Maintaining and updating semantic context in schizophrenia: an investigation of the effects of multiple remote primes

Conflicting findings regarding the ability of people with schizophrenia to maintain and update semantic contexts have been due, arguably, to vagaries within the experimental design employed (e.g. whether strongly or remotely associated prime-target pairs have been used, what delay between the prime and the target was employed, and what proportion of related prime-target pairs appeared) or to characteristics of the participant cohort (e.g. medication status, chronicity of illness). The aim of the present study was to examine how people with schizophrenia maintain and update contextual information over an extended temporal window by using multiple primes that were either remotely associated or unrelated to the target. Fourteen participants with schizophrenia and 12 healthy matched controls were compared across two stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) (short and long) and two relatedness proportions (RP) (high and low) in a crossed design. Analysis of variance statistics revealed significant two- and three-way interactions between Group and SOA, Group and Condition, SOA and RP, and Group, SOA and RP. The participants with schizophrenia showed evidence of enhanced remote priming at the short SOA and low RP, combined with a reduction in the time course over which context could be maintained. There was some sensitivity to biasing contextual information at the short SOA, although the mechanism over which context served to update information appeared to be different from that in the controls. The participants with schizophrenia showed marked performance decrements at the long SOA (both low and high RP). Indices of remote priming at the short (but not the long) SOA correlated with both clinical ratings of thought disorder and with increasing length of illness. The results support and extend the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with concurrent increases in tonic dopamine activity and decreases in phasic dopamine activity. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

A dictionary of the Circassian language. In two parts: English-Circassian-Turkish, and Circassian-English-Turkish. Containing all the most necessary words for the traveller, the soldier, and the sailor; with the exact pronunciation of each word in the English character.

Originally printed in Transactions of the Philological society.

Boyer's French dictionary: comprising all the additions and improvements of the latest Paris and London editions, with a very large number of useful words and phrases, now first selected from the modern dictionaries of Boiste, Wailly, Catineau, and others; with the pronunciation of each word, according to the dictionary of the Abbé Tardy: to which are prefixed, rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants, chiefly collected from the prosody of the Abbé d'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

Acompañado de: An English-French dictionary, designed as a second part to the Boston edition of Boyer's French dictionary, with Tardy's pronunciation.

Entick's new spelling dictionary : teaching to write and pronounce the english tongue with ease and propriety, in wich each word is accented according to its just and natural pronunciation ... with a list of proper names of men and women ..., towich is prefixed a gammatical introduction to the english tongue /

Mode of access: Internet.

A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin and Scripture proper names : in which the words are accented and divided into syllables exactly as they ought to be pronounced, according to rules drawn from analogy and the best usage : to which are added, terminational vocabularies of Hebrew, Greek and Latiln proper names, in which the words are arranged according to their final syllables, and classed according to their accents : by which the general analogy of pronunciation may be seen at one view, and the accentuation of each word more earily remembered : concluding with observations on the Greek and Latin accent and quantity : with some probable conjectures on the method of freeing them from the obscurity and confusion in which they are involved, both by the ancients and moderns ... /

"Errata": p. 285.

A key to the classical pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and scripture proper names : in which the words are accented and divided into syllables exactly as they ought to be pronounced, according to rules drawn from analogy and the best usuage to which are added terminational vocabularies of Hebrew, Greek and Latin proper names, in which the words are arranged according to their final syllables, and classed according to their accents; by which the general analogy of pronunciation may be seen at one view, and the accentuation of each word more easily remembered. Concluding with observations on the Greek and Latin accents and quantity; with some probable conjectures on the method of freeing them from obscurity and confusion in which they are involved, both by the ancients and moderns /

Edition statement at head of title.

A critical pronouncing dictionary, and expositor of the English language : in which not only the meaning of every word is explained, and the sound of every syllable distinctly shown, but, where words are subject to different pronunciations, the reasons for each are duly considered, and the best pronunciation is selected

Mode of access: Internet.

Boyer's French dictionary : comprising all the additions and improvements of the latest Paris and London editions ... with the pronunciation of each word according to the dictionary of the Abbé Tardy, to which are prefixed rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants chiefly collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

The second part (250 p.) has title: An English-French dictionary, designed as the second part to the Boston edition of Boyer's French dictionary, with Tardy's pronunciation.

Boyer's French dictionary; comprising all the additions and improvements of the latest Paris and London editions, with a very large number of useful words and phrases, now first selected from the modern dictionaries of Boiste, Wailly, Catineau, and others; with the pronunciation of each word, according to the dictionary of the Abbé Tardy: to which are prefixed, rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants, chiefly collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

Edited by William Bentley Fowle.

Boyer's French dictionary; comprising all the improvements of the latest Paris and London editions, with a very large number of useful words and phrases, now first selected from the modern dictionaries of Boiste, Wailly, Catineau, and others; with the pronunciation of each word, according to the dictionary of the Abbé Yardy: to which are prefixed, rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants, chiefly collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

[Vol. 2] has t.p.: An English-French dictionary, designed as a second part to the Boston edition of Boyer's French dictionary , with Tardy's pronunciation.

Boyer's French dictionary : comprising all the improvements of the latest Paris and London editions, with a large number of useful words and phrases, selected from the modern dictionaries of Boiste, Wailly, Catineau, and others, with the pronunciation of each word, according to the dictionary of the Abbé Tardy. To which are prefixed Rules for the pronunciation of French vowels, diphthongs, and final consonants, collected from the prosody of the Abbé D'Olivet, with a table of French verbs, &c.

Vol. 2 has title: An English-French dictionary designed as a second part to the Boston edition of Boyer's French dictionary, with Tardy's pronunciation.

Dictionary of the English and Italian languages for general use, with the Italian pronunciation and the accentuation of every word in both languages, and the terms of science and art ... /

Added t.-p. in Italian.

Dictionary of the English and Italian languages for general use, with the Italian pronunciation and the accentuation of every word in both languages, and the terms of science and art ... &c.;

Added t.-p. in Italian.

Universal dictionary of the English language; a new and original work presenting for convenient reference the orthography, pronunciation, meaning, use, origin and development of every word in the English language together with condensed explanations of fifty thousand important subjects and an exhaustive encyclopaedia of all the arts and sciences profusely illustrated,

According to Brit. mus. Catalogue, first published in London in 1879 under the title The encyclopaedic dictionary.