959 resultados para Zea mays - Nitrogen accumulation


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Donnison, I. S., Gay, A. P., Thomas, Howard, Edwards, K. J., Edwards, D., James, C. L., Thomas, A. M., Ougham, H. J. (2007). Modification of nitrogen remobilization, grain fill and leaf senescence in maize (Zea mays) by transposon insertional mutagenensis in a protease gene. New Phytologist, 173 (3), 481-494. Sponsorship: BBSRC RAE2008

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The proline (Pro) concentration increases greatly in the growing region of maize (Zea mays L.) primary roots at low water potentials (ψw), largely as a result of an increased net rate of Pro deposition. Labeled glutamate (Glu), ornithine (Orn), or Pro was supplied specifically to the root tip of intact seedlings in solution culture at high and low ψw to assess the relative importance of Pro synthesis, catabolism, utilization, and transport in root-tip Pro deposition. Labeling with [3H]Glu indicated that Pro synthesis from Glu did not increase substantially at low ψw and accounted for only a small fraction of the Pro deposition. Labeling with [14C]Orn showed that Pro synthesis from Orn also could not be a substantial contributor to Pro deposition. Labeling with [3H]Pro indicated that neither Pro catabolism nor utilization in the root tip was decreased at low ψw. Pro catabolism occurred at least as rapidly as Pro synthesis from Glu. There was, however, an increase in Pro uptake at low ψw, which suggests increased Pro transport. Taken together, the data indicate that increased transport of Pro to the root tip serves as the source of low-ψw-induced Pro accumulation. The possible significance of Pro catabolism in sustaining root growth at low ψw is also discussed.

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Leaf area growth and nitrogen concentration per unit leaf area, N-a (g m(-2) N) are two options plants can use to adapt to nitrogen limitation. Previous work indicated that potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) adapts the size of leaves to maintain Na and photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area. This paper reports on the effect of N limitation on leaf area production and photosynthetic capacity in maize, a C4 cereal. Maize was grown in two experiments in pots in glasshouses with three (0.84-6.0 g N pot(-1)) and five rates (0.5-6.0 g pot(-1)) of N. Leaf tip and ligule appearance were monitored and final individual leaf area was determined. Changes with leaf age in leaf area, leaf N content and light-saturated photosynthetic capacity, P a,, were measured on two leaves per plant in each experiment. The final area of the largest leaf and total plant leaf area differed by 16 and 29% from the lowest to highest N supply, but leaf appearance rate and the duration of leaf expansion were unaffected. The N concentration of expanding leaves (N-a or %N in dry matter) differed by at least a factor 2 from the lowest to highest N supply. A hyperbolic function described the relation between P-max and N-a. The results confirm the 'maize strategy': leaf N content, photosynthetic capacity, and ultimately radiation use efficiency is more sensitive to nitrogen limitation than are leaf area expansion and light interception. The generality of the findings is discussed and it is suggested that at canopy level species showing the 'potato strategy' can be recognized from little effect of nitrogen supply on radiation use efficiency, while the reverse is true for species showing the 'maize strategy' for adaptation to N limitation. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Remediation of soil pollution is one of the many current environmental challenges. Anthropogenic activity has resulted in the contamination of extended areas of land, the remediation of which is both invasive and expensive by conventional means. Phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils has the prospect of being a more economic in situ alternative. In addition, phytoextraction targets ecotoxicologically the most relevant soil fraction of these metals, i.e. the bioavailable fraction. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of four high biomass crop species in their potential for phytoextraction of heavy metals, with or without with the use of soil amendments (EDTA or EDDS). A calcareous dredged sediment derived surface soil, with high organic matter and clay content and moderate levels of heavy metal pollution, was used in the experiments. No growth depression was observed in EDTA or EDDS treated pots in comparison to untreated controls. Metal accumulation was considered to be low for phytoextraction purposes, despite the use of chelating agents. The low observed shoot concentrations of heavy metals were attributed to the low phytoavailability of heavy metals in this particular soil substrate. The mobilising effects induced by EDTA in the soil were found to be too long-lived for application as a soil amendment in phytoextraction. Although EDDS was found to be more biodegradable, higher effect half lives were observed than reported in literature or observed in previous experiments. These findings caution against the use of any amendment, biodegradable or otherwise, without proper investigation of its effects and the longevity thereof. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação fosfatada nas relações de interferência inicial entre plantas de milho e de tiririca. Para isso, foi montado um experimento em vasos de 90 L, preenchidos com substrato constituído por areia, terra e substrato Plantmax®. Os tratamentos constaram de combinações de colonização dos vasos por milho e/ou por tiririca nas densidades iniciais de 25 e 50 tubérculos por vaso; essas situações de colonização foram estabelecidas em três condições de adubação fosfatada adicional: 0, 100 e 300 ppm de fósforo. No campo, os vasos foram dispostos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As relações de interferência entre plantas de milho e de tiririca foram alteradas pela fertilização fosfatada do solo. O milho teve excelente aproveitamento do enriquecimento do solo pelo fósforo e interferiu mais decisivamente sobre a tiririca nos vasos bem fertilizados com esse elemento. Nessas condições, o milho reduziu drasticamente a resposta da tiririca à fertilização fosfatada, em termos de crescimento da parte aérea. A interferência da tiririca reduziu a altura das plantas de milho, a expansão da área foliar e o acúmulo de matéria seca na parte aérea.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Os experimentos foram conduzidos, em um podzólico de Lins e Marília - variação Lins, de textora barrento-arenosa, localizado no Município de Monte Azul Paulista, SP. O híbrido de milho duplo H-6999B foi utilizado. Cada experimento constou de 5 tratamentos e de 4 repetições. Os níveis de nitrogênio foram: 0, 50, 100, 200 e 400 kg/ha, sendo aplicados também90 kg/ha de P²O5 e 50 kg/ha de K2O. Os níveis de fósforo foram: 0,40, 80, I60 e 320 kg/ha de P²O5, sendo aplicados também 100 kg/ha de N e 50 kg/ha de K2O. Os níveis de potássio foram: 0, 25, 50, 100 e 200 kg/ha de K2O, sendo aplicados também 100 kg/ha de N e 90 kg/ha de P²O5. A aplicação tanto das doses de fósforo comodas de nitrogênio fez aumentar a produção de milho, a qual foi da ordem de 3 a 7 vezes superior à média de produção do Estado de São Paulo. A dose econômica e a sua consequente produção, determinadas pelas equações de Mitscherlichr-Pimentel Gomes foram: para o fósforo, de 253 kg/ha de P²O5 correspondente a urna produção de o.877 kg/ha de milho em grão; para o nitrogênio, foi de 228 kg/ha de N correspondente a uma produção de 11.100 kg/ha de milho e para o potássio, foi de 62 kg/ha de K2O correspondente a urna produção de 9-252 kg/ha de milho. Os níveis críticos econômicos, nas folhas, determinados pelas equações de MALAVOLTA & PIMENTEL GOMES (1961) e correspondentes às doses econômicas, foram de: 0,293% de P, de 3,27% de N e de 2,07% de K. A folha escolhida, ou seja, aquela oposta à espiga mais alta, reflete bem o estado nutricional da planta e consequentemente o nível de fertilidade do solo.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA