The Vth "prapāṭhaka" of the Vādhūlaśrautasūtra

Résumé/Summary : La thèse présentée ici et intitulée The Vth prapāṭhaka of the Vādhūlaśrautasūtra consiste en une édition critique suivie d'une traduction et d'un commentaire du Ve chapitre (prapāṭhaka) du Vādhūlaśrautasūtra consacré au sacrifice animal dit "indépendant" (nirūḍhapaśubandha) de la religion védique. La traduction et le commentaire font l'objet du premier tome de cette thèse et l'édition critique celui du second tome. Le commentaire qui suit la traduction dans le premier tome ne se limite pas aux particularités de la version Vādhūla du nirūḍhapaśubandha. Il s'agit plutôt d'une série de monographies consacrées à des aspects particuliers du sacrifice animal décrit par les Veda, voire à des questions plus générales d'exégèse des textes védiques. Dans ma conclusion à la fin du premier tome je discute aussi de l'antiquité de l'école Vādhūla et de sa place dans le corpus textuel de la branche Taittirīya du Yajurveda noir. THE PRESENT THESIS, ENTITLED THE VTH PRAPAṭHAKA OF THE VADHULASRAUTASUTRA, CONSISTS IN A CRITICAL EDITION, FOLLOWED BY A TRANSLATION AND A COMMENTARY, OF THE VTH CHAPTER (PRAPAṭHAKA) OF THE VADHULASRAUTASUTRA. THE VTH PRAPAṭHAKA IS DEDICATED TO THE DESCRIPTION OF THE SO-CALLED "INDEPENDENT" ANIMAL SACRIFICE (NIRUḍHAPASUBANDHA) IN VEDIC RELIGION. THE TRANSLATION AND THE COMMENTARY ARE PRESENTED IN THE FIRST VOLUME, WHILE THE CRITICAL EDITION MAKES UP THE SECOND VOLUME. The commentary that follows the translation in the first volume is not concerned only with the peculiarities of the Vādhūla version of the nirūḍhapaśubandha. It is more a series of short monographs related to particular aspects of the animal sacrifice described in the Veda and to problems of exegesis of Vedic texts. In my conclusion at the end of the first volume, I also discuss the ancientness of the Vādhūla school, as well as its place within the corpus of Taittirīya texts.

Safety and efficacy in gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia due to megadolichbasilar artery compression: a prospective series of 29 consecutive patients

Purpose: To analyse prospectively the long-term results of Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) in patients with trigeminal neuralgia secondary to megadolichobasilar artery (MBA). Methods: Between December 1992 and November 2010, 33 consecutive patients presenting with ITN secondary to MBA were operated by GKS and followed prospectively in Timone University Hospital. The follow up is at least of 1 year in 29 patients. The median age was 74.90 years (range 51 to 90). The GKS typically was performed using MR and CT imaging guidance and a single 4 mm isocenter. The median of the prescription dose (at the 100%) was 90 Gy (range 80 to 90). The target was placed on the cisternal portion of the Vth nerve. Clinical and dosimetric parameters were analyzed. GKS was the first surgical procedure in 23 patients (79.31%). Results: The median follow- up period was 46.12 months (range 12.95 to 157.93). All the 29 patients (100%) were initially pain free in a median time of 13.5 days (range 0 to 240). The probability of remaining pain free at 0.5, 1, 2 years was 93.1%, 79.3% and 75.7% respectively, reaching at this time the flat part of the curve. Seven patients (24.13%) experienced a recurrence with a median delay of 10.75 months (range 3.77 to 12.62). The actuarial rate of recurrence was not higher than in our population with essential TN although atypical pain was associated with a much higher risk of recurrence (HR= 6.92, p= 0.0117). The hypoesthesia actuarial rates at 0.5 years was 4.3% and at 1 year reach 13% and remains stable till 12 years with a median delay of onset of 7 (5, 12) months. Female patients had a statistically much lower probability of developing a facial numbness (p of 0.03). No patient reported a bothersome hypoesthesia. Conclusion: Retrogaserian, high dose GKS, turned out to be very safe with only 13.04% hypoesthesia, which was never disabling (0%), while achieving high quality pain control. The majority of the patients demonstrated a prolonged effect of radiosurgery in absence of any trigeminal nerve disturbance.

La défense et l'organisation militaire des Gaules de 284 au repli sur Arles des services administratifs romains au début du Ve siècle

L’armée de Gaule sous le Bas-Empire fut une des trois armées principales de l’Empire romain. Son évolution de la fin du IIIe siècle jusqu’au début du Ve fut marquée par une réorganisation graduelle dans le commandement, ainsi que dans l’organisation des troupes et des fortifications. Ces réformes ont fait l’objet d’études qui ont dressé un schéma de déploiement des troupes resté longtemps populaire. À ce schéma s’est ensuite ajoutée l’idée de la stratégie à grande échelle qui y aurait été associée. Ce mémoire tâche de dresser une synthèse des derniers travaux sur l’armée romaine tardive en Gaule. L’approche choisie repose sur une réévaluation des sources sans l’influence d’un schéma défensif préconçu, ainsi que sur une critique de certaines idées reçues concernant l’armée romaine du IVe siècle.

Nanocrystalline Ge Flash Memories: Electrical Characterization and Trap Engineering

Conventional floating gate non-volatile memories (NVMs) present critical issues for device scalability beyond the sub-90 nm node, such as gate length and tunnel oxide thickness reduction. Nanocrystalline germanium (nc-Ge) quantum dot flash memories are fully CMOS compatible technology based on discrete isolated charge storage nodules which have the potential of pushing further the scalability of conventional NVMs. Quantum dot memories offer lower operating voltages as compared to conventional floating-gate (FG) Flash memories due to thinner tunnel dielectrics which allow higher tunneling probabilities. The isolated charge nodules suppress charge loss through lateral paths, thereby achieving a superior charge retention time. Despite the considerable amount of efforts devoted to the study of nanocrystal Flash memories, the charge storage mechanism remains obscure. Interfacial defects of the nanocrystals seem to play a role in charge storage in recent studies, although storage in the nanocrystal conduction band by quantum confinement has been reported earlier. In this work, a single transistor memory structure with threshold voltage shift, Vth, exceeding ~1.5 V corresponding to interface charge trapping in nc-Ge, operating at 0.96 MV/cm, is presented. The trapping effect is eliminated when nc-Ge is synthesized in forming gas thus excluding the possibility of quantum confinement and Coulomb blockade effects. Through discharging kinetics, the model of deep level trap charge storage is confirmed. The trap energy level is dependent on the matrix which confines the nc-Ge.

The optimum temperature for long-season cropping in the everbearing strawberry 'Everest'

The prolonged season of everbearing strawberries causes vegetative growth and fruiting to coincide, so the influence of the environment on the balance of assimilate partitioning between vegetative and reproductive growth is important for optimised long-season production. Fruiting patterns were evaluated over three seasons for the everbearing strawberry 'Everest'. A range of temperatures (15-27 degrees C) was studied in the first season to establish a temperature response curve. Detailed transfer treatments in the second and third seasons gave insight into heat-induced cropping troughs ('thermo-dormancy'). The detrimental effect on yield of thermo-dormancy was prevented by cool night-time temperature during the periods of heat stress, a treatment that resulted in the largest total fruit fresh weight and overall yield. The highest yields were recorded for plants grown between 18 and 23 degrees C. At higher temperatures fruit number increased, but fruit weight decreased. The importance of night-time temperature in optimising long-season fruit production has significance for commercial production, in which protected cropping tends to increase average temperature through the season.

Hospitais universitários e fatores ambientais na implementação das politicas de saude e educação : o caso do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria

Este trabalho monográfico trata de Hospitais Universitários e Fatores Ambientais Relevantes na Implementação das Políticas de Saúde e Educação de Recursos Humanos para a saúde. Primeiramente, busca identificar a evolução das políticas, no Brasil, a partir da VªConferência Nacional de Saúde (1975) até a constitucionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde (1988), deixando evidente as dificuldades de implementação destas políticas no seu nível de orçamento e ação. Levanta, também, as características da instituição Hospital Universitário, desde de sua origem, na década de 60, para atender às necessidades das escolas médicas, até os questionamentos quanto às suas funções sociais nos nossos dias, assim como a forma de sua gestão ao inserir-se no Sistema Único de Saúde. Ainda, caracterizando os Hospitais Universitários como uma organização complexa, busca na literatura da Ciência Administrativa, referências sobre organização, análise ambiental e estratégia no planejamento e gerência. Na análise ambiental, salienta o estudo dos Fatores Ambientais Relevantes, para o melhor desempenho organizacional na implementação adequada das po~íticas. Com este embasamento, faz um estudo de caso do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, usando modelo de análise que associa métodos qualitativo e quantitativo com a participação de um grupo interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, e programa de processamento de dados - análise estrutural. Com este modelo, levanta os Fatores Ambientais de maior relevância no sistema da organização em estudo. Usa também a técnica da entrevista para atender o objetivo específico de identificar a percepção destes fatores, pelo grupo gerencial da organização hospitalar.

Effects of maturation and scarification on seed germination of Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) glass. (Arecaceae)

Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glass. belongs to the Arecaccae family. This palm is native of Brazil and presents great potential for use in gardens and cultivation in pot. Palms species, with relatively few exceptions, can only be propagated from seeds; even so, there are no reports in the literature about the germination of this palm seeds. The seed maturity is a factor that interferes in the success of the germination process. For some species, studies showed that palm seeds germinated better when the fruits were completely ripe (showing full color) and for other, when they were with green coloration. Several species of the Arecaccae family presents physical dormancy of seeds in varied degrees, demanding treatments for improve germination. The objective of this work was to study the effects of maturation and of the scarification on seed germination of S. schizophylla. The experimental design used was a factorial 3 x 2 (3 maturation stadiums: green, half-ripe - yellow and completely ripe - red; and mechanical scarification: with and without), entirely casualized, with four replications of 15 seeds per plot. The seeds (with 32,43% of humidity) were placed in plastic boxes with sand (60% of humidity, placing water according to weight in each three days), under controlled conditions of alternated temperature of 25-35 degrees C, photoperiod of 12 hours. The percentage of germination and the speed germination index (SGI) were evaluated until 79 days. It was observed that, so much for germination percentage as for SGI, there was not significant difference for the interaction among the two factors, maturation stadium and scarification, however, there were significant differences among the maturation stadiums and between seeds scarified or not. The seeds from green fruits presented lower germination percentage and slower germination when compared with seeds from yellow or red fruits; the seeds from yellow or red fruits didn't differ statistically to each other. To seeds scarificated, independently of the maturation stadium, presented germination percentage significantly larger and the germination was significantly faster when compared with the seeds without scarification.

Effect of temperature on seed germination of queen palm Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) glassman (Arecaceae)

The Syagrus romanzoffiana is a specie of the Arecaccae family, native of Brazil, frequently used in landscape architecture. Its propagation is by seeds, however, there is little information in the literature about seed germination of this ornamental palm. The objective of this work was to study the effects of temperatures on seed germination of Syagrus romanzoffliana. The experimental design used was entirely randomized, with six temperatures (20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C, constant and 20-30 degrees C and 25-35 degrees C alternated), photoperiod of 12 hours, and five replications of 20 seeds each. The seeds were placed in plastic boxes with sand, counting daily germination until 43(th) day. The percentage of seed germination (43(th) day) and the speed germination index (SGI) were evaluated. The conclusion was that there was no germination at a constant temperature of 20 degrees C and in the alternated temperature of 20-30 degrees C; the higher germination percentages were verified in the constant temperatures of 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C that didn't differ statistically from the temperature of 25-35 degrees C. The germination was faster at a constant temperature of 30 degrees C.

A low-voltage triode-MOSFET four-quadrant multiplier with optimized current-efficiency

A low-voltage, low-power four-quadrant analog multiplier with optimized current-efficiency is presented. Its core corresponds to a pseudodifferential cascode, gain-boosting triode-transconductor. According to a low-voltage 1.2μm CMOS n-well process, operand differential-amplitudes are 1.0Vpp and 0.32Vpp for a 1.3V-supply. Common-mode voltages are properly chosen to maximize current-efficiency to 58%. Total quiescent dissipation is 260μW. A range of PSPICE simulation supports theoretical analysis. Excellent linearity is observed on dc characteristic. Assuming a ±0.5% mismatch on (W/L) and VTH THD at full-scale is 0.93% and 1.42%, for output frequencies of 1MHz and 10MHz, respectively.

On some Banach space constants arising in nonlinear fixed point and eigenvalue theory

[EN] As is well known, in any infinite-dimensional Banach space one may find fixed point free self-maps of the unit ball, retractions of the unit ball onto its boundary, contractions of the unit sphere, and nonzero maps without positive eigenvalues and normalized eigenvectors. In this paper, we give upper and lower estimates, or even explicit formulas, for the minimal Lipschitz constant and measure of noncompactness of such maps.

La città di Trento tra Tardo Antico e Alto Medio Evo: la genesi della città medievale e lo spazio del sacro.

Lo scavo della chiesa di Santa MAria Maggiore ha permesso di acquisire nuove importanti informazioni sulla storia della città di Trento, sulla città tardo antica e sul processo di cristianizzazione. Il primo impianto ecclesiastico, datato a dopo la metà del V d. C. secolo, sorge su un precedente impianto termale realizzato intorno al II secolo d. C. ed appare caratterizzato da un forte carattere monumentale. La chiesa, a tre navate, presentava un presbiterio rialzato decorato in una prima fase da un opus sectile poi sostituito nel VI secolo da un mosaico policromo. Sono state rinvenute inoltre, parti consistenti della decorazione architettonica di fine VIII secolo pertinente questo stesso impianto che non subirà importanti modifiche fino alla realizzazione del successivo edificio di culto medievale, meno esteso e dai caratteri decisamente meno monumentali, caratterizzato dalla presenza di un esteso campo cimiteriale rinvenuto a nord della chiesa. A questo impianto ne succede un terzo, probabilmente a due navate, e dalla ricca decorazione pittorica demolito in età tardo rinascimentale per la realizzazione della chiesa attuale.

Ravenna e i piu' significativi centri dell'Impero. Il mosaico parietale tra V e VI secolo: Revisione critica

Tra il V ed il VI secolo, la città di Ravenna, per tre volte capitale, emerge fra i più significativi centri dell’impero, fungendo da cerniera tra Oriente e Occidente, soprattutto grazie ai mosaici parietali degli edifici di culto, perfettamente inseriti in una koinè culturale e artistica che ha come comune denominatore il Mar Mediterraneo, nel contesto di parallele vicende storiche e politiche. Rispetto ai ben noti e splendidi mosaici ravennati, che insieme costituiscono senza dubbio un unicum nel panorama artistico dell’età tardoantica e altomedievale, nelle decorazioni musive parietali dei coevi edifici di culto dei diversi centri dell’impero d’Occidente e d’Oriente, e in particolare in quelli localizzati nelle aree costiere, si possono cogliere divergenze, ma anche simmetrie dal punto di vista iconografico, iconologico e stilistico. Sulla base della letteratura scientifica e attraverso un poliedrico esame delle superfici musive parietali, basato su una metodologia interdisciplinare, si è cercato di chiarire l’articolato quadro di relazioni culturali, ideologiche ed artistiche che hanno interessato e interessano tuttora Ravenna e i vari centri della tarda antichità, insistendo sulla pluralità, sulla complessità e sulla confluenza di diverse esperienze artistiche sui mosaici di Ravenna. A tale scopo, i dati archeologici e artistici sono stati integrati con quelli storici, agiografici ed epigrafici, con opportuni collegamenti all’architettura, alla scultura, alle arti decorative e alle miniature, a testimonianza dell’unità di intenti di differenti media artistici, orientati, pur nella diversità, verso le medesime finalità dogmatiche, politiche e celebrative. Si tratta dunque di uno studio di revisione e di sintesi sui mosaici parietali mediterranei di V e VI secolo, allo scopo di aggiungere un nuovo tassello alla già pur vasta letteratura dedicata all’argomento.

STOCHASTIC CHARGE TRANSPORT IN MULTI-ISLAND SINGLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING DEVICES

The physics of the operation of singe-electron tunneling devices (SEDs) and singe-electron tunneling transistors (SETs), especially of those with multiple nanometer-sized islands, has remained poorly understood in spite of some intensive experimental and theoretical research. This computational study examines the current-voltage (IV) characteristics of multi-island single-electron devices using a newly developed multi-island transport simulator (MITS) that is based on semi-classical tunneling theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. The dependence of device characteristics on physical device parameters is explored, and the physical mechanisms that lead to the Coulomb blockade (CB) and Coulomb staircase (CS) characteristics are proposed. Simulations using MITS demonstrate that the overall IV characteristics in a device with a random distribution of islands are a result of a complex interplay among those factors that affect the tunneling rates that are fixed a priori (e.g. island sizes, island separations, temperature, gate bias, etc.), and the evolving charge state of the system, which changes as the source-drain bias (VSD) is changed. With increasing VSD, a multi-island device has to overcome multiple discrete energy barriers (up-steps) before it reaches the threshold voltage (Vth). Beyond Vth, current flow is rate-limited by slow junctions, which leads to the CS structures in the IV characteristic. Each step in the CS is characterized by a unique distribution of island charges with an associated distribution of tunneling probabilities. MITS simulation studies done on one-dimensional (1D) disordered chains show that longer chains are better suited for switching applications as Vth increases with increasing chain length. They are also able to retain CS structures at higher temperatures better than shorter chains. In sufficiently disordered 2D systems, we demonstrate that there may exist a dominant conducting path (DCP) for conduction, which makes the 2D device behave as a quasi-1D device. The existence of a DCP is sensitive to the device structure, but is robust with respect to changes in temperature, gate bias, and VSD. A side gate in 1D and 2D systems can effectively control Vth. We argue that devices with smaller island sizes and narrower junctions may be better suited for practical applications, especially at room temperature.

La historia en los debates de la posmodernidad

Los modelos de comprensión de la realidad que han tomado los historiadores, elaborados por San Agustín en el siglo V (de la adaptación), por Maquiavelo en el siglo XVI (del conflicto) y por Leibniz en el siglo XVII (de la multiplicidad) –vistos en perspectiva de larga duración–, son los que, combinados de distinta manera, perviven hasta la actualidad en los historiadores que toman a la historia como una ciencia que intenta comprender el pasado. El debate con los pensadores posmodernos se da en términos de si la historia es ciencia o solamente discurso. Este escrito sostiene que la práctica de hacer historia, entendida como ciencia, no es compatible con los postulados posmodernos. Los que se dicen historiadores posmodernos no son historiadores, son posmodernos.