pathogen.

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Trichinella nematodes are the causative agent of trichinellosis, a meat-borne zoonosis acquired by consuming undercooked, infected meat. Although most human infections are sourced from the domestic environment, the majority of Trichinella parasites circulate in the natural environment in carnivorous and scavenging wildlife. Surveillance using reliable and accurate diagnostic tools to detect Trichinella parasites in wildlife hosts is necessary to evaluate the prevalence and risk of transmission from wildlife to humans. Real-time PCR assays have previously been developed for the detection of European Trichinella species in commercial pork and wild fox muscle samples. We have expanded on the use of real-time PCR in Trichinella detection by developing an improved extraction method and SYBR green assay that detects all known Trichinella species in muscle samples from a greater variety of wildlife. We simulated low-level Trichinella infections in wild pig, fox, saltwater crocodile, wild cat and a native Australian marsupial using Trichinella pseudospiralis or Trichinella papuae ethanol-fixed larvae. Trichinella-specific primers targeted a conserved region of the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA and were tested for specificity against host and other parasite genomic DNAs. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was at least 100 fg using pure genomic T. pseudospiralis DNA serially diluted in water. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was evaluated by spiking log of each host muscle with T. pseudospiralis or T. papuae larvae at representative infections of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 larvae per gram, and shown to detect larvae at the lowest infection rate. A field sample evaluation on naturally infected muscle samples of wild pigs and Tasmanian devils showed complete agreement with the EU reference artificial digestion method (k-value = 1.00). Positive amplification of mouse tissue experimentally infected with T. spiralis indicated the assay could also be used on encapsulated species in situ. This real-time PCR assay offers an alternative highly specific and sensitive diagnostic method for use in Trichinella wildlife surveillance and could be adapted to wildlife hosts of any region. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Surface proteolysis is important in migration of cells through tissue barriers. In the case of prokaryotes, surface proteolysis has been associated with invasiveness of pathogenic bacteria from the primary infection site into circulation and secondary infection sites in the host. This study addressed surface proteases of two important bacterial pathogens, Yersinia pestis which is the causative agent of the lethal systemic zoonosis, plague, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium which is an oral-faecal pathogen that annually causes millions of cases of gastoenteritis that may develop to septicaemia. Both bacterial species express an ortholog of the omptin family of transmembrane β-barrel, outer membrane proteases/adhesins. This thesis work addressed the functions of isolated plasminogen activator Pla of Y. pestis and the PgtE omptin of S. enterica. Pla and PgtE were isolated as His6-fusion proteins in denaturing conditions from recombinant Escherichia coli and activated by adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The structural features in LPS that enhance plasminogen activation by His6-Pla were determined, and it was found that the lack of O-specifi c chain, the presence of outer core oligosaccharide, the presence of phosphates in lipid A, as well as a low level of acylation in lipid A influence the enhancement of Pla activity by LPS. A conserved lipid A phosphate binding motif in Pla and PgtE was found important for the enhancement of enzymatic activity by LPS. The results help to explain the biological signifi cance of the genetic loss of the O-specifi c chain biosynthesis in Y. pestis as well as the variations in LPS structure upon entry of Y. pestis into the human host. Expression of Pla in Y. pestis is associated with adhesiveness to lamin of basement membranes. Here, isolated and LPS-activated His6-Pla was coated onto fluorescent microparticles. The coating conferred specifi c adhesiveness of the particles to laminin and reconstituted basement membrane, thus confi rming the intrinsic adhesive characteristics of the Pla protein. The adhesiveness is thought to direct plasmin proteolysis at tissue barriers, thus increasing tissue damage and bacterial spread. Gelatinase activity has not been previously reported in enteric bacteria. Expression of PgtE in S. enterica was associated with cleavage of porcine skin gelatin, denaturated human type I collagen, as well as DQ-gelatin. Purifi ed His6-PgtE also degraded porcine skin gelatin and human type I gelatin but did not react with DQ-gelatin, indicating that minor differences are seen in proteolysis by isolated and cell-bound PgtE. Pla was less effective in gelatin degradation. The novel gelatinase activity in S. enterica is likely to enhance bacterial dissemination during infection.

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La Brucelosis Bovina es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que afecta al hombre, animales domésticos y salvajes la cual es producida por una Bacteria del genero Brucella. Es una zoonosis por excelencia ya que se trasmite en forma natural de los animales vertebrados al nombre ocasionando pérdidas directas reduciendo la producción. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia en el departamento de León se desarrolló un "ESTUDIO EPIDEMIOLOGICO SOBRE LA PREVALENCIA DE BRUCELOSIS BOVINA 2000-2006 EN MUNICIPIOS DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE LEON" Por lo que se realizó un sangrado (Sangre sin anticoagulante) a una población total de 161,522 Bovinos distribuidos en las 3 fincas de referencia del Departamento de León, para este estudio diagnóstico se utilizó el método de Rosa de Bengala y un método confirmativo Rivanol. Los resultados del diagnóstico serológico presentaron una prevalencia global de 0.16%, presentando la finca de referencia "La Base" una prevalencia de 0.18%, La Garrapata 0.22% y Sán José del Fortín 0.02% y una prevalencia de 0% para los municipios El Jicaral, Nagarote y Quesalguaque, 0.18% para la Paz Centro , 0.02% para León, 0.10% para el Sauce, 0.41% para Telica y el municipio con mayor nivel de prevalencia fue Malpaisillo con 0.49% de una población total de 2,831 animales, por lo que se concluye en este trabajo de tesis que se obtuvo resultados con prevalencia de 0.16 %, lo cual es muy baja en novillos analizados por lo que se recomienda un estricto control y vigilancia para mantener el nivel bajo de prevalencia del Departamento de León y resto del país.