900 resultados para Y Receptor


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Premio extraordinario de doctorado 2011. Premio a la mejor tesis doctoral (Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas) 2011.

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Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) is thought to be important in the regulation of feeding and also in the release of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Intracerebroventricular administration of NPY to male rats significantly increased plasma ACTH 10 min after injection and stimulated 2-h food intake. A series of analogues of NPY that have a greatly reduced affinity for the Y1 [human pancreatic polypeptide (human PP), NPY(3–36)], the Y2 ([Pro34]NPY, human PP), the Y3 (peptide YY), and the Y6 (human PP) receptor, all markedly stimulated ACTH release. Rat PP, which binds with high affinity to the Y4 receptor, was unable to stimulate ACTH release. A novel analogue fragment [Pro34]NPY(13–36) was synthesized as a ligand with low Y1 and Y2 receptor affinity. Interestingly, neither [Pro34]NPY(13–36) nor the selective Y5 receptor agonist [d-Trp32]NPY stimulated food intake, whereas both significantly increased plasma ACTH. Thus the hypothalamic NPY receptor mediating increases in plasma ACTH has a fragment activation profile unlike the Y1–Y4 or Y6 receptors and appears distinct from the NPY receptor controlling food intake.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an inhibitory neuromodulator expressed abundantly in the central nervous system that is suspected of being an endogenous antiepileptic agent that can control propagation of limbic seizures. Electrophysiological and pharmacological data suggest that these actions of NPY are mediated by G protein-coupled NPY Y2 and NPY Y5 receptors. To determine whether the NPY Y5 receptor (Y5R) is required for normal control of limbic seizures, we examined hippocampal function and responsiveness to kainic acid-induced seizures in Y5R-deficient (Y5R−/−) mice. We report that Y5R−/− mice do not exhibit spontaneous seizure-like activity; however, they are more sensitive to kainic acid-induced seizures. Electrophysiological examination of hippocampal slices from mutant mice revealed normal function, but the antiepileptic effects of exogenously applied NPY were absent. These data demonstrate that Y5R has an important role in mediating NPY’s inhibitory actions in the mouse hippocampus and suggest a role for Y5R in the control of limbic seizures.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant peptide transmitters in the mammalian brain. In the periphery it is costored and coreleased with norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals. However, the physiological functions of this peptide remain unclear because of the absence of specific high-affinity receptor antagonists. Three potent NPY receptor antagonists were synthesized and tested for their biological activity in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo functional assays. We describe here the effects of these antagonists inhibiting specific radiolabeled NPY binding at Y1 and Y2 receptors and antagonizing the effects of NPY in human erythroleukemia cell intracellular calcium mobilization perfusion pressure in the isolated rat kidney, and mean arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats.

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Increased levels of neuropeptide Y correlate with severity of left ventricular hypertrophy in vivo. At cardiomyocyte level, hypertrophy is characterised by increased mass and altered phenotype. The aims were to determine the contributions of increased synthesis and reduced degradation of protein to neuropeptide Y-mediated increase in mass, assess effects on gene expression, and characterise neuropeptide Y Y receptor subtype involvement. Neuropeptide Y (10 nM) increased protein mass of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes maintained in culture (24 h) (16%>basal) and de novo protein synthesis (incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine) (18%>basal). Neuropeptide Y (100 nM) prevented degradation of existing protein at 8 h. Actinomycin D (5 µM) attenuated increases in protein mass to neuropeptide Y (=1 nM) but not to neuropeptide Y (10 nM). [Leu31, Pro34]neuropeptide Y (10 nM), an agonist at neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors, increased protein mass (25%>basal) but did not stimulate protein synthesis. Neuropeptide Y-(3–36) (10 nM), an agonist at neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors, increased protein mass (29%>basal) and increased protein synthesis (13%>basal), respectively. Actinomycin D (5 µM) abolished the increase in protein mass elicited by neuropeptide Y-(3–36) but not that by [Leu31, Pro34]neuropeptide Y. BIBP3226 [(R)-N2-(diphenylacetyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenylmethyl)-d-arginine amide] (1 µM), a neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor subtype-selective antagonist, and T4 [neuropeptide Y-(33–36)]4, a neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor subtype-selective antagonist, attenuated the increase in protein mass to 100 nM neuropeptide Y by 68% and 59%, respectively. Neuropeptide Y increased expression of the constitutive gene, myosin light chain-2 (MLC-2), maximally at 12 h (4.7-fold>basal) but did not induce (t=36 h) expression of foetal genes (atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), skeletal-a-actin and myosin heavy chain-ß). This increase was attenuated by 86% and 51%, respectively, by BIBP3226 (1 µM) and T4 [neuropeptide Y-(33–36)]4 (100 nM). [Leu31, Pro34]neuropeptide Y (100 nM) (2.4-fold>basal) and peptide YY-(3–36) (100 nM) (2.3 fold>basal) increased expression of MLC-2 mRNA at 12 h. In conclusion, initiation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by neuropeptide Y requires activation of both neuropeptide Y Y1 and neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors and is associated with enhanced synthesis and attenuated degradation of protein together with increased expression of constitutive genes but not reinduction of foetal genes.

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Determinar la importancia y efectividad de la cooperación internacional como elemento de desarrollo del país, específicamente de su sector justicia, atendiendo a la dinámica existente entre cooperante y receptor analizando las dificultades que surgen entre ellos para lograr los resultados

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La llegada masiva de migrantes irregulares provenientes del África sub-sahariana ha sido un fenómeno que ha afectado en términos económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales, a los países que conforman la Unión Europea. Es así como los países más afectados por este tipo de migración (España, Grecia e Italia) han pedido a los demás miembros de la Unión adoptar una política conjunta y armonizada con el fin de solucionar la problemática migratoria irregular. No obstante, la cooperación, como acción unilateral, ha resultado ser el mecanismo más efectivo, en especial el caso español, para contener y externalizar los controles del movimiento migratorio irregular subsahariano en países como Mauritania, como resultado de un proceso de securitización de la migración irregular al interior de España a comienzos del siglo XX.

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Junto con 'La primavera a través de la música' es el resultado de la fase práctica del curso 'La Audición Analítica e Intelectual a través de las Estaciones de Vivaldi y Las Sinfonías de Beethoven : metodología y aplicación en el aula'

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Analizar la existencia o no de interacción verboicónica en los textos redactados por grupos de alumnos de edades y sexos diferentes, a los que , asimismo, se les han pasado estímulos verboicónicos distintos para efectuar la redacción de los textos. Alumnos del Colegio estatal y femenino Divino Maestro de Salamanca. 40 de séptimo y 34 de octavo de EGB. Modelo de acto didáctico según propone Rodríguez Diéguez. Variables : El contexto sobre el que versa el acto didáctico. El código o códigos seleccionados para la producción del discurso. La estructura del mensaje, su secuencia y la combinatoria de actividades. Atendiendo a las exigencias del contenido como a las estrategias didácticas que se mostrarán más eficaces. Intensidad del contacto establecido entre emisor y receptor por medio del canal. Descripciones de las alumnas. Análisis de los datos mediante Programa de tratamiento lexical; realiza análisis estadístico básico. Análisis directo de los textos. Cuando las redacciones resultan significativas, podemos hablar de interacción verboicónica y la hipótesis inicial se confirma. Pero hemos comprobado que sólo hay significación de diferencia de correlaciones en casos aislados. La no significación demuestra la preponderancia del elemento icónico a la hora de elaborar los textos; no hay interacción y la hipótesis no se confirma. Con los estímulos concretos compuestos por una misma imagen con diferentes apoyos verbales, los textos elaborados por los sujetos elegidos par la muestra no manifiesta ninguna interacción verboicónica. En este trabajo, y con las características de los estímulos concretos que se pasó a los alumnos elegidos, se ha observado una clara preponderancia del elemento icónico sobre el elemento verbal. De ahí que no existieran diferencias en los sustantivos y verbos empleados y que las diferencias entre adjetivos y adverbios no fueran significativas.

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Analizar la existencia de interacciones verboicónicas en los textos redactados por grupos de alumnos de edades y sexos diferentes, a los que , asimismo, se les han pasado estímulos verboicónicos distintos para efectuar la redacción de los textos.. Alumnos del Colegio estatal y femenino Divino Maestro de Salamanca. 40 de séptimo de EGB y 34 de octavo de EGB.. Acto didáctico según propone Rodríguez Diéguez. Variables: El contexto sobre el que versa el acto didáctico. El código o códigos seleccionados para la producción del discurso. La estructura del mensaje, su secuencia y la combinatoria de actividades. Atendiendo a las exigencias del contenido como a las estrategias didácticas que se mostrarán más eficaces. Intensidad del contacto establecido entre emisor y receptor por medio del canal.. Descripciones de las alumnas.. Análisis de los datos.. Cuando las redacciones resultan significativas, se puede hablar de interacción verboicónica y la hipótesis inicial se confirma. Se ha comprobado que sólo hay significación de diferencia de correlaciones en casos aislados. La no significación demuestra la preponderancia del elemento icónico a la hora de elaborar los textos; no hay interacción y la hipótesis no se confirma. Con los estímulos concretos compuestos por una misma imagen con diferentes apoyos verbales, los textos elaborados por los sujetos elegidos para la muestra no manifiesta ninguna interacción verboicónica.. En esta investigación con las características de los estímulos concretos que se ofrecieron a los alumnos elegidos, se ha observado una clara preponderancia del elemento icónico sobre el elemento verbal. De ahí que no existieran diferencias en los sustantivos y verbos empleados y que las diferencias entre adjetivos y adverbios no fueran significativas.

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Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is produced in the islets of Langerhans and released in response to meals. It belongs to a family of peptides that also includes neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. In the present communication, we describe a rat receptor with high affinity for PP, therefore named PP1. Clones for the PP1 receptor were obtained by PCR using sequence information for the neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 from several species. The PP1 receptor has 46% overall amino acid sequence identity to the rat Y1 receptor and 56% identity in the transmembrane regions. The PP1 receptor displays a pharmacological profile that is distinct from previously described neuropeptide Y-family receptors. In competition with iodinated bovine PP, it binds rat PP with an affinity (K(i)) of 0.017 nM, while the affinities for peptide YY and neuropeptide Y are substantially lower with K(i) values of 162 and 192 nM, respectively. In stably transfected CHO cells, the PP1 receptor inhibits forskolin-stimulated cAMP synthesis. Northern blot hybridizations to a panel of mRNAs detected transcripts in testis and lung. A faint band was seen in colon and total brain. In contrast, the human receptor is expressed primarily in colon and small intestine. Whereas rat and human PP1 bind PP with the same affinity, the rat receptor has much lower affinity than its human ortholog for peptide YY and neuropeptide Y. Interestingly, the amino acid sequence identity between rat and human PP1 is only 75%. Thus, the sequence, the tissue distribution, and the binding profile of the PP1 receptor differ considerably between rat and human.

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Leptin and Y2 receptors on hypothalamic NPY neurons mediate leptin effects on energy homeostasis; however, their interaction in modulating osteoblast activity is not established. Here, direct testing of this possibility indicates distinct mechanisms of action for leptin anti-osteogenic and Y2(-/-) anabolic pathways in modulating bone formation. Introduction: Central enhancement of bone formation by hypothalamic neurons is observed in leptin-deficient oblob and Y2 receptor null mice. Similar elevation in central neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression and effects on osteoblast activity in these two models suggest a shared pathway between leptin and Y2 receptors in the central control of bone physiology. The aim of this study was to test whether the leptin and Y2 receptor pathways regulate bone by the same or distinct mechanisms. Materials and Methods: The interaction of concomitant leptin and Y2 receptor deficiency in controlling bone was examined in Y2(-/-) oblob double mutant mice, to determine whether leptin and Y2 receptor deficiency have additive effects. Interaction between leptin excess and Y2 receptor deletion was examined using recombinant adeno-associated viral vector overproduction of NPY (AAV-NPY) to produce weight gain and thus leptin excess in adult Y2(-/-) mice. Cancellous bone volume and bone cell function were assessed. Results: Osteoblast activity was comparably elevated in oblob, Y2(-/-), and Y2(-/-) oblob mice. However, greater bone resorption in oblob and Y2(-/-) oblob mice reduced cancellous bone volume compared with Y2(-/-). Both wildtype and Y2(-/-) AAV-NPY mice exhibited marked elevation of white adipose tissue accumulation and hence leptin expression, thereby reducing osteoblast activity. Despite this anti-osteogenic leptin effect in the obese AAV-NPY model, osteoblast activity in Y2(-/-) AAV-NPY mice remained significantly greater than in wildtype AAV-NPY mice. Conclusions: This study suggests that NPY is not a key regulator of the leptin-dependent osteoblast activity, because both the leptin-deficient stimulation of bone formation and the excess leptin inhibition of bone formation can occur in the presence of high hypothalamic NPY. The Y2(-/-) pathway acts consistently to stimulate bone formation; in contrast, leptin continues to suppress bone formation as circulating levels increase. As a result, they act increasingly in opposition as obesity becomes more marked. Thus, in the absence of leptin, the cancellous bone response to loss of Y2 receptor and leptin activity can not be distinguished. However, as leptin levels increase to physiological levels, distinct signaling pathways are revealed.