Vulcanization of polybutadiene latex induced by Co-60 gamma radiation

Polybutadiene latex (PBL) vulcanization induced by Co-60 radiation and the influence of dose on crosslinking were investigated. Morphology and particle size distribution were examined by AFM and a particle size analyzer. The casting films were characterized for their swelling and mechanical properties as a function of dose.

Combined Effects of Hot Curing Conditions and Reaction Heat on Rubber Vulcanization Efficiency and Vulcanizate Uniformity

A mathematical model of the chemical kinetics of silicone rubber Vulcanization is developed, with the thermal effects being computed using the increment method, and the hot Vulcanization process estimated with the finite element method. The results show that the reaction heat of rubber vulcanization is important for energy saving, and that a proper curing medium temperature is important when considering both vulcanization efficiency and vulcanizate uniformity. The results also indicate that increases in the forced convective heat transfer coefficient have no significant effect above a certain level. The validity of the numerical model is indirectly proven by comparison with existing data.

Integrated processing-structure-property analysis on rubber in-mold vulcanization

On the basis of the quantitative relationship among rubber processing, structure and property, the methodology of the integrated processing-structure-property analysis on rubber in-mold vulcanization is presented, and then the temporal evolution and spatial distribution characteristics of silicone rubber hot processing parameters, crosslinking structure parameters and mechanical property parameters are obtained by means of the finite element method. The present work is helpful for optimizing curing conditions, and then the design of rubber vulcanization processes according to certain requirements can be done.

RADIATION VULCANIZATION OF HYDROGENATED ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER (HNBR)

Raw polymer and compound of hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) were subjected to gamma-ray irradiation. Crosslinking was found to be the main chemical reaction induced by irradiation; the ratio of chain scission to crosslinking as well as

Effect of the Vulcanization Time and Storage on the Stability and Physical Properties of Sulfur-Prevulcanized Natural Rubber Latex

Prevulcanized natural rubber latex was prepared by the heating of the latex compound at 55°C for different periods of time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h). The changes in the colloidal stability and physical properties were evaluated during the course of prevulcanization. The prevulcanized latex compounds were stored for 300 days, and the properties were monitored at different storage intervals (0, 20, 40, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 days). During prevulcanization, the mechanical stability time increased, and the viscosity remained almost constant. The tensile strength increased during storage for a period of 20 days. The degree of crosslinking, modulus, elongation at break, and chloroform number were varied with the time of storage.

Studies on the use of drying oils as ingredient in the vulcanization of elastomers

Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Study on acceleratore in rubber vulcanization with special reference to the binary systems containing substituted dithiobiurets

The thesis entitled Study on Accelerators in Rubber Vulcanization with Special Reference to the Binary Systems Containing Substituted Dithiobiurets. It includes a detailed study on the binary accelerator systems containing substituted dithiobiurets in natural rubber and NR latex and dithiobiurets in SBR and NR-SBR blends vulcanization systems. It deals with the experimental procedure adopted for the preparation of DTB-II and DTB-III; the procedure for compounding and vulcanization and determination of physical properties like modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, compression set, heat build up etc. The results indicate that there is efficient acceleration activity of the dithiobiurets in the vulcanization of natural rubber latex containing TMT. The study of dithiobiurets in natural rubber and NR latex reveal that they are having definite accelerating effect in SBR vulcanization systems.

Studies on a New Vulcanization Syste

Studies on the chemistry of vulcanization��� play a central role in the efforts to achieve better product performance from natural and synthetic rubbers. They provide rubber technologists with an increasingly realistic picture of molecular framework of vulcanizates, from which relation between physical properties and chemical constitution may be deduced. Moreover, these studies are also aimed at the understanding of the vulcanization process, in sufficiently advanced chemical mechanistic terms, so that the effect of changes on vulcanizate structure can rationally be predicted.“ The study of accelerator activity ofthe binary system containing ATU with TMTD, and with MBTS in sulphur vulcanization of dry natural rubber using standard procedures for compounding and vulcanization is described in the third chapter. The study of the gum vulcanizates form part I of this chapter The behaviour of the experimental mixes were compared with those of the controls containing thiourea; diphenyl guanidine

Studies On Vulcanization, Rheology And Reinforcement Of Natural Rubber Latex With Special Reference To Accelerator Combinations, Surface Active Agents And Gamma Irradiation

In the present work, studies on vulcanization, rheology and reinforcement of natural rubber latex with special reference to accelerator combinations, surface active agents and gamma irradiation have been undertaken. In vulcanization, the choice of vulcanization system, the extent and mc-zie of vulcanization and network structure of the vulcanizate are important factors contributing to the overall quality of the product. The vulcanization system may be conventional type using elemental sulfur or a system involving sulfur donors. The latter type is used mainly in the manufacture of heat resistant products. For improving the technical properties of the products such as modulus and tensile strength, different accelerator combinations are used. It is known that accelerators have a strong effect on the physical properties of rubber vulcanizates. A perusal of the literature indicates that fundamental studies on the above aspects of latex technology are very limited. Thereforea systematic study on vulcanization, rheology and reinforcement of natural rubber latex with reference to the effect of accelerator combinations, surface active agents and gamma irradiation has been undertaken. The preparation and evaluation of some products like latex thread was also undertaken as a part of the study. The thesis consists of six chapter

Amidino Thiourea as a Secondary Accelerator in Rubber Vulcanization

Earlier studies5773 in our laboratory showed that when a nucleophile is used along with disulphide or sulphenamide accelerators the vulcanization is accelerated greatly and the reaction mechanism is generally nucleophilic in nature. However it was observed that it also changes with the systems under review. The present study, deals with the use of unsubstituted amidino thiourea i.e. aminoimino methyl thiourea(AMT) V in the vulcanization studies of different elastorners and their blends. One of the aims of this study was to get further proof with regard to the theory of nucleophilic reaction mechanism in such binary systems.Mixes containing thiourea are used as controls. AMT is more nucleophilic than TU and this is clear from the fact that the fonner can condense with isothiocynate even in the absence of alkali while TU cannot". Also the guanidinyl group in AMT can facilitate the polarization of the C=S bond favouring a nucleophilic reaction

Does dynamic vulcanization induce phase separation?

Immiscible and miscible blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and acrylic rubber (ACM) were subjected to dynamic vulcanization to investigate the effect of crosslinking on phase separation. As a result of different processability, mixing torque behavior of miscible and immiscible blends was significantly different from one another. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the system. After dynamic vulcanization, submicron ACM droplets were observed in the samples near the binodal curve of the system under mixing conditions. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were used to investigate the effect of dynamic vulcanization on the lamellar structure of the system. It was shown that for samples near the boundary of phase separation, increasing the crosslink density led to a decrease in the lamellar long period (L) as a sign of increment of crosslink density induced phase decomposition. Effects of shear rate on the final morphology of the system were investigated by changing the mixing temperature and by comparing the results of dynamic vulcanization at one phase and two phase regions.

Avaliação de propriedades de artefatos à base de borracha natural

A combinação de excelentes propriedades mecânicas aliadas à biocompatibilidade torna a borracha natural um material amplamente empregado na fabricação de artefatos voltados à saúde, tais como bicos de chupetas e de mamadeiras, e luvas cirúrgicas e de procedimentos não-cirúrgicos. Esses artefatos são processados a partir de látices de poli(cis-isopreno) extraído de seringueiras. Entretanto, o grande número de insaturações presentes na cadeia polimérica, mesmo após a vulcanização, resulta em uma baixa resistência desse material ao envelhecimento, causado principalmente pela associação de fatores como temperatura, oxigênio, ozônio e radiação. Outro inconveniente associado à aplicação da borracha natural é a presença de proteínas no látex, com potencial alergênico, podendo promover reações fisiológicas em alguns usuários. Por esse motivo artefatos comerciais à base de material sintético também são encontrados no mercado. Esses artefatos também não são isentos dos processos naturais de desgaste e decomposição. Esta Dissertação teve como objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo de propriedades dos produtos comerciais à base de borracha natural e à base de material sintético (bicos de chupeta e de mamadeiras e luvas) de diferentes fabricantes, como adquiridos e após sofrerem envelhecimento acelerado. O estudo foi feito empregando-se as técnicas de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e termogravimetria (TG). Uma avaliação mecânica com métodos padronizados foi também realizada

Efeito dos óleos vegetais de linhaça e de amendoim sobre a vulcanização da borracha natural (NR)

O efeito de dois óleos vegetais, óleo de linhaça e óleo de amendoim, em composições de borracha natural (NR) foi avaliado. Um sistema de vulcanização convencional foi escolhido e, após a mistura, os parâmetros reométricos (Sℓ, Sh, ts1 e t90) foram analisados. A cinética de vulcanização foi estudada através de dois modelos cinéticos um modelo simplificado e o modelo proposto por Coran. Os resultados experimentais permitem concluir que os óleos vegetais sozinhos ou combinados são capazes de atuar como ativadores e, juntamente com os demais ingredientes da composição, de vulcanizar a borracha. No entanto, uma densidade de ligações cruzadas satisfatória só é atingida quando o ácido esteárico está presente. O modelo cinético de Coran permitiu também estudar os diferentes estágios da vulcanização e verificar que a etapa crítica do processo é a formação do precursor de ligações cruzadas (A → B). Provavelmente, a presença significativa de ácidos graxos insaturados na composição dos óleos vegetais (principalmente, os ácidos oléico e linolênico) permita reações laterais não esperadas, o que diminui o rendimento final em ligações cruzadas dos vulcanizados.

Obtenção de nanocompósitos a partir da co-coagulação da borracha nitrílica e hidrotalcita

Partículas nanoestruturadas têm sido amplamente utilizadas como carga de reforço em matrizes elastoméricas, sendo substitutos eficazes das cargas convencionais, já consagradas, como o negro de fumo, mica, sílica. Em especial, as argilas têm mostrado grande potencial ao que se refere a melhor dispersão na matriz polimérica, em função de sua elevada razão de aspecto. Dentro do vasto universo de argilominerais, as argilas aniônicas, também conhecidas hidróxido duplo lamelar (HDL), apresentam como vantagem a possibilidade de ser projetada estruturalmente para as mais diversas finalidades, ao se modificar os ânions ou os cátions, ou até mesmo combiná-los na estrutura lamelar. E dentre os métodos existentes para se preparar compósitos a base de elastômero/argila, a co-coagulação do látex, é uma forma bastante eficaz e economicamente viável, uma vez que a borracha obtida após processo de coagulação já contém a carga incorporada. Este trabalho se dedicou a avaliar o processo de co-coagulação do látex de NBR e HDL, visando a obtenção de nanocompósitos. Para tanto HDL de composição Mg/Al-CO3 foi modificado com ânions DS, DBS e ST e foram preparadas suspensões aquosas, utilizando como ferramentas de dispersão ultraturrax e ultrassom de ponteira. As variáveis de processo avaliadas foram tipo e teor de HDL, tempo de mistura látex/suspensão aquosa de HDL, quantidade de coagulante e velocidade de agitação. Por fim, os coágulos obtidos foram formulados para avaliar a influência dos HDL na cinética de vulcanização e também para determinação das propriedades mecânicas convencionais. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que a metodologia de dispersão de hidrotalcita ao látex nitrílico de modo prévio ao processo de coagulação é uma alternativa viável para a obtenção de nanocompósitos. O uso do ultrassom de ponteira como ferramenta na dispersão aquosa de HDL contribuiu para maior estabilidade da suspensão e o ajuste nos parâmetros do sistema de coagulação, levaram a obtenção de grumos uniformes do ponto de vista macroscópico e microscópico. As micrografias dos coágulos não vulcanizados obtidas por MEV-FEG confirmaram as informações apuradas a partir dos difratogramas de raios-X que apontou a formação de um sistema parcialmente esfoliado, em função da ausência dos picos característicos da hidrotalcita, além de indicarem a coexistência de partículas em dimensões micrométrica a nanométricas em uma mesma estrutura. A composição química do HDL, com a presença de átomos de magnésio e alumínio combinados com grupos hidroxila favoreceu a redução tanto o tempo de indução como de pré-cura. As propriedades mecânicas que se mostraram mais sensíveis ao grau de dispersão da carga foram a dureza, a deformação permanente à compressão (DPC) e o módulo de tração a 300% de deformação (E300), em especial para os compósitos contendo 10% m/m de HDL natural e modificado com estearato. A resistência à chama dos nanocompósitos de NBR-HDL vulcanizados apresentou um ligeiro aumento quando comparados à NBR pura, visto que esta é uma característica própria da hidrotalcita, decorrente da sua composição química

Preparation of fully cross-linked CNBR/PP-g-GMA and CNBR/PP/PP-g-GMA thermoplastic elastomers and their morphology, structure and properties

Binary CNBR/PP-g-GMA and ternary CNBR/PP/PP-g-GMA thermoplastic elastomers were prepared by reactive blending carboxy nitrile rubber (CNBR) powder with nanometer dimension and polypropylene functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (PP-g-GMA). Morphology observation by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and TEM revealed that the size of CNBR dispersed phase in CNBR/PP-g-GMA binary blends was much smaller than that of the corresponding CNBR/PP binary blends. Thermal behavior of CNBR/PP-g-GMA and CNBR/PP blends was studied by DSC. Comparing with the plain PP-g-GMA, T, of PP-g-GMA in CNBR/PP-g-GMA blends increased about 10degreesC. Both thermodynamic and kinetic effects would influence the crystallization behavior of PP-g-GMA in CNBR/PP-g-GMA blends. At a fixed content of CNBR, the apparent viscosity of the blending system increased with increasing the content of PP-g-GMA. FTIR spectrum verified that the improvement of miscibility of CNBR and PP-g-GMA was originated from the reaction between carboxy end groups of CNBR and epoxy groups of GMA grafted onto PP molecular chains. Comparing with CNBR/PP blends, the tensile strength, stress at 100% strain, and elongation at break of CNBR/PP-g-GMA blends were greatly improved.