Entrepreneurial and Business Growth and the Quest for a “Comprehensive Theory”: Tilting at Windmills?

Even though there has been sustained interest in growth for almost 50 years, relatively little is known about this phenomenon and much confusion and misunderstanding surrounds it. Based on a literature review and the articles in this special issue we make three recommendations that we believe will allow theory to advance and be applicable in practice. First, that discourse between key stakeholders is encouraged in order to achieve greater understanding. Second, that focus is placed on " growth as a process," rather than as a " change in amount." Third, that knowledge production requires inclusivity and pluralism in research perspectives and approaches. © 2010 Baylor University.

Tilting At Windmills

Invitational Group Exhibition, "Tilting At Windmills" Porter Butts Gallery, University of Wisconsin, Madison Nov. 2012-January 2013

Farm motors; steam and gas engines, hydraulic and electric motors, windmills,

Mode of access: Internet.

Prospects for wind energy utilisation in Karnataka State

An examination of the data available at 22 meteorological stations in Karnataka State shows that wind velocities in the State as a whole are neither spectacularly high nor negligibly low. The highest winds (annual mean of around 13 km/hr) are experienced in parts of the northern maidan region of the State (Gulbarga, Raichur and Bidar districts) and in Bangalore. The winds are strongly seasonal: typically, the five monsoon months May-September account for about 80% of the annual wind energy flux. Although the data available are inadequate to make precise estimates, they indicate that the total wind energy potential of the State is about an order of magnitude higher than the current electrical energy consumption. The possible exploitation of wind energy for applications in rural areas therefore requires serious consideration, but it is argued that to be successful it is essential to formulate an integrated and carefully planned programme. The output of current windpumps needs to be increased; a doubling should be feasible by the design of suitable load-matching devices. The first cost has to be reduced by careful design, by the use of local materials and skills and by employing a labour-intensive technology. A consideration of the agricultural factors in the northern maidan region of the State shows that there is likely to be a strong need for mechanical assistance in supplemental and life-saving irrigation for the dry crops characteristic of the area. A technological target for a windmill that could find applications in this area would be one with a rotor diameter of about 10 m that can lift about 10,000 litres of water per hour in winds of 10 km/hr (2.8 m/s) hourly average speed and costs less than about Rs 10,000. Although no such windmills exist as of today, the authors believe that achievement of this target is feasible. An examination of various possible scenarios for the use of windmills in this area suggests that with a windpump costing about Rs 12,000, a three hectare farm growing two dry crops a year can expect an annual return of about 150% from an initial investment of about Rs 15,000. It is concluded that it should be highly worthwhile to undertake a coordinated programme for wind energy development that will include more detailed wind surveys in the northern maidan area (as well as some others, such as the Western Ghats), the development of suitable windmill designs and a study of their applications to agriculture as well as to other fields.

Metodologia de projeto de turbinas eólicas de pequeno porte.

O potencial eólico do Brasil, de vento firme e com viabilidade econômica de aproveitamento, é de 143 GW. Isso equivale ao dobro de toda a capacidade da geração já instalada no país. No Brasil, a energia eólica tem uma sazonalidade complementar à energia hidrelétrica, porque os períodos de melhor condição de vento coincidem com os de menor capacidade dos reservatórios. O projeto desenvolvido neste trabalho nasceu de uma chamada pública do FINEP, e sob os auspícios do recém criado CEPER. Ao projeto foi incorporado um caráter investigativo, de contribuição científica original, resultando em um produto de tecnologia inovadora para aerogeradores de baixa potência. Dentre os objetivos do projeto, destacamos a avaliação experimental de turbinas eólicas de 5000 W de potência. Mais especificamente, dentro do objetivo geral deste projeto estão incluídas análise estrutural, análise aerodinâmica e análise de viabilidade de novos materiais a serem empregados. Para cada uma das diferentes áreas de conhecimento que compõem o projeto, será adotada a metodologia mais adequada. Para a Análise aerodinâmica foi realizada uma simulação numérica preliminar seguida de ensaios experimentais em túnel de vento. A descrição dos procedimentos adotados é apresentada no Capítulo 3. O Capítulo 4 é dedicado aos testes elétricos. Nesta etapa, foi desenvolvido um banco de testes para obtenção das características específicas das máquinas-base, como curvas de potência, rendimento elétrico, análise e perdas mecânicas e elétricas, e aquecimento. Este capítulo termina com a análise crítica dos valores obtidos. Foram realizados testes de campo de todo o conjunto montado. Atualmente, o aerogerador de 5kW encontra-se em operação, instrumentado e equipado com sistema de aquisição de dados para consolidação dos testes de confiabilidade. Os testes de campo estão ocorrendo na cidade de Campos, RJ, e abrangeram as seguintes dimensões de análise; testes de eficiência para determinação da curva de potência, níveis de ruído e atuação de dispositivos de segurança. Os resultados esperados pelo projeto foram atingidos, consolidando o projeto de um aerogerador de 5000W.

Direct-on-line axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator static and dynamic performance

In distributed energy production, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are often connected to the grid via frequency converters, such as voltage source line converters. The price of the converter may constitute a large part of the costs of a generating set. Some of the permanent magnet synchronous generators with converters and traditional separately excited synchronous generators couldbe replaced by direct-on-line (DOL) non-controlled PMSGs. Small directly networkconnected generators are likely to have large markets in the area of distributed electric energy generation. Typical prime movers could be windmills, watermills and internal combustion engines. DOL PMSGs could also be applied in island networks, such as ships and oil platforms. Also various back-up power generating systems could be carried out with DOL PMSGs. The benefits would be a lower priceof the generating set and the robustness and easy use of the system. The performance of DOL PMSGs is analyzed. The electricity distribution companies have regulations that constrain the design of the generators being connected to the grid. The general guidelines and recommendations are applied in the analysis. By analyzing the results produced by the simulation model for the permanent magnet machine, the guidelines for efficient damper winding parameters for DOL PMSGs are presented. The simulation model is used to simulate grid connections and load transients. The damper winding parameters are calculated by the finite element method (FEM) and determined from experimental measurements. Three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA) is carried out. The results from the simulation model and 3D FEA are compared with practical measurements from two prototype axial flux permanent magnet generators provided with damper windings. The dimensioning of the damper winding parameters is case specific. The damper winding should be dimensioned based on the moment of inertia of the generating set. It is shown that the damper winding has optimal values to reach synchronous operation in the shortest period of time after transient operation. With optimal dimensioning, interferenceon the grid is minimized.

Análise comparativa da viabilidade econômica da utilização de coletores solar para aquecimento de água

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Wind pumps for irrigating greenhouse crops

Agriculture is a major consumer of energy in many countries of the world. Only a few of these countries are self-sufficient in conventional energy sources, which are also exhaustible. Fortunately, there are other sources of energy, such as wind, which has experienced recent developments in the area of wind power generation. From irrigation projects to power supply in remote farms, wind power generation can play a vital role. A simple methodology for technical evaluation of windmills for irrigation water pumping has been developed in this study to determine the feasibility per unit amount of water supplied and the levels of daily irrigation demand satisfied by windmill irrigation system at various levels of risk (probability of failure). For this purpose, a series of three hourly wind-speed data over a period of 38 years at Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, were analyzed to compute the diurnal wind pump discharge at varying levels of risk. The sizes of reservoirs required to modulate fluctuating discharge and to satisfy the levels of irrigation demand, on function of crop development dates, cultivated area and water elevation height, were computed by cumulative deficit water budgeting. An example is given illustrating the use of the methodology on tomato crop Licopersicon esculentum Mill) under greenhouse.

Análisis de la viabilidad técnica de las aerobombas para el riego localizado

Actualmente la agricultura cubana, por ser un sector estratégico en la economía del país, incorpora en su desarrollo y gestión las energías renovables como criterio básico para su viabilidad futura. Sin embargo existen un número de problemas que limitan el desarrollo de estas fuentes energéticas en Cuba, entre los que se encuentran el conocimiento incompleto de su potencial de utilización. Por esta razón, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo la maximización de la superficie regada de un cultivo dado y la determinación del volumen de regulación mínimo, usando una aerobomba tipo, en condiciones ambientales dadas. Se desarrolla una metodología para predecir la máxima potencialidad de las aerobombas para un sistema de riego localizado, basada en el cálculo del balance diario entre las necesidades de agua del cultivo y la disponibilidad de agua. Mediante un ejemplo que ilustra el uso de esta metodología en el cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. FL - 5) bajo invernadero en Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, se hace una descripción de los elementos de la instalación propuesta para el suministro de agua por parte de la aerobomba. Se estudiaron varios factores, tales como la serie de velocidad del viento trihoraria ( h V3 , m s-1) para un año medio de viento y para un año medio de poco viento; el caudal suministrado por la aerobomba en función de la altura de elevación ( H , m); y la evapotranspiración diaria del cultivo en invernadero en función de la fecha de siembra. A partir de los factores mencionados se determinaron los volúmenes de agua mensuales necesarios para el riego ( r D , m3 ha-1), la capacidad del depósito de almacenamiento ( dep. V , m3), así como las áreas máximas regables ( r A , ha) para cada variante. Los resultados muestran que el período óptimo de bombeo eólico para el riego del cultivo de tomate en invernadero bajo las condiciones ambientales estudiadas es de noviembre a febrero, y que los factores que más influyen en la superficie que se puede regar con el bombeo eólico son la fecha de plantación y el volumen de depósito. Abstract Currently Cuban agriculture, as a strategic sector in the economy of the country, incorporates in its development and renewable energy management as a basic criterion for its future viability. However, there are a number of problems that limit the development of these energy sources in Cuba, among which are the incomplete knowledge of their potential use. For this reason, this research aims at maximizing the irrigated area of a given culture and determination of minimum control volume, using a type Windpump in given environmental conditions. We develop a methodology to predict the maximum potential of windmills for irrigation system, based on the daily balance calculation between the crop water needs and water availability. Through an example that illustrates the use of this methodology in the cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. FL - 5) under greenhouse in Ciego de Avila, Cuba, is a description of the elements of the proposed facility to supply water from the windmill. We studied several factors such as the number of trihoraria wind speed ( h V3 , m s- 1) for an average wind year and an average year with little wind, the flow supplied by the windmill depending on the lift height ( H , m) and daily crop evapotranspiration in greenhouse based on planting date. From the above factors were determined monthly water volumes needed for irrigation ( r D , m3 ha-1), the storage tank capacity ( dep. V , m3) and peak areas irrigated ( r A , ha) for each variant. The results show that the optimal period wind pumping for irrigation of greenhouse tomato crop under the environmental conditions studied is from November to February, and that the factors that influence the surface that can be irrigated with wind pumping are planting date and amount of deposit.

Wind pumps for irrigating greenhouse crops: comparison in different socio-economical frameworks

Wind power can play an interesting role in irrigation projects in different areas. A methodology can determine the feasibility of the technology and the levels of daily irrigation demand satisfied by windmills at different levels of risk, using tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) as greenhouse crop. The present work compared the feasibility of the technology and the critical factors involved in three different countries: Cuba, Spain and Pakistan. The study considered as factors the wind speed level, the energy cost, the tomato prices, the reliability and distance to the electrical grid, and the crop development dates, determining the economic feasibility for each combination of factors in each country.

Aproximación a la arquitectura popular en la Mancha Baja. El caso de Manzanares

La tesis se compone de una primera parte introductoria, en la que se recogen las distintas opiniones y definiciones de la arquitectura “popular”, el estado de la cuestión, comentando los artículos y publicaciones realizados sobre la Mancha. La segunda parte profundiza en aspectos generales previos al análisis edificatorio central de la tesis, con los siguientes capítulos: -Estudio de los condicionantes físicos, históricos, socio-económicos y culturales de la comarca de la Mancha Baja. Acotando el territorio. -Una visión general sobre la arquitectura tradicional de la provincia de Ciudad Real, por comarcas. -Un estudio de las distintas tipologías edificatorias tradicionales, con ejemplos en la comarca manchega. -El análisis de materiales constructivos, elementos y sistemas utilizados en las construcciones tradicionales en la Mancha Baja. La tercera parte, desde la premisa de la representación gráfica, apoyado en un anexo con dibujos de ciento treinta y siete edificios populares de Manzanares y comarca, estudia: El trazado urbano y las casas de Manzanares; desde los levantamientos de plantas, alzados y secciones, emplazamiento en la manzana y fotografías, se realiza una descripción completa, con noventa y seis ejemplos. Además de llegar a las conclusiones derivadas del análisis de estas edificaciones, los objetivos pretendidos con este estudio serían también: Realizar un primer trabajo aproximativo, desde la visión arquitectónica, de la arquitectura tradicional manchega. Recopilar toda la información existente que pueda relacionarse con la arquitectura popular en la comarca, y citar los escritos y publicaciones de referencia para posteriores estudios. Se estudia la geomorfología, el clima, el territorio, la economía, la sociología, etc…, para obtener una información clave, además de los materiales, técnicas constructivas y morfología de las edificaciones. Se destaca el apartado de los edificios preindustriales tradicionales, como molinos de viento, de agua, palomares, pósitos y bodegas con el análisis de varios ejemplos, por su importante presencia en las poblaciones. Por último se desarrolla un amplio bloque sobre bibliografía de arquitectura popular, la consultada y la general. La arquitectura popular de la mancha baja es tapial cubierto de teja árabe, cerrada al exterior, pero abierta a grandes patios, de planta baja y cámaras altas, con elementos auxiliares de protección y acceso, que revisten la aparente simplicidad volumétrica de estos complejos, viviendas-almacén. Con un complejo programa tanto agrícola como doméstico. De gran protección frente al clima, con escasa decoración, esquemas espaciales primitivos y con mayor envergadura estructural en las dependencias agropecuarias. Una arquitectura que mezcla el uso doméstico y el productivo, pero que al evolucionar aumenta su diferenciación. Edificios que mantienen las mismas cualidades estéticas, repitiendo formas y volúmenes, pero de peculiares configuraciones espaciales, se repiten los materiales y técnicas constructivas, así como elementos arquitectónicos con pocas variaciones, pero no existen dos conjuntos similares. No podemos utilizar un ejemplo como modelo de casa manchega. Evoluciona de la casa bloque, básica y primitiva, con ejemplos escasos en las poblaciones más deprimidas, a la casa compleja, donde se separan con claridad las dependencias agropecuarias de las vivideras. Evoluciona de una casa rural, con los mismos esquemas, ya se ubique en el campo o en núcleos de población, a la casa urbana, entre medianerías, en la que se puede encontrar una transformación paralela, desarrollándose programas domésticos, más especializados, mezclados con arquitecturas cultas, con programas que reflejan las nuevas necesidades de la sociedad urbana del siglo XX. ABSTRACT The thesis is composed of a first part that is collected as introducing different views and definitions of popular architecture, the state of affairs, commenting on articles and publications carried out at the Mancha. The second part explores general issues before the main urban analysis of the thesis, with the following chapters: -A study of the geographic, historical, socio-economic and cultural conditions of the region of the Mancha Baja. Delimiting the territory -A tour with an overview of the province of Ciudad Real by regions. -A study of the different traditional building types, with examples in the region from the Mancha. -The Analysis of building materials, components and systems used in traditional buildings in the Mancha Lower The third part studies from the premise of the drawing: The urban planning of the towns to study and houses of Manzanares, from the execution of plans, elevations and sections, sites in the blocks, old photographs, a full description is made, covering a wide range of examples, highlighting the “evolution during the twentieth century, in its last quarter, buildings of popular character “, which is the ultimate aim of the thesis. In addition to reaching the conclusions drawn from the analysis cards of these buildings, the objectives pursued with this study would be also: This paper is the realization of a first rough work from the architectural vision of traditional architecture from the Mancha. To Search a work method for approaching the popular architecture, other than those made so far by other studies of historians, engineers and sociologists, with the graphical representation and the buildings would be studied like living organisms that evolve over time. To collect all the current information that It can be able to connect itself with the popular architecture in the region, and cite the writings and publications of reference for future studies. Geomorphology, climate, topography of the place is studied to obtain a key information about materials, construction techniques and morphology of the buildings. A section is opened to study the case of traditional industrial buildings like windmills, flour mill, pigeon lofts, public granary, threshing floor and cellars with the analysis of several examples; its importance is highlighted in the urban plan of the town. Finally a large block of popular literature on architecture is developed, consulted for work is distinct from the general existing on the subject. The popular architecture from the Mancha is built of rammed earth and roofs inclined of Arabic tiles, the buildings are closed to the outside, but they are open around large courtyards, and ground floor and camera high, with additional elements of protection, they are opened to patios. The manor has a complex program on agricultural and domestic activity. Large climate protection, poor decoration, quite primitive in shaping living spaces, and more structural scale in storage and processing units of agriculture-related products, mainly wine, cereal and to a lesser extent oil. These architecture combines the domestic and productive use, but which will evolve and they are distinguishing, both enclosed spaces such as courtyards. The buildings keep the same aesthetic qualities because they repeat shapes and volumes, but they maintain their spatial configuration individually; the materials, building techniques and architectural elements are repeated with slight variations, but there aren´t two identical houses. This architecture evolved from the block, basic and primitive house, with few examples in the most deprived towns, to the complex house, where agricultural units are clearly separated of domestic rooms. It developed from a country house (with the same patterns) whether it is located in the countryside or in the towns, to an urban house, in which we can find a parallel transformation, developing domestic programs, more specialized, mixed with cultivated architectures, with programs that reflect the changing needs of urban society of the twentieth century.

London, England, 1830 (Image 1 of 6) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of London : made from an actual survey in the years 1824, 1825, & 1826, by C. & J. Greenwood, extended and comprising the various improvements to 1830 ; engraved by Josiah Neele. It was published by C. & J. Greenwood August 31st, 1830. Scale [ca. 1: 63,360]. This layer is image 1 of 6 total images of the six sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), docks, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, windmills, city district boundaries, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes "Explanation" table for points of interest & "References to the Parishes &c." This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

London, England, 1830 (Image 2 of 6) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of London : made from an actual survey in the years 1824, 1825, & 1826, by C. & J. Greenwood, extended and comprising the various improvements to 1830 ; engraved by Josiah Neele. It was published by C. & J. Greenwood August 31st, 1830. Scale [ca. 1: 63,360]. This layer is image 2 of 6 total images of the six sheet source map, representing the northcentral portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), docks, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, windmills, city district boundaries, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes "Explanation" table for points of interest & "References to the Parishes &c." This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

London, England, 1830 (Image 3 of 6) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of London : made from an actual survey in the years 1824, 1825, & 1826, by C. & J. Greenwood, extended and comprising the various improvements to 1830 ; engraved by Josiah Neele. It was published by C. & J. Greenwood August 31st, 1830. Scale [ca. 1: 63,360]. This layer is image 3 of 6 total images of the six sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), docks, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, windmills, city district boundaries, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes "Explanation" table for points of interest & "References to the Parishes &c." This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

London, England, 1830 (Image 4 of 6) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of London : made from an actual survey in the years 1824, 1825, & 1826, by C. & J. Greenwood, extended and comprising the various improvements to 1830 ; engraved by Josiah Neele. It was published by C. & J. Greenwood August 31st, 1830. Scale [ca. 1: 63,360]. This layer is image 4 of 6 total images of the six sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, etc.), docks, parks, cemeteries, ground cover, windmills, city district boundaries, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes view of Westminster Cathedral, "Explanation" table for points of interest & "References to the Parishes &c." This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.