Mechanical properties of pea starch films associated with xanthan gum and glycerol

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of xanthan gum and glycerol to the starch of green pea with high content of AM (cv. Utrillo) in the preparation of films and their physical characteristics. Filmogenic solution (FS) with different levels of pea starch (3, 4, and 5%), xanthan gum (0, 0.05, and 0.1%), and glycerol (glycerol-starch ratio of 1: 5 w/w) were studied. The FS was obtained by boiling (5 min), followed by autoclaving for 1 h at 120 degrees C. The films were prepared by casting. Films prepared only with pea starch were mechanically resistant when compared to other films, prepared with corn, cassava, rice, and even other pea cultivars (yellow, commercial). The tensile strength of these films is comparable to synthetic films prepared with high-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene. However, they are films of low elasticity when compared to other films, such as rice starch films, and especially when compared to polyethylene films. The increased concentration of starch in the solution increased the puncture force. The increased concentration of glycerol slightly decreased the film crystallinity and interfered in the mechanical properties of the films, causing reduction of the maximum values of tensile strength, strain at break, and puncture force. The plasticizer also caused an increase of elongation at break. Xanthan gum was important to formation of films; however, it did not affect their mechanical properties.

Extensions of discrete triangular distributions and boundary bias in kernel estimation for discrete functions

Asymmetric discrete triangular distributions are introduced in order to extend the symmetric ones serving for discrete associated kernels in the nonparametric estimation for discrete functions. The extension from one to two orders around the mode provides a large family of discrete distributions having a finite support. Establishing a bridge between Dirac and discrete uniform distributions, some different shapes are also obtained and their properties are investigated. In particular, the mean and variance are pointed out. Applications to discrete kernel estimators are given with a solution to a boundary bias problem. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cattle Grazing Distribution and Efficacy of Strategic Mineral Mix Placement in Tropical Brazilian Pastures

A study was conducted in Brazil to identify factors affecting grazing distribution of yearling Nelore cross heifers and to evaluate the efficacy of placement of a salt-mineral mix away from water to improve uniformity of grazing. Two pastures (25 ha and 42 ha) were evaluated for four 15-d sessions. Mineral mix was placed 590 m to 780 m from water during two sessions and at water for two sessions. Stubble heights were measured at the beginning and end of each session in 1-ha subunits of each pasture. Cattle locations were recorded oil clay 13 and 14 of each session by horseback observers. Heifers avoided areas with a preponderance of forbs and taller grass (P < 0.001). For the first 15 days of the study cattle avoided subunits farther from water. Thereafter, horizontal distance from water had no affect on grazing use (P > 0.10). Stubble height reduction was more uniform (P < 0.05) when the mineral mix was Lit water compared to away from water. In contrast, heifers spent less time farther from water when Mineral mix was placed at water (P = 0.02) based Oil Visual observations. Strategic placement of a salt-mineral mix away from water does not appear to be a reliable tool to improve cattle grazing distribution in humid tropical pastures from 25 ha to 45 ha in size.

Distribution of aflatoxin contamination in maize samples

The distribution of the aflatoxin contamination was studied among four maize fractions, separated according to Brazilian grading rules for maize. The fraction that contained fermented, moldy, heated and sprouted grains normally had the highest levels of aflatoxin. However, the fraction contribution to the whole sample contamination level took into account the contamination fraction level and its weight to the whole sample. Considering this, the fraction that contained insect damaged, hollow, up to ¼ fermented and grains damaged by other causes was normally the fraction responsible for the total contamination level in the samples. Nevertheless, the fraction contributions were variable from sample to sample. Therefore, in conclusion, it was not possible to establish a standard behavior for grain fraction-type contribution for different maize lots. The Brazilian grading by qualitative types applied to samples did not show statistic correlation with aflatoxin contamination levels (P<0.05). Two type-1 samples (the best quality type) presented contamination of 380 and 146ng/g. The number of samples with contamination levels above those allowed by Brazilian law (20ng/g) was the same for qualitative types 2, 3, and BS (Below Standard).

Uso de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido cítrico na conservação de cogumelos Pleurotus sajor-caju in natura

Os cogumelos comestíveis Pleurotus sajor-caju apresentam uma delicada consistência, alto teor de umidade e aroma característico, sendo comercializados no varejo, preferencialmente in natura. Sua vida útil pode variar entre 2 a 7 dias, em função da umidade relativa e tmperatura de armazenamento. Neste trabalho, os cogumelos frescos foram imersos durante 2 minutos nas soluções de peróxido de hidrogênio, ácido cítrico e água destilada, drenados, acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno e embalados em filme plástico. As bandejas foram mantidas sob refrigeração a 4°C e avaliou-se a cor, firmeza e variação de massa dos cogumelos no primeiro, quinto e décimo dia de armazenamento, após os tratamentos. Ocorreram perdas de firmeza e massa, bem como o escurecimento dos cogumelos em todos os tratamentos nas avaliações do quinto e décimo dia. Portanto, os tratamentos utilizados não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na manutenção da firmeza, cor e massa dos cogumelos Pleurotus sajor-caju in natura nas concentrações utilizadas.

L'illustration des Métamorphoses d'Ovide au six-huitième siècle : l'édition de Dubois-Fontanelle (1767) et ses artistes

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Effects of light intensity and temperature on Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) with straight and coiled trichomes: growth rate and morphology

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effects of light intensity and temperature on Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) with straight and coiled trichomes: growth rate and morphology

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya et Subba Raju (Ordem Nostocales) is one of the most troublesome bloom-forming species in Brazil. Understanding the population dynamics of the different morphotypes of C. raciborskii (straight and coiled) could assist in the prediction of favourable conditions for the proliferation of this potentially toxin-producing species. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of two different light intensities and temperatures on the growth rate and morphology of the trichomes of the straight and coiled morphotypes. For such, two non-toxin producing strains of C. raciborskii were used - one with a coiled trichome (ITEP31) and another with a straight trichome (ITEP28). The strains were cultured in BG-11 medium in a climatic chamber under controlled conditions. Two light intensities (30 and 90 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1)) were combined at temperatures of 21 and 31 degrees C and the growth rate and morphological changes were analysed. The morphotypes responded differently to the different temperatures and light intensities. Both strains exhibited faster growth velocities when submitted to higher light intensity and temperature. The lower temperature and higher luminosity hampered the development of both strains. Variations in cellular morphology and an absence of akinetes in both strains were related to the lower temperature (21 C). The coiled morphotype demonstrated considerable phenotype plasticity, changing the morphology of trichome throughout its growth curve. Although molecular analysis does not sustain the separation of the morphotypes as distinct species, their different eco-physiological responses should be considered further knowledge of extreme importance for the population control of these potentially toxic organisms.

Sistema automatico per la localizzazione dei guasti della trazione elettrica lungo le linee ferroviarie in corrente continua

Sistema automatico, per migliorare la procedura di localizzazione dei guasti nelle linee ferroviarie in corrente continua con l'obiettivo di contenere i tempi di intervento e limitare i disagi nella circolazione dei treni.

Proteins unfold in steps

I present results from an experiment on the dynamics of folding of a globular protein (bovine serum albumin). Employing a micro-mechanical technique, I perform the measurements on very few molecules (1–100). I observed a sequence of steps in time for both unfolding and refolding. The overall characteristic time of the process is thus built up of waiting times between successive steps. The pattern of steps is reproducible, demonstrating the existence of deterministic pathways for folding and unfolding. Certain symmetries in the patterns of steps may reflect the architecture of the protein’s structure.

Thesaurus gemmarum antiquarum astriferarum : quae e compluribus dactyliothecis selectae aereis tabulis CC insculptae observationibus inlustrantur : adiectis parergis LX, Atlante Farnesiano prolegomenis, diatribis III, dissertationibus XV et indicibus /

The 200 etched plates in v. 1 are partly signed by Ioannes Franceschini (some repeated in v. 3). Etched head- and tail-pieces signed J. Verkruys, as is one of 7 folded plates in v. 3. Occasional in-text woodcuts.

Le glorie della chiesa milanese nei due celebri martiri SS. Vittore e Sebastiano, cenni storici morali dedicati Alla Gioventu' /

From the library of Conte Antonio Cavagna Sangiuliani di Gualdana.

Bibliothecae Mediceo-Laurentianae catalogus /

ICCU,

In Jo. Baptistam Zenum S.R.E. cardinalem anniversaria funebris laudatio habita in aede basilica S. Marci /

University of Illinois bookplate: "From the library of Conte Antonio Cavagna Sangiuliani di Gualdana Lazelada di Bereguardo, purchased 1921".

Laudatio in anniversario funere Jo. Baptistae Zeni : S.R.E. cardinalis habita in aede S. Marci coram serenissmo principe /

Bound with: Ferro, Giovanni Battista, 18th cent. In Jo. Baptistam Zenum S.R.E. cardinalem anniversaria funebris .... Venetiis : [s.n, 1778?].