WUSCHEL-related genes are expressed during somatic embryogenesis of the basal angiosperm Ocotea catharinensis Mez. (Lauraceae)

Ocotea catharinensis is a basal angiosperm and an endangered tree species from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. Despite its economical and ecological importance, mass-propagation of this species is hampered by seldom-produced short-lived seeds, and in vitro propagation is challenged by frequently malformed somatic embryos. Therefore, O. catharinensis somatic embryos are also a good experimental material to study the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying in vitro morphogenesis. In an ongoing effort to characterize genes expressed during somatic embryogenesis of O. catharinensis we have cloned two Ocotea WUSCHEL-related genes. According to our RT-PCR data, both genes were preferentially expressed in embryogenic cell aggregates. One of them, OcWUS, is a possible ortholog of the Arabidopsis WUSCHEL (WUS) gene, which codes for a homeodomain-containing protein involved in the specification and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem. We analyzed the expression patterns of OcWUS and OcWOX4 by RT-PCR, and OcWUS expression was also assessed by in situ hybridization. The expression patterns of OcWUS were very similar to those described for the Arabidopsis WUS. OcWUS transcripts were generally restricted to a small group of cells in the center of the putative shoot apical meristem of O. catharinensis somatic embryos. Perturbed expression of OcWUS might be related to abnormally formed somatic embryos of O. catharinensis obtained through tissue culture.

拟南芥bre突变体分析及小麦ver203F基因表达模式研究

第一部分 茎尖分生组织的中央部位是由干细胞组成，维持干细胞的动态平衡对于植物器官启动显得尤为重要。在拟南芥花序分生组织和花分生组织中分别有WUS/CLV和(WUS+LFY)/AG两个负反馈调节环控制着这一平衡，保证了花序分生组织的非决定性和花分生组织的决定性。 本文用T-DNA激活标签技术得到功能增强突变体bre，序列分析表明BRE就是干细胞特征基因WUSCHEL。定量RT-PCR表明在突变体的茎节间WUS大量表达，证实在WUS基因的调控区插入的4个35S增强子使WUS表达增强。突变体bre生长发育缓慢，茎弯曲，花器官数目改变，心皮发育加快。尤为突出的是在茎皮层直接分化出花分生组织。这些表型可能与WUS的表达增强有关。这说明WUS功能是多效的，除了在分生组织中决定干细胞命运、促进CLV和AG的表达外，还可能与生长素极性运输以及花分生组织特征基因的表达有关。 第二部分 春化作用是促进植物从营养生长向生殖生长转变的有效途径之一，作者所在实验室曾经分离到多个小麦春化相关基因。为研究春化期间它们在不同组织或不同细胞内的表达模式，首先建立并完善了RNA组织原位杂交系统。以春化相关基因ver203F为模板，采用地高辛为标记分子，借助体外转录制备RNA探针，分析了小麦胚芽和幼苗中ver203F的表达模式。结果表明：春化前和脱春化的胚芽中不表达ver203F，春化处理14天以上的胚芽幼叶表达ver203F,而且主要定位在叶的边缘分生组织细胞内，叶维管束和表皮组织未检测到转录物，胚芽鞘和茎尖分生组织中不表达。幼苗的侧芽中的幼叶有相同的表达模式。茉莉酸可以诱导ver203F的表达。．说明春化时的低温信号可能由幼叶接收，并有可能涉及到茉莉酸介导的信号转导途径。

拟南芥功能获得突变体sef的研究

植物顶端分生组织中干细胞数量的维持对于侧生器官的发生至关重要。在干细胞的基因调控网络中WUSCHEL (WUS) 是一个关键成员，围绕该基因形成两个反馈调节环，控制分生组织中干细胞群的平衡。 　　论文分析了用激活标签法 (activation tagging) 获得的突变体sef (stem-ecotopic-flowers)，其最大的表型特点是花序轴上产生异位花和幼苗下胚轴增长。本论文就此两个表型产生的机理进行了探索，以期了解WUS基因的新功能。 　　对sef的表型观察发现异位分生组织不仅在花序轴上出现，而且也出现在叶柄、叶片、托叶叶腋内、花梗、花梗腋内以及花器官上。组织切片结果表明花序轴上的异位分生组织起源于已经分化的皮层细胞。对突变体的分子鉴定证明T-DNA是以单拷贝插入到WUS起始密码子上游810 bp处。对插入位点上下游各10 kb的4个基因在花序轴中的表达水平进行了分析，结果表明只有WUS基因的表达量升高，说明增强子只对WUS基因发挥了激活作用，暗示了WUS基因过表达与异位花之间存在某种联系。转35S::WUS的拟南芥幼苗下胚轴与根部出现异位的生长点;WUS被诱导表达的突变体pga6-1花序轴上出现异位花芽，证实sef的表型是由WUS超表达所导致。利用组织原位杂交和RT-PCR分析了WUS、CLAVATA3 (CLV3)、LEAFY (LFY) 与AGAMOUS (AG) 在异位分生组织中的表达模式与表达水平，结果表明WUS、CLV3、LFY、AG在花序轴表皮以下皮层中异位表达。这些结果表明WUS能激活CLV3异位表达，从而在已经分化的皮层中重新产生具有分生组织特征的细胞，同时WUS异位激活AG的表达并使LFY也在这些异位的分生组织中表达，这些分生组织发育方向被LFY与AG所决定，最终发育为异位花器官。 　　sef突变体另外一个突出的表型是幼苗的下胚轴增长。对幼苗期下胚轴以及胚胎4个时期的胚干细胞数进行统计，结果表明下胚轴与胚干细胞数目都呈现出sef比野生型多而wus-1比野生型少的趋势，因此sef幼苗下胚轴增长是由于细胞数目改变引起的。进一步分析发现这种区别是由于胚胎早期（授粉后1~3天）胚干细胞分裂速率的差异所造成的。利用基因芯片杂交分析突变体的基因表达谱，结果发现许多与细胞分裂相关的基因在sef中表达水平升高。RT-PCR证实这些基因在胚胎时期的表达水平升高，说明胚胎早期胚干细胞分裂速率的不同导致了幼苗下胚轴的异常。 　　综上所述，我们的研究结果揭示了sef异常表型的产生的可能机制。在已经分化的皮层中激活标签介导的WUS超表达激活干细胞标志基因之一CLV3和花器官基因AG，并使LFY异位表达，重新产生具有分生组织特征的细胞，这些分生组织的发育方向被LFY和AG所决定，最终发育为异位花。在sef的早期胚胎中，WUS表达增强使细胞分裂相关基因表达水平升高、细胞分裂增快，说明WUS与细胞周期相关基因的调控存在某些联系。 　　本论文的创新之处在于首次提出WUS表达增强能在分化的组织中产生具有分生组织特征的细胞以及WUS调控细胞分裂的结论。 　　

Molecular characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana PUF proteins - binding specificity and target candidates

PUF proteins regulate both stability and translation through sequence-specific binding to the 3` UTR of target mRNA transcripts. Binding is mediated by a conserved PUF domain, which contains eight repeats of approximately 36 amino acids each. Found in all eukaryotes, they have been related to several developmental processes. Analysis of the 25 Arabidopsis Pumilio (APUM) proteins presenting PUF repeats reveals that 12 (APUM-1 to APUM-12) have a PUF domain with 50-75% similarity to the Drosophila PUF domain. Through three-hybrid assays, we show that APUM-1 to APUM-6 can bind specifically to the Nanos response element sequence recognized by Drosophila Pumilio. Using an Arabidopsis RNA library in a three-hybrid screening, we were able to identify an APUM-binding consensus sequence. Computational analysis allowed us to identify the APUM-binding element within the 3` UTR in many Arabidopsis transcripts, even in important mRNAs related to shoot stem cell maintenance. We demonstrate that APUM-1 to APUM-6 are able to bind specifically to APUM-binding elements in the 3` UTR of WUSCHEL, CLAVATA-1, PINHEAD/ZWILLE and FASCIATA-2 transcripts. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the APUM proteins may act as regulators in Arabidopsis through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism, which may open up a new approach for investigating mRNA regulation in plants.

Cloning and expression of embryogenesis-regulating genes in Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (Brazilian Pine)

Angiosperm and gymnosperm plants evolved from a common ancestor about 300 million years ago. Apart from morphological and structural differences in embryogenesis and seed origin, a set of embryogenesis-regulating genes and the molecular mechanisms involved in embryo development seem to have been conserved alike in both taxa. Few studies have covered molecular aspects of embryogenesis in the Brazilian pine, the only economically important native conifer in Brazil. Thus eight embryogenesis-regulating genes, viz.,ARGONAUTE 1, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 1, WUSCHEL-related WOX, S-LOCUS LECTIN PROTEIN KINASE, SCARECROW-like, VICILIN 7S, LEAFY COTYLEDON 1, and REVERSIBLE GLYCOSYLATED POLYPEPTIDE 1, were analyzed through semi-quantitative RT-PCR during embryo development and germination. All the eight were found to be differentially expressed in the various developmental stages of zygotic embryos, seeds and seedling tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report on embryogenesis-regulating gene expression in members of the Araucariaceae family, as well as in plants with recalcitrant seeds.

Microsurgical and laser ablation analysis of interactions between the zones and layers of the tomato shoot apical meristern

Plants exhibit life-long organogenic and histogenic activity in a specialised organ, the shoot apical meristem. Leaves and flowers are formed within the ring-shaped peripheral zone, which surrounds the central zone, the site of the stem cells. We have undertaken a series of high-precision laser ablation and microsurgical tissue removal experiments to test the functions of different parts of the tomato meristem, and to reveal their interactions. Ablation of the central zone led to ectopic expression of the WUSCHEL gene at the periphery, followed by the establishment of a new meristem centre. After the ablation of the central zone, organ formation continued without a lag. Thus, the central zone does not participate in organogenesis, except as the ultimate source of founder cells. Microsurgical removal of the external L-1 layer induced periclinal cell divisions and terminal differentiation in the subtending layers. In addition, no organs were initiated in areas devoid of L-1, demonstrating an important role of the L-1 in organogenesis. L-1 ablation had only local effects, an observation that is difficult to reconcile with phyllotaxis theories that invoke physical tension operating within the meristem as a whole. Finally, regeneration of L-1 cells was never observed after ablation. This shows that while the zones of the meristem show a remarkable capacity to regenerate after interference, elimination of the L-1 layer is irreparable and causes terminal differentiation.

Identificação e caracterização de RNA mensageiros candidatos a alvo das proteínas PUMILHO de Arabidopsis através do sistema triplo-híbrido de levedura

Proteínas PUF regulam a estabilidade e a tradução através da ligação a seqüências específicas nas regiões 3\' não traduzidas (3\' UTR) dos mensageiros. A ligação é mediada por um domínio de ligação conservado constituído por 8 repetições de aproximadamente 36 aminoácidos cada. Experimentos realizados no sistema triplo-híbrido de levedura mostraram que os homólogos PUF de Arabidopsis APUM-1, APUM-2 e APUM-3 são capazes de ligar especificamente à seqüência chamada de Elemento de Resposta a NANOS (NRE) reconhecida pelo homólogo PUF de Drosophila. A utilização de bibliotecas de expressão de RNA em ensaios no sistema triplo-híbrido permitiu a identificação de seqüências de ligação consenso para as três proteínas APUM. Análises computacionais identificaram elementos de ligação a APUM em regiões 3\' UTR de importantes transcritos relacionados ao controle do meristema do caule e à manutenção das células totipotentes. Nós mostramos que os homólogos APUM-l, APUM-2 e APUM-3 reconhecem elementos de ligação a APUM nas regiões 3\' UTR dos transcritos WUSCHEL, CLAVATA-1, ZWILLE e FASCIATA-2. Ensaios de RT-PCR e Western blot semiquantitativos mostraram que a quantidade dos transcritos WUSHEL e CLAVATA-1 é alterada em plantas antisenso induzíveis para APUM-l, APUM-2 e APUM-3. A relevância biológica dessas interações foi observada através de ensaios de coimunoprecipitação, confirmando, portanto, o primeiro caso de regulação traducional descrito para os mensageiros WUSCHEL e CLAVATA-1. Análises computacionais adicionais para a identificação de outros homólogos PUF em Arabidopsis encontraram vinte e cinco proteínas possuindo repetições PUF. Entre elas, os homólogos APUM-4, APUM-S e APUM-6 apresentam alta similaridade com as proteínas APUM-l, APUM-2 e APUM-3, sendo capazes de ligar especificamente à seqüência NRE e aos elementos de ligação a APUM presentes nas regiões 3\' UTR dos transcritos WUSCHEL, CLAVATA-1, ZWILLE e FASCIATA-ts resultados indicam que vários homólogos PUF podem agir como reguladores traducionais em Arabidopsis através de um mecanismo molecular conservado entre as espécies, podendo abrir uma nova área de investigação da regulação de mRNA em plantas.