Natural ventilation in underground wine cellars

The main objective of this research is to promote passive thermal design techniques in the construction of wineries. Natural ventilation in underground cellars is analyzed, focusing on the entrance tunnel, the ventilation chimney and the cave. A monitoring system was designed in order to detect changes in the indoor conditions and outdoor air infiltration. Monitoring process was carried out during one year. Results show the influence of outside temperature, ventilation chimney and access tunnel on the conditions inside the underground cellar. During hot periods, natural ventilation has a negligible influence on the indoor ambience, despite the permanently open vents in the door and chimney. The tunnel and ventilation chimney work as a temperature regulator, dampening outside fluctuations. Forced ventilation is necessary when a high air exchange ratio is needed. During cold periods, there is greater instability as a result of increased natural ventilation. The temperature differences along the tunnel are reduced, reflecting a homogenization and mixing of the air. The ventilation flow is sufficient to modify the temperature and relative humidity of the cave. Forced ventilation is not necessary in this period. During the intermediate periods --autumn and spring-- occurs different behaviors based on time of day.

Assessment of Underground Wine Cellars Using Geographic Information Technologies

Geographic information technologies (GIT) are essential to many fields of research, such as the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage buildings, a category which includes traditional underground wine cellars. This article presents a methodology based on research carried out on this type of rural heritage building. The data were acquired using the following sensors: EDM, total station, close-range photogrammetry and laser scanning, and subsequently processed with a specific software which was verified for each case, in order to obtain a satisfactory graphic representation of these underground wine cellars. Two key aspects of this work are the accuracy of the data processing and the visualization of these traditional constructions. The methodology includes an application for geovisualizing these traditional constructions on mobile devices in order to contribute to raising awareness of this unique heritage.

Bonded wineries and bonded wine cellars authorized to operate.

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Characterization of Cavities Using the GPR, LIDAR and GNSS Techniques

The study of the many types of natural and manmade cavities in different parts of the world is important to the fields of geology, geophysics, engineering, architectures, agriculture, heritages and landscape. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a noninvasive geodetection and geolocation technique suitable for accurately determining buried structures. This technique requires knowing the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves (EM velocity) in the medium. We propose a method for calibrating the EM velocity using the integration of laser imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) and GPR techniques using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) as support for geolocation. Once the EM velocity is known and the GPR profiles have been properly processed and migrated, they will also show the hidden cavities and the old hidden structures from the cellar. In this article, we present a complete study of the joint use of the GPR, LIDAR and GNSS techniques in the characterization of cavities. We apply this methodology to study underground cavities in a group of wine cellars located in Atauta (Soria, Spain). The results serve to identify construction elements that form the cavity and group of cavities or cellars. The described methodology could be applied to other shallow underground structures with surface connection, where LIDAR and GPR profiles could be joined, as, for example, in archaeological cavities, sewerage systems, drainpipes, etc.

De la fil·loxera a la Denominació d'Origen Pla de Bages : L'evolució de la vinya a la comarca del Bages al segle XX

Des de l'aparició de les primeres vinyes fil·loxerades al Bages, el 1889, a Navàs, fins a la creació de la DO Pla de Bages el 1995 ha passat un segle. Al llarg d'aquest període la comarca ha passat de ser una terra amb un conreu exclusiu i especialitzat, la vinya, a veure com aquest conreu gairebé desapareixia. Així, el motiu i l'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi és analitzar i comprendre l'evolució del conreu de la vinya al llarg d'un segle, per entendre les transformacions en l'àmbit de la viticultura.

Caracterización de los barrios de bodegas subterráneas de la denominación de origen calificada Rioja. Estudio y comparación de sus condiciones interiores con las de las nuevas bodegas comerciales

Esta tesis pretende demostrar que las bodegas subterráneas suponen un modelo de construcción eficiente y medioambientalmente sostenible para la crianza y el almacenamiento de vinos. Durante la elaboración, crianza y almacenamiento del vino, las condiciones de temperatura y humedad relativa son determinantes en la calidad final del producto. La aparición de defectos en el vino como consecuencia de altas temperaturas durante el proceso crianza es algo conocido desde el siglo pasado, por lo que los enólogos tratan de alcanzar los parámetros que consideran idóneos para una correcta elaboración y envejecimiento del vino recurriendo en la mayoría de las bodegas a la climatización artificial. Las bodegas subterráneas son construcciones históricas en La Rioja y en el conjunto de los pueblos de la Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja y el objetivo de esta tesis es demostrar que reúnen de forma natural las condiciones idóneas para la crianza del vino debido al diseño de su construcción y sin necesidad de emplear otras energías para conseguirlo. Además, la presencia de estas construcciones en la Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja supone el origen de la fama de sus caldos y es un patrimonio cultural hoy en día sin explotar. Para demostrar la importancia de estos barrios de bodegas subterráneas, germen de la Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja, se han inventariado los barrios de todos los municipios acogidos a ésta. Para ello se han visitado todos los municipios y se han fotografiado sus bodegas. En las visitas realizadas durante la catalogación se ha observado que constituyen hoy en día un patrimonio olvidado, que ha evolucionado hacia merenderos o viviendas, incluso en ocasiones abandonadas o derruidas. La conservación de las construcciones se ha cuidado más en la subzona de Rioja Alta, donde aún se pueden encontrar bodegas donde se elabora vino de forma particular, algo más excepcional de encontrar en La Rioja Baja. También se ha observado que los materiales de construcción de los calados empleados en La Rioja Alta suelen ser de piedra labrada o de sillería, mientras que en La Rioja Baja se recurre más a piedra de río o mampostería. Este trabajo se refleja en 2159 fichas que catalogan las bodegas subterráneas localizadas. Con objeto de demostrar que reúnen las condiciones adecuadas para la crianza, se han instalado sensores que han registrado la temperatura y la humedad relativa en las bodegas subterráneas y en bodegas comerciales de las que se diferencian tanto en el diseño constructivo como en las soluciones adoptadas por estas para reunir los parámetros buscados. Los resultados obtenidos en las bodegas subterráneas muestran que estas construcciones tradicionales presentan menos oscilaciones anuales de temperatura y humedad relativa que las salas de crianza de bodegas comerciales, lo que implica una solución constructiva más adecuada para la crianza y conservación del vino. Para corroborar los resultados obtenidos sobre las condiciones interiores, se ha realizado un análisis sensorial de vinos almacenados y criados en bodegas subterráneas comparándolos con los almacenados sin estar sometidos a un control de estos parámetros, como se puede dar en condiciones domésticas, una vez comercializados cuando el enólogo pierde el control sobre ellos. Los resultados demuestran que los vinos almacenados en domicilios particulares presentan diferencias con los almacenados en bodegas subterráneas. Estos resultados son acordes con los datos obtenidos de los sensores colocados en estas bodegas subterráneas, donde la temperatura máxima anual no supera los 20ºC, considerada como umbral máximos permitido durante la crianza por varios autores. ABSTRACT This thesis aims to demonstrate that the underground cellars represent a model of efficient construction and environmentally sustainable for aging and storing wines. During the production, aging and storing wine, temperature and relative humidity are crucial to the final product quality. The appearance of defects in wine as a result of high temperatures during the aging process is something known since the last century, so that winemakers seek to achieve the parameters considered suitable for proper production and aging of wine using the most wineries to artificial air conditioning. The underground cellars are historical buildings in La Rioja and all the peoples of the Designation of Origin Rioja and the aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that naturally meet the conditions for aging wine due to its construction design and without the use of other energy to get it. Furthermore, the presence of these buildings in the Rioja Denomination of Origin represents the origin of the fame of its wines and is a cultural heritage today untapped. To demonstrate the importance of these areas of underground cellars, germ of the Designation of Origin Rioja, they have been inventoried all the districts of municipalities benefiting from this. This will have visited all municipalities and have photographed their cellars. In visits made during cataloging it has been observed that constitute today a forgotten heritage that has evolved to picnic or homes, sometimes even abandoned or demolished. The conservation of the buildings has been more careful in the subzone of Rioja Alta, where you can still find wine cellars where a particular way, something exceptional to find in La Rioja Baja is made. It has also been observed that the building materials used in the drafts La Rioja Alta usually carved stone or masonry, while in La Rioja Baja is most uses of river stone or masonry. This work is reflected in 2159 cataloging records located underground cellars. In order to demonstrate that they meet the conditions suitable for breeding they were installed sensors that recorded the temperature and relative humidity in the underground cellars and commercial wineries which differ both in the building design and the solutions adopted by sought to gather these parameters. The results obtained in the underground cellars show that these traditional buildings have fewer annual fluctuations of temperature and relative humidity of the aging rooms commercial wineries, which implies a more constructive solution suitable for the breeding and conservation of wine. To corroborate the results obtained on domestic conditions, has made a sensory analysis of wines stored and raised underground cellars compared with stored without being subjected to control these parameters, as can occur in domestic conditions, once marketed as winemaker loses control over them. The results show that the wines stored in private homes have differences with those stored in underground cellars. These results are consistent with data obtained from sensors placed in these underground cellars, where the maximum annual temperature is below 20 ° C, considered as maximum allowable threshold for raising by various authors.

Phosphorous and nitrogen changes in compost-amended schist soils in vineyards in the D.O. Priorat wine-producing area (NE Spain)

The impact, on nitrogen and phosphorous dynamics, of applying compost at different rates was investigated in soils developed on schist in new terraced vineyards (NTV) and in undisturbed areas (NC). Repacked soil columns amended with 0 (control), 50 t ha –1 (T1) and 100 t ha–1 (T2) of compost were studied under laboratory conditions simulating both situations. The columns were maintained for 1 year, during which time a total of 300 mm of simulated rainfall was applied in ten 30 mm applications. Soil organic matter (OM), nitrogen and phosphorous contents were analysed at the end of the study period and leachates were analysed after each simulated rainfall event. Significant differences in nitrate leaching were observed between the control and the treated soils and these differences were greater in the NC (control = 1.368 g, T1 = 1.526 g and T2 = 1.686 g) than in the NTV soils (control = 0.61 g, T1 = = 1.068 g and T2 = 1.283 g). The relative effect was greater in the NTV soils (T1/control = 1.11 vs. 1.75 and T2/control = 1.23 vs. 2.1 for NC and NTV, respectively). The nitrate concentration in the leached water reached up to 400 mg L–1, which implied a risk of groundwater pollution. Phosphorous losses through leaching were very low with concentrations of < 0.15 mg L–1, without any significant differences between treatments. The phosphorous concentrations in the surface horizon increased by 50.8% in T1 and by 66.8% in T2 in the NC soils, compared with increases of 20.3% and 38%, respectively, in the NTV soils. Due to the high infiltration capacity of the study soils, leaching effects must be considered in order to prevent groundwater pollution.

Characterization of underground cellars in the Duero Basin by GNSS, LIDAR and GPR techniques

The underground cellars of the Duero River basin are part of spread and damaged agricultural landscape which is in danger of disappearing. These architectural complexes are allocated next to small towns. Constructions are mostly dug in the ground with a gallery down or "barrel" strait through which you access the cave or cellar. This wider space is used to make and store wine. Observation and detection of the winery both on the outside and underground is essential to make an inventory of the rural heritage. Geodetection is a non-invasive technique, suitable to determinate with precision buried structures in the ground. The undertaken works include LIDAR survey techniques, GNSS and GPR obtained data. The results are used to identify with centimetric precision construction elements forming the winery. Graphic and cartographic obtained documents allow optimum visualization of the studied field and can be used in the reconstruction of the place.

Observation and Detection of Underground Cellars in the Duero Basin By GNSS, Lidar and Ground Penetrating Radar Techniques

The underground cellars that appear in different parts of Spain are part of an agricultural landscape dispersed, sometimes damaged, others at risk of disappearing. This paper studies the measurement and display of a group of wineries located in Atauta (Soria), in the Duero River corridor. It is a unique architectural complex, facing rising, built on a smooth hillock as shown in Fig. 1. These constructions are excavated in the ground. The access to the cave or underground cellar has a shape of a narrow tube or down gallery. Immediately after, this space gets wider. There, wine is produced and stored [1]. Observation and detection of the underground cellar, both on the outside and underground, it is essential to make an inventory of the rural patrimony [2]. The geodetection is a noninvasive technique, adequate to accurately locate buried structures in the ground. Works undertaken include topographic work with the LIDAR techniques and integration with data obtained by GNSS and GPR.