Precarious employment and social reproduction: the impact on health and well-being

This dissertation aims to make a theoretical and empirical contribution to the debate on precarious employment, social reproduction and the impact on health and well-being. In recent years, numerous studies have examined the effect of precarious employment as a social determinant on health and well-being, focusing on gender differences in this phenomenon. Within this framework, the research design is to investigate this topic quantitatively in the United Kingdom using longitudinal data to assess the long-term effects of precarious employment and informal care work on health. More specifically, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the impact of precarious employment on health and to analyze gender differences within this phenomenon, particularly in relation to the role of informal care work. The analysis shows that precarious employment is indeed associated to a detrimental effect on health and that this effect is stronger for women’s mental health. Additionally, the analysis shows that time spent on informal care work explains part of the gender gap in mental health, and that informal care and the number of hours spent on it are associated with worse mental health for women. Finally, during the first few months of Covid-19, for both men and women, performing more hours of care work on average is associated with worse mental health, showing that it is not so much the change from fewer to more hours that affects health, but rather those who do more hours on average, hence the long-term effect of being an intensive informal carer.

Depression in women living with HIV: clinical and psychosocial correlates

The number of Brazilian women living with HIV has increased significantly in past years, rendering studies of their particular care demands including psychiatric issues. This study measures the prevalence of major depression, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, in a sample of 120 women living with HIV in treatment at a reference centre in So Paulo. Socio-demographic variables, HIV-related clinical and laboratory data, including CD4+ cell counts and HIV plasma viral loads, as well as psychosocial features (intimate relationships, disclosure of HIV serostatus, partner`s serostatus and patient`s emotional and financial support) were investigated as factors potentially associated with depression. The prevalence of major depression at the time of evaluation was 25.8% (95% CI 18.2-33.4%). Clinical status (p = 0.002), lack of emotional support (p = 0.02), use of antidepressants (p = 0.028) and length of time since HIV diagnosis (p = 0.05) were associated with major depression in univariate analysis. In multivariate multiple-regression model, HIV clinical status, lack of emotional support and higher plasma viral loads were associated with depression. Sixty per cent of the women have a major depression diagnosis during lifetime. We conclude that major depression is highly prevalent among women living with HIV, but it is still underdiagnosed and undertreated.

Common mental disorders during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors among low-income women in Sao Paulo, Brazil

To estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) and factors associated with these disorders among pregnant women of low socio-economic status (SES) in Sao Paulo. We performed a cross-sectional study with 831 women in their 20th to 30th weeks of pregnancy, who were attending antenatal clinics in primary care in Sao Paulo, Brazil. CMD were assessed with the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CI were calculated to examine the association between CMD and exposure variables. The prevalence of CMD was 20.2% (95% CI 17.5 to 23.0). Age at current pregnancy and at first delivery, current obstetric complications, not having friends in the community, living in a crowded household, lower occupational status and history of previous psychiatric treatment were all independently associated with increased prevalence of CMD. CMD is highly prevalent among pregnant women of low SES seen in primary care settings in Sao Paulo. A combination of distal and proximal psychosocial factors increase the risk for CMD. Primary health care professionals need to be aware of how common CMD in such settings and properly trained to deal with CMD during pregnancy.

Mother's stress, mood and emotional involvement with the infant: 3 months before and 3 months after childbirth

Adverse effects of maternal anxiety and depression are well documented, namely on the foetus/child behaviour and development, but not as much attention has been given to the mother's emotional involvement with the offspring. To study mother's prenatal and postpartum stress, mood and emotional involvement with the infant, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale were filled in and cortisol levels were measured, 3 months before and 3 months after childbirth, in a sample of 91 Portuguese women. From pregnancy to the postpartum period, mother's cortisol levels, anxiety and emotional involvement toward the child decrease. No significant change was observed regarding mother's depression. Mother's depression predicted a worse emotional involvement before childbirth, while mother's anxiety predicted a worse emotional involvement with the infant after childbirth. Additionally, pregnant women with a worse emotional involvement with the offspring are at risk of poorer emotional involvement with the infant and higher anxiety and depression at 3 months postpartum. It should be given more attention to mother's poor emotional involvement with the offspring during pregnancy, as it interferes with her emotional involvement with the infant and her psychological adjustment 3 months after childbirth.

La symptomatologie dépressive prénatale : une étude comparative des femmes canadiennes et immigrantes à Montréal.

Contexte : Environ 20 % des femmes enceintes présentent un risque élevé de dépression prénatale. Les femmes immigrantes présentent des symptômes dépressifs élevés pendant la grossesse, le début de la période suivant l'accouchement et comme mères de jeunes enfants. Tandis que les disparités ethniques dans la symptomatologie dépressive pendant la grossesse ont été décrites, la combinaison de la longueur du séjour dans le pays d’accueil et la région d'origine sont rarement évalués dans des études qui portent sur la santé des immigrants au Canada. En outre, les études auprès des femmes immigrantes enceintes ont souvent un échantillon de taille qui ne suffit pas pour démêler les effets de la région d'origine et de la durée du séjour sur la santé mentale. De plus, au Canada, presque une femme sur cinq est un immigrant, mais leur santé mentale au cours de la grossesse, les niveaux d'exposition aux facteurs de risque reconnus pour la dépression prénatale et comment leur exposition et la vulnérabilité face à ces risques se comparent à celles des femmes enceintes nés au Canada, sont peu connus. De plus, le processus d'immigration peut être accompagné de nombreux défis qui augmentent le risque de violence subie par la femme. Néanmoins, les preuves existantes dans la littérature sont contradictoires, surtout en ce qui concerne le type de violence évaluée, les minorités ethniques qui sont considérées et l'inclusion de l'état de santé mentale. Objectifs : Tout d'abord, nous avons comparé la santé mentale de femmes immigrantes et les femmes nées au Canada au cours de la grossesse en tenant compte de la durée du séjour et de la région d'origine, et nous avons évalué le rôle des facteurs socio-économiques et du soutien social dans la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale. Deuxièmement, nous avons examiné la répartition des facteurs de risque contextuels de la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée du séjour au Canada. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'association entre ces facteurs de risque et les symptômes de dépression prénataux et ensuite comparé la vulnérabilité des femmes nés au Canada et les femmes immigrantes à ces facteurs de risque en ce qui concerne les symptômes de la dépression prénatale. En troisième lieu, nous avons décrit la prévalence de la violence pendant la grossesse et examiné l'association entre l'expérience de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse et la prévalence des symptômes de la dépression prénatale, en tenant compte du statut d’immigrant. Méthodes : Les données proviennent de l'étude de Montréal sur les différences socio-économiques en prématurité. Les femmes ont été recrutées lors des examens de routine d'échographie (16 à 20 semaines), lors de la prise du sang (8-12 semaines), ou dans les centres de soins prénatals. L’échelle de dépistage Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) a été utilisée pour évaluer la symptomatologie dépressive à 24-26 semaines de grossesse chez 1495 immigrantes et 3834 femmes nées au Canada. Les niveaux d'exposition à certains facteurs de risque ont été évalués selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée de séjour à l'aide des tests Chi-2 ou test- t. L'échelle de dépistage Abuse Assessment screen (AAS) a été utilisée pour déterminer la fréquence et la gravité de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse. La relation avec l'agresseur a été également considérée. Toutes les mesures d'association ont été évaluées à l'aide de régressions logistiques multiples. Des termes d'interaction multiplicative furent construits entre chacun des facteurs de risque et statut d'immigrant pour révéler la vulnérabilité différentielle entre les femmes nés au Canada et immigrantes. Résultats : La prévalence des symptômes de dépression prénatales (CES-D > = 16 points) était plus élevée chez les immigrantes (32 % [29,6-34,4]) que chez les femmes nées au Canada (22,8 % (IC 95 % [21.4-24.1]). Des femmes immigrantes présentaient une symptomatologie dépressive élevée indépendamment du temps depuis l'immigration. La région d'origine est un fort indice de la symptomatologie dépressive : les prévalences les plus élevées ont été observées chez les femmes de la région des Caraïbes (45 %), de l’Asie du Sud (43 %), du Maghreb (42 %), de l'Afrique subsaharienne (39 %) et de l’Amérique latine (33 %) comparativement aux femmes nées au Canada (22 %) et celle de l'Asie de l’Est où la prévalence était la plus faible (17 %). La susceptibilité de présenter une dépression prénatale chez les femmes immigrantes était attenuée après l’ajustement pour le manque de soutien social et de l'argent pour les besoins de base. En ce qui concerne la durée du séjour au Canada, les symptômes dépressifs ont augmenté avec le temps chez les femmes d’origines européenne et asiatique du sud-est, diminué chez les femmes venant du Maghreb, de l’Afrique subsaharienne, du Moyen-Orient, et de l’Asie de l'est, et ont varié avec le temps chez les femmes d’origine latine et des Caraïbes. Les femmes immigrantes étaient beaucoup plus exposées que celles nées au Canada à des facteurs de risques contextuels indésirables comme la mésentente conjugale, le manque de soutien social, la pauvreté et l'encombrement au domicile. Au même niveau d'exposition aux facteurs de risque, les femmes nées au Canada ont présenté une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en l'absence de soutien social (POR = 4,14 IC95 % [2,69 ; 6.37]) tandis que les femmes immigrées ont présentées une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en absence d'argent pour les besoins de base (POR = 2,98 IC95 % [2.06 ; 4,32]). En ce qui concerne la violence, les menaces constituent le type de la violence le plus souvent rapporté avec 63 % qui ont lieu plus d'une fois. Les femmes immigrantes de long terme ont rapporté la prévalence la plus élevée de tous les types de violence (7,7 %). La violence par le partenaire intime a été la plus fréquemment rapportées (15 %) chez les femmes enceintes les plus pauvres. Des fortes associations ont été obtenues entre la fréquence de la violence (plus d'un épisode) et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5,21 [3,73 ; 7,23] ; ainsi qu’entre la violence par le partenaire intime et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5, 81 [4,19 ; 8,08). Le statut d'immigrant n'a pas modifié les associations entre la violence et la symptomatologie dépressive. Conclusion: Les fréquences élevées des symptômes dépressifs observées mettent en évidence la nécessité d'évaluer l'efficacité des interventions préventives contre la dépression prénatale. La dépression chez les femmes enceintes appartenant à des groupes minoritaires mérite plus d'attention, indépendamment de leur durée de séjour au Canada. Les inégalités d’exposition aux facteurs de risque existent entre les femmes enceintes nées au Canada et immigrantes. Des interventions favorisant la réduction de la pauvreté et l'intégration sociale pourraient réduire le risque de la dépression prénatale. La violence contre les femmes enceintes n'est pas rare au Canada et elle est associée à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale. Ces résultats appuient le développement futur du dépistage périnatal de la violence, de son suivi et d'un système d'aiguillage culturellement ajusté.

Impact of male partner responses on sexual function in women with vulvodynia and their partners: a dyadic daily experience study.

Note de l'éditeur : This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. / Cet article ne constitue pas la version officielle, et peut différer de la version publiée dans la revue.

Relationship satisfaction moderates the associations between male partner responses and depression in women with vulvodynia : a dyadic daily experience study.

This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the journal. It is not the copy of record. / Cet article ne constitue pas la version officielle, et peut différer de la version publiée dans la revue.

Vivência de mulheres no puerpério : significado atribuído à revisão pósparto

The consultation for women during the postpartum period should occur between the seventh and tenth days, and 42 days after childbirth, to decrease the incidence of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, the effectiveness of such assistance in primary health care has not been achieved, especially in the forty-second day of puerperium. Facing this reality, the research aimed to understand the views of women about postpartum consultation. This is an exploratory and descriptive research with qualitative approach, developed in the municipality of Lajes/RN, Brazil, with women inscribed on the four teams that make up the Family Health Strategy. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 15 women who met the following criteria: be enrolled in ESF; have health mental preserved, have been entered in the Humanization Program of Prenatal and Birth, and that was, at maximum, 60 days postpartum. The data were organized according to the precepts of content analysis according to Bardin, generating three categories: prevention of puerperal complications, feelings related to life changes after childbirth, and postpartum care. This process of coding and categorizing a central theme emerged: the experience of women in the postpartum period. The data were analyzed according to the principles of symbolic interactionism, according to Blumer. The study revealed that the meanings attributed to the postpartum period for prevention of complications were directly related to home, to the consultation and postpartum care provided by family members and health professionals. The interviewees strictly complied with the rest under the influence of the context in which they were entered. But that has not happened with the postpartum revision because few mothers underwent this procedure. Therefore, the interaction of the interviewed people in their living standard as well as the feelings that permeated the post-partum were crucial to consider whether or not the post-partum visit as significant. According to the results, it was noted that disability guidelines and counter-references has impaired the access of women to postpartum review. Thus, further studies are needed on the subject, as well as a reorientation of health care activities in view of the consolidation of postpartum consultation in primary care

Suicidal ideation during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors among low-income women in Sao Paulo, Brazil

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among low-income pregnant women living in Brazil. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 831 women surveyed during 20 to 30 weeks of pregnancy using the Self-Report Questionnaire-20. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 6.3%. The factors associated with suicidal ideation were common mental disorders, single partner status, past psychiatric history, and smoking tobacco. All cases of suicidal ideation were associated with common mental disorders.

Prevalence of Premature Ovarian Failure in Women with Tuberous Sclerosis

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor suppressor disorder characterized by hamartomas, or benign growths, in various organ systems. Inactivating mutations in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 gene cause most cases of TSC. Recently, the use of ovarian specific conditional knock-out mouse models has demonstrated a crucial role of the TSC genes in ovarian function. Mice with complete deletion of Tsc1 or Tsc2 showed accelerated ovarian follicle activation and subsequent premature follicular depletion, consistent with the human condition premature ovarian failure (POF). POF is defined in women as the cessation of menses before the age of 40 and elevated levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The prevalence of POF is estimated to be 1%, affecting a substantial number of women in the general population. Nonetheless, the etiology of most cases of POF remains unknown. Based on the mouse model results, we hypothesized that the human TSC1 and TSC2 genes are likely to be crucial for ovarian development and function. Moreover, since women with TSC already have one inactivated TSC gene, we further hypothesized that they may show a higher prevalence of POF. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed 1000 women with TSC belonging to the Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance, a national support organization. 182 questionnaires were analyzed for information on menstrual and reproductive function, as well as TSC. This self-reported data revealed 8 women (4.4%) with possible POF, as determined by menstrual history report and additional supportive data. This prevalence is much higher than 1% in the general population. Data from all women suggested other reproductive pathology associated with TSC such as a high rate of miscarriage (41.2%) and menstrual irregularity of any kind (31.2%). These results establish a previously unappreciated effect of TSC on women’s reproductive health. Moreover, these data suggest that perturbations in the cellular pathways regulated by the TSC genes may play an important role in reproductive function.

ASSISTÊNCIA DE SAÚDE ÀS MULHERES MUÇULMANAS NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE DA RELAÇÃO ENTRE O SISTEMA RELIGIOSO ISLÂMICO E A POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE ATENÇÃO INTEGRAL À SAÚDE DA MULHER.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos religiosos islâmicos e as implicações das relações de gênero no islam sobre a assistência de saúde às mulheres muçulmanas, e através disto, discutir a importância do conhecimento prévio do islamismo pelos profissionais de saúde para propor uma assistência de saúde congruente a estas mulheres, tendo por referência a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher. Esta pesquisa tem abordagem qualitativa, com o desenvolvimento de pesquisa de campo e aplicação de um roteiro de perguntas semi-estruturado, com questões relacionadas ao islamismo e à saúde das mulheres. Ao todo, foram entrevistadas dez pessoas, sendo estas: quatro mulheres revertidas ao islam, três mulheres de família muçulmana, dois sheiks e uma assistente social. As entrevistas foram realizadas no Centro de Divulgação do Islam para a América Latina e o Caribe (CDIAL) e na Assembléia Mundial da Juventude Islâmica na América Latina (WAMY).

Mulheres motoristas de caminhão: realidades, estereótipos e desafios

Introdução A presença de mulheres no transporte rodoviário de cargas tem sido cada vez mais crescente e as repercussões do trabalho na vida das motoristas de caminhão ainda são desconhecidas pela comunidade científica. Objetivo - Caracterizar e analisar o trabalho de mulheres motoristas de caminhão e suas repercussões sobre sua saúde, a partir do relato de homens e mulheres motoristas de caminhão. Metodologia - O estudo com abordagem qualitativa utilizou a técnica do grupo focal, entrevistas individuais e observação não participante. Os grupos focais foram realizados em uma empresa transportadora localizada no estado de São Paulo e as entrevistas individuais em evento realizado na cidade de Itupeva/SP. Em oito encontros, grupos de motoristas de caminhão, discutiram a temática trabalho e saúde conduzida por meio de questões semiabertas. As mesmas questões foram utilizadas para as entrevistas individuais. Os relatos foram gravados, sendo o conteúdo das gravações transcrito e analisado por meio da metodologia Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. A partir dos dados obtidos, construíram-se as seguintes categorias: A trajetória profissional de motoristas de caminhão; As mulheres no Transporte Rodoviário de Cargas; O trabalho; Um momento inesquecível na profissão e A saúde das mulheres motoristas na estrada. Resultados Tornar-se motorista de caminhão, para a maioria das mulheres, ocorreu por acaso, ou devido à uma necessidade financeira, ou a falta de perspectiva de emprego. Para as mulheres no Transporte Rodoviário de Cargas, o cotidiano de trabalho das profissionais está atravessado por aspectos como: a força física; dúvidas e preconceitos quanto à sua orientação sexual; o desafio em conciliar a vida dentro e fora do caminhão; conflitos na vida conjugal decorrentes da vida profissional; a discriminação sexual e a necessidade do reconhecimento no trabalho, bem como a falta de infraestrutura dedicada às trabalhadoras nas empresas e postos de parada nas rodovias brasileiras. O momento inesquecível nesta profissão, considerado por homens e mulheres, foi a primeira viagem. Os impactos do trabalho sobre a saúde das trabalhadoras recaíram sobre dores lombares e na coluna; problemas relacionados ao sono; necessidade de recorrer ao uso de drogas como anfetaminas e cocaína para manterem-se acordadas durante o trabalho; estresse; infecção urinária e uso ininterrupto de anticoncepcionais. Conclusões - A inserção das mulheres no transporte rodoviário de cargas desafia empresas e a infraestrutura existente nas rodovias do país a acompanharem as transformações sociais no mundo do trabalho, incluindo as demandas de um novo perfil de trabalhadoras. Descritores: trabalho, gênero, saúde, motoristas de caminhão.

ASSISTÊNCIA DE SAÚDE ÀS MULHERES MUÇULMANAS NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE DA RELAÇÃO ENTRE O SISTEMA RELIGIOSO ISLÂMICO E A POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE ATENÇÃO INTEGRAL À SAÚDE DA MULHER.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos religiosos islâmicos e as implicações das relações de gênero no islam sobre a assistência de saúde às mulheres muçulmanas, e através disto, discutir a importância do conhecimento prévio do islamismo pelos profissionais de saúde para propor uma assistência de saúde congruente a estas mulheres, tendo por referência a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher. Esta pesquisa tem abordagem qualitativa, com o desenvolvimento de pesquisa de campo e aplicação de um roteiro de perguntas semi-estruturado, com questões relacionadas ao islamismo e à saúde das mulheres. Ao todo, foram entrevistadas dez pessoas, sendo estas: quatro mulheres revertidas ao islam, três mulheres de família muçulmana, dois sheiks e uma assistente social. As entrevistas foram realizadas no Centro de Divulgação do Islam para a América Latina e o Caribe (CDIAL) e na Assembléia Mundial da Juventude Islâmica na América Latina (WAMY).

Iowa Department of Public Health Women’s Health-Related Programs Summary,January 2012

The Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) Office of Women’s Health has compiled an inventory of IDPH programs that address the unique health care needs of women. Twenty-four programs incorporate women’s health services into their public health programming. The following summaries provide an overview of current programs.