"Crop elicitation": approccio innovativo per la valorizzazione delle proprietà funzionali in leguminose da granella

Crop elicitation: innovative approach for the valorization of grain legume functional properties. In Italy grain legume cultivation has encountered a drastic decrease due to several causes (productive, economic, social). In this regard, studies aimed at the setting up of agronomic techniques able to guarantee high and constant in planta yields of health-promoting compounds may concur at re-launching legume production. In this context, 22 accessions of grain legumes (17 Phaseolus vulgaris, 3 Phaseolus coccineus, 1 Vigna unguiculata and 1 Glycine max genotypes) were screened with the aim of identifying genotypes rich in health beneficial phytochemicals (α-amylase inhibitors, α -glucosidase inhibitors, polyphenols) and with low anti-nutritional compounds (lectins). A wide variability was observed among investigated accessions. Four genotypes (Verdone, Kidney Cina, Roviotto and DG) showed a α -amylase inhibitory activity significantly higher (approximately 30% more) than all other tested accessions. The α -amylase inhibitory activity was not correlated neither with the protein nor with the polyphenol contents. Conversely, the α -glucosidase inhibitory activity was positively correlated with grain color and polyphenol content: dark-colored seeds had a mean inhibitory activity of 83.64 ± 22.07%, whereas light-colored seeds had mean values of 21.11 ± 9.36%. As regards the anti-nutritional compounds, out of all common bean accessions, only DG showed no erythro-agglutination activity (lectins). Preliminary experiments, performed in controlled environment, permitted to highlight that different germination conditions markedly affect the synthesis and accumulation of functional compounds in legume seedlings. Those findings were confirmed with field trials performed in two different locations (Bologna and Pisa), on two bean genotypes (Verdone and Zolfino), during the 2004-2005 cropping season. Results showed that the application of abiotic stresses (no fertilization and /or no irrigation) lead to a significant increase of flavonoids in grains, but a decrease (up to 50%) in legume yields was also observed. Crop elicitation, even if valuable for boosting health-promoting compound synthesis in crops, must necessary cope with economically acceptable crop yields.

Allelic variation of a dehydrin gene cosegregates with chilling tolerance during seedling emergence

Dehydrins (DHNs, LEA D-11) are plant proteins present during environmental stresses associated with dehydration or low temperatures and during seed maturation. Functions of DHNs have not yet been defined. Earlier, we hypothesized that a ≈35-kDa DHN and membrane properties that reduce electrolyte leakage from seeds confer chilling tolerance during seedling emergence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) in an additive and independent manner. Evidence for this hypothesis was not rigorous because it was based on correlations of presence/absence of the DHN and slow electrolyte leakage with chilling tolerance in closely related cowpea lines that have some other genetic differences. Here, we provide more compelling genetic evidence for involvement of the DHN in chilling tolerance of cowpea. We developed near-isogenic lines by backcrossing. We isolated and determined the sequence of a cDNA corresponding to the ≈35-kDa DHN and used gene-specific oligonucleotides derived from it to test the genetic linkage between the DHN presence/absence trait and the DHN structural gene. We tested for association between the DHN presence/absence trait and both low-temperature seed emergence and electrolyte leakage. We show that allelic differences in the Dhn structural gene map to the same position as the DHN protein presence/absence trait and that the presence of the ≈35-kDa DHN is indeed associated with chilling tolerance during seedling emergence, independent of electrolyte leakage effects. Two types of allelic variation in the Dhn gene were identified in the protein-coding region, deletion of one Φ-segment from the DHN-negative lines and two single amino acid substitutions.

The Responses of Cytochrome Redox State and Energy Metabolism to Dehydration Support a Role for Cytoplasmic Viscosity in Desiccation Tolerance1

To characterize the depression of metabolism in anhydrobiotes, the redox state of cytochromes and energy metabolism were studied during dehydration of soaked cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cotyledons and pollens of Typha latifolia and Impatiens glandulifera. Between water contents (WC) of 1.0 and 0.6 g H2O/g dry weight (g/g), viscosity as measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy increased from 0.15 to 0.27 poise. This initial water loss was accompanied by a 50% decrease in respiration rates, whereas the adenylate energy charge remained constant at 0.8, and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) remained fully oxidized. From WC of 0.6 to 0.2 g/g, viscosity increased exponentially. The adenylate energy charge declined to 0.4 in seeds and 0.2 in pollen, whereas COX became progressively reduced. At WC of less than 0.2 g/g, COX remained fully reduced, whereas respiration ceased. When dried under N2, COX remained 63% reduced in cotyledons until WC was 0.7 g/g and was fully reduced at 0.2 g/g. During drying under pure O2, the pattern of COX reduction was similar to that of air-dried tissues, although the maximum reduction was 70% in dried tissues. Thus, at WC of less than 0.6 g/g, the reduction of COX probably originates from a decreased O2 availability as a result of the increased viscosity and impeded diffusion. We suggest that viscosity is a valuable parameter to characterize the relation between desiccation and decrease in metabolism. The implications for desiccation tolerance are discussed.

Management of a previously eroded tropical Alfisol with herbaceous legumes: Soil loss and physical properties under mound tillage

A study was carried out on a previously eroded Oxic Paleustalf in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria to determine the extent of soil degradation under mound tillage with some herbaceous legumes and residue management methods. A series of factorial experiments was carried out on 12 existing runoff plots. The study commenced in 1996 after a 5-year natural fallow. Mound tillage was introduced in 1997 till 1999. The legumes - Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Mucuna pruriens and Pueraria phaseoloides - were intercropped with maize in 1996 and 1998 while yam was planted alone in 1997 and 1999. This paper covers 1997-1999. At the end of each year, residues were either burned or mulched on respective plots. Soil loss, runoff, variations in mound height, bulk density, soil water retention and sorptivity were measured. Cumulative runoff was similar among interactions of legume and residue management in 1997 (57-151 mm) and 1999 (206-397 mm). However, in 1998, cumulative runoff of 95 mm observed for Mucuna-burned residue was significantly greater than the 46 mm observed for cowpea-burned residue and the 39-51 mm observed for mulched residues of cowpea, Mucuna and Pueraria. Cumulative soil loss of 7.6 Mg ha(-1) observed for Mucuna-burned residue in 1997 was significantly greater than those for Pueraria-mulched (0.9 Mg ha(-1)) and Mucuna-mulched (1.4 Mg ha(-1)) residues whereas in 1999 it was similar to soil loss from cowpea treatments and Pueraria-burned residue (2.3-5.3 Mg ha(-1)). There were no significant differences in soil loss in 1998 (1-3.2 Mg ha(-1)) whereas Mucuna-burned residue had a greater soil loss (28.6 Mg ha(-1)) than mulched cowpea (6.9 Mg ha(-1)) and Pueraria (5.4 Ms ha(-1)). Mound heights (23 cm average) decreased non-linearly with cumulative rainfall. A cumulative rainfall of 500 mm removed 0.3-2.3 cm of soil from mounds in 1997, 3.5-6.9 cm in 1998 and 2.3-4.6 cm in 1999, indicating that (detached but less transported) soil from mounds was far higher than observed soil loss in each year. Soil water retention was improved at potentials ranging from -1 to -1500 kPa by Mucuna-mulched residue compared to the various burned-residue treatments. Also, mound sorptivity at -1 cm water head (14.3 cm h(-1/2)) was higher than furrow sorptivity (8.5 cm h(-1/2)), indicating differences in hydraulic characteristics between mound and furrow. Pueraria-mulched residues for mounds had the highest sorptivity of 17.24 cm h(-1/2), whereas the least value of 6.96 cm h(-1/2) was observed in furrow of Mucuna-burned residue. Pueraria phas eoloides was considered the best option for soil conservation on the previously eroded soil, cultivated with mound tillage. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Consórcio de cártamo e feijão caupi: alternativa para a produção de biodiesel na agricultura familiar

The new development strategies should operate mainly in the areas of energy efficiency and sustainable agriculture. Thus, the substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels, such as biodiesel, is increasingly on the agenda. The cultivation of oilseed plants for biodiesel production must take place in integrated systems that enable best environmental benefits and are more economically significant. The objectives of this study were to assess the morphological, anatomic, and physiological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L., promising oilseed for biodiesel production) grown in monoculture and intercropping with cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.); and identify socioeconomic family farmers and verify their acceptance about safflower as an energy crop. The methodology used for the analysis of safflower growth in monoculture and intercropped with beans, were morphoanatomical and histochemical analyzes, made with samples of plants grown in the field in two cropping systems throughout the range of the life cycle of these plants. There were no changes in growth and anatomy of plants, even in the consortium, which is satisfactory to indicate the intercropping system for those crops and can be a good alternative for the family farmer, who may have safflower as a source of income without giving up planting their livelihood. To check the acceptance of safflower by farmers, interviews were made to family farmers by Canudos agrovila in Ceará-Mirim/RN. It was noticed that many of them accept the introduction of safflower as oil crop, although unaware of the species, and that, being more resistant to drought, safflower help in the stability of families who depend on the weather conditions for success their current crops. In general, it is concluded that safflower has features that allows it to be grown in consortium for biodiesel production combined with the production of food, such as cowpea, and can be used enabling better development for family farmers.

Feijões: características químicas e ocorrência de aflatoxinas

As leguminosas, como o feijão, são consideradas importantes fontes de nutrientes para humanos e a contaminação por fungos e consequente produção de micotoxinas pode estar diretamente influenciada pela sua composição química. Alguns compostos estão associados aos mecanismos de defesa das leguminosas atuando como inibidores de enzimas digestivas ou barreiras físicas à patógenos. É o caso dos compostos fenólicos (CF) e algumas estruturas de caráter proteico. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a susceptibilidade de feijões à contaminação por aflatoxinas (AFLAs), através da avaliação da presença de compostos inibidores de enzimas fúngicas. Foi realizada a validação de um método para determinação de AFLAs em feijão. Os CF livres (solúveis em metanol), conjugados (solúveis em etanol) e ligados, bem como as diferentes frações proteicas (albumina, globulina, glutelina e prolamina) foram determinadas em 10 amostras de feijão pertencentes às espécies Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata e Vigna angularis. O seu potencial como inibidor de α-amilase foi testado nos extratos fenólicos e protéicos. Os feijões vermelho e carioca apresentaram os maiores teores de CF totais (1766 µg.g -1 e 1190 µg.g -1 , respectivamente) e os feijões fradinho e branco os menores teores (183 µg.g -1 e 192 µg.g -1 ). Os extratos de CF conjugados apresentaram os teores mais elevados de AF, onde os feijões amendoim se destacou pela maior concentração (68 µg.g -1 ) e o feijão azuki pelo menor (28 µg.g -1 ). Nos extratos de CF livres e conjugados, o ácido clorogênico foi o majoritário em 60% dos feijões analisados e nos extratos de CF ligados, o ácido ferúlico foi o majoritário em 90% dos feijões analisados. Com relação às frações proteicas solúveis, o feijão carioca apresentou o maior teor de albumina (559 mg.g -1 ), globulina (164 mg.g -1 ) e glutelina (325 mg.g -1 ). Com relação à fração prolamina, o feijão preto (brasileiro e chinês) apresentou o maior teor (64 e 65 mg.g -1 , respectivamente), seguido pelo feijão carioca (54 mg.g -1 ). Os limites de detecção (LDm) obtidos para o método de determinação de AFLAs foram de 2,4 µg.kg-1 ; 0,036 µg.kg-1 e 0,06 µg.kg-1 para as AFLAs B1, B2 e G2 e os limites de quantificação (LQm) foram de 4,8 µg.kg-1 (AFLAB1); 0,12 µg.kg- 1 (AFLA B2 e G2). Não foram detectadas AFLAs B1, B2, G1 e G2 nos feijões analisados. Os CF dos extratos etanólicos dos feijões amendoim e azuki e os extratos contendo as proteínas solúveis em etanol dos feijões carioca e fradinho foram testados quanto ao seu potencial para inibição da α-amilase de Aspergillus oryzae (atividade de 4,8 mg amido hidrolisado.mg proteína-1 .mL-1 ). O extrato proteico do feijão fradinho se destacou, pois atingiu um percentual de inibição específica de aproximadamente 56%. Os CF apresentaram uma tendência à inibição incompetitiva e os extratos proteicos não apresentaram um comportamento de inibição que permitisse definir o mecanismo de inibição. Os extratos protéicos e fenólicos dos feijões mostraram ser capazes de inibir a amilase fúngica sugerindo que este fato pode estar associado a ausência da presença de AFLAs nas amostras analisadas.

Effect of ambient levels of ozone on photosynthetic components and radical scavenging system in leaves of African cowpea varieties

Tropospheric ozone (O3), a main component of photochemical oxidants, adversely affects not only human health but also vegetation. To clarify the long-term effects of ambient levels of tropospheric ozone (O3) on photosynthetic components and radical scavenging system in the leaves of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.), two African varieties, Blackeye and Asontem, were grown in open-top chambers and exposed to filtered air (FA), non-filtered air (NF) or non-filtered air with additional O3 of approximately 50 nl l-1. Ambient levels of O3 significantly reduced chlorophyll concentration, quantum yield and activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), thus contributing to the reduction in net photosynthetic rate at the reproductive growth stage of both varieties; with no significant variety difference in the sensitivity to O3. The O3-induced significant reduction in catalase activity was observed in Blackeye at vegetative and reproductive growth stages; and in Asontem at reproductive growth stage. On the other hand, exposure to O3 significantly increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in Blackeye at reproductive stage and did not significantly affect that in Blackeye at vegetative growth stage and that in Asontem at both growth stages. At reproductive growth stage, activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase were significantly increased by the exposure to O3 in both varieties. The results obtained in this study suggest that, although ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase played important roles in scavenging O3-induced reactive oxygen species in the leaves, radical scavenging ability of these enzymes is not sufficient to avoid detrimental effects of ambient levels of O3 on photosynthesis in both African cowpea varieties.

Coordenação entre as respostas da catalase e da ascorbato peroxidade em folhas de feijão caupi submetidas a diferentes fontes de peróxido de hidrogênio

The plants are often exposed to variations in environmental conditions that may trigger metabolic disturbances leading to a consequent loss in productivity of crops. These stressful conditions usually induce an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell, a condition known how oxidative stress. Among these species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule involved in numerous signaling mechanisms. The present study aimed to understand the relationship between the different enzymatic mechanisms of elimination of H2O2 by catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaf tissues of seedlings of the species Vigna unguiculata L. Walp, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by application of CAT inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), and H2O2 itself on the roots. Three experiments were conducted. The first experiment was performed applying the compound 3-AT (5 mM) during the time (hours). In the second experiment, seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of H2O2 (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 mM) for 48 h. The third strategy included the pre-treatment with H2O2 (2.5 mM) for 24 h, followed by subsequent treatment with the inhibitor 3-AT and recovery control condition. Treatment with 3-AT causes a strong inhibition of CAT activity in leaf tissues accompanied by an increase of activity of APX. However a decrease in oxidative damage to lipids is not observed as indicated by TBARS. It was observed that activity of APX is directly linked to the content of peroxide. Inductions in the activities of CAT and APX were observed mainly in the seedlings treated with 2.5 mM H2O2. This can be associated with a decrease in oxidative damage to lipids. In contrast, one same tendency was not observed in treatments with higher concentrations of this ROS. These results suggest that the concentration of 2.5 mM H2O2 can induce responses antioxidants later in seedling cowpea. This concentration when applied as pre-treatment for 24 h promoted an induction systems removers CAT and APX, both in activity and in terms of gene expression. However this increment was not observed in the recovered plants and the plants subsequently subjected to 3-AT. Additionally, the pretreatment was not sufficient to attenuate the inhibition of CAT activity and oxidative damage to lipids caused by the subsequent application of this inhibitor. The results showed that the application of 3-AT and H2O2 in the root systems of seedlings of cowpea promote changes in the parameters analyzed in leaf tissues that indicate a direct response to the presence of these factors or systemic signaling mecanisms. H2O2 appears to activate the responses of two antioxidant systems in this study thar does not promote greater protection in case of additional treatment with 3-AT. This demonstrates the importance of the CAT system. In this work, complete results indicate that there is a difference between the signaling and the effects caused by exposure to H2O2 and by treatment with 3-AT

Interação de microorganismos na solubilização de fósforo e potássio de rochas para produção de biofertilizantes

he present model of agriculture is based on intensive use of industrial inputs, due to its rapid response, but it brings harmful consequences to the environment, and it is necessary the use of modern inputs. And an alternative is the use of rock biofertilizers in agriculture, a product easy to use, with higher residual effect and does not harm the environment. The objective of study was to evaluate the inoculation and co-inoculation of different microorganisms in the solubilization of rock phosphate and potash ground microbial evaluating the best performance in the production of biofertilizers comparing with rocks pure in soil chemical properties and, verify effect of inoculation of the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in the absorption of minerals dissolved in the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The first bioassay was conducted in Laboratory (UFRN) for 72 days in Petri dishes, where the rock powder was increased by 10% and sulfur co-inoculated and inoculated with bacterial suspension of Paenibacillus polymyxa grown in medium tryptone soy broth, Ralstonia solanacearum in medium Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum in medium Luria-Bertani and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in medium Tuovinen and Kelly,and fungi Trichoderma humatum and Penicillium fellutanum in malt extract. Every 12 days, samples were removed in order to build up the release curve of minerals. The second bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Corporation of Rio Grande do Norte in experimental delineation in randomized block designs, was used 10 kg of an Yellow Argissolo Dystrophic per pot with the addition of treatments super phosphate simple (SS), potassium chloride (KCl), pure rock, biofertilizers in doses 40, 70, 100 and 200% of the recommendation for SS and KCl, and a control, or not inoculated with bacteria P. polymyxa. Were used seeds of cowpea BRS Potiguar and co-inoculated with the bacterial suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and P. polymyxa. The first crop was harvested 45 days after planting, were evaluated in the dry matter (ADM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn) in ADM. And the second at 75 days assessing levels of macro end micronutrients in plants and soil, and the maximum adsorption capacity of P in soil. The results showed synergism in co-inoculations with P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum and, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum solubilizations providing higher P and K, respectively, and better solubilization time at 36 days. The pH was lower in biofertilizers higher doses, but there was better with their addition to P at the highest dose. Significant reduction of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus with increasing dose of biofertilizer. For K and Ca was better with SS+KCl, and Mg to pure rock. There was an effect of fertilization on the absorption, with better results for P, K and ADM with SS+KCL, and N, Ca and Mg for biofertilizers. Generally, the P. polymyxa not influence the absorption of the elements in the plant. In treatments with the uninoculated P. polymyxa chemical fertilizer had an average significantly higher for weight and number of grains. And in the presence of the bacteria, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers had positive values in relation to rock and control. The data show that the rocks and biofertilizers could meet the need of nutrients the plants revealed as potential for sustainable agriculture

Deficiencia hidrica no consorcio milho x caupi.

Milho (Zea mays L.), cv. Jatina C-3 anao e caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.) Walp), cv. Pitiuba, cultivados isoladamente e em consorcio, foram submetidos a estresse hidrico em duas fases distintas do ciclo biologico. O trabalho foi realizado em campo, de novembro de 1982 a marco de 1983, em Petrolina,PE. O nivel de estresse hidrico foi determinado em funcao das caracteristicas fisico-hidricas do solo. A irrigacao era feita quando a tensao da agua no solo atingia - 0,3 a 0,4 MPa nas parcelas estressadas e 0,02 a 0,03 MPa nas parcelas controle. A variacao do teor de agua na planta e no perfil do solo foi monitorada atraves do potencial hidrico foliar e do metodo gravimetrico, respectivamente. O efeito do estresse hidrico nas plantas foi avaliado determinando-se a taxa de crescimento da cultura, producao de graos e componentes de producao. O milho mostrou-se muito sensivel a deficiencia hidrica, com efeito mais pronunciado na fase reprodutiva; a reducao no seu rendimento foi mais expressiva em cultivo isolado. A produtividade do caupi nao foi afetada pelo nivel de estresse hidrico, pelo sistema de cultivo consorciado, devido a elevada reducao do numero de vagem/planta. O consorcio milho x feijao foi mais eficiente em termos de uso eficiente da terra em condicoes de deficiencia hidrica. O milho apresentou maior estabilidade de producao quando consorciado com caupi.

Associação entre o proteassoma e o inibidor de protease BTCI : caracterização fisico-química e efeitos moleculares em células de câncer de mama (MCF-7)

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, 2010.

Populacao de plantas e niveis de agua no consorcio milho x caupi.

Foi usado os sistema de irrigacao por aspersores em linhas para estudar o comportamento das culturas do milho e do caupi com diferentes populacoes de plantas em plantio isolados e consorciados, com a aplicacao de diferentes niveis de agua. As producoes de graos das duas culturas aumentaram com o incremento das laminas d'agua aplicadas; o milho apresentou maior resposta que o cauppi. O consorcio reduziu produtividade das culturas. As producoes do milho, para as tres populacoes, variaram de 44% a 83% em relacao ao plantio isolado; o decrescimo nas producoes de caupi foi mais significativo quando consorciado com as maiores populacoes de milho. A disponibilidade de agua no solo foi determinante paraa a resposta de milho a populacao. A maior producao de milho isolado para a menor populacao de plantas (20.000 plantas/ha) foi obtida com uma lamina d'agua de 356 mm, ao passo que para as maiores populacoes (40.000 e 60.000 plantas/ha) as producoes aumentaram linearmente com as laminas d'agua aplicadas. A producao de milho consorciado tambem aumentou linearmente em relacao as laminas d'agua aplicadas. A producao de milho consorciado tambem aumentou linearmente em relacao as laminas d'agua aplicadas, enquanto o caupi nao mostrou resposta significativa. O milho mostrou-se mais competitivo no consorcio com a aplicacao das maiores laminas d'agua para todas as populacoes exceto para a menor (10.000 planta/ha), quando a producao, proporcional do caupi foi semelhante a do milho. Os valores calculados para o Indice (...).

A review of maize-beans and maize-cowpea intercrop systems in the semiarid Northeast Brazil.

Fifty-one experiments on maize -beans and 34 on maize-cowpea intercropping systems conducted mostly in semiarid Northeast Brazil were analysed to get an understanding of the performance of these intercrops in terms of their productivity as well as stability. Both the intercrop systems produced higher yields over their respective sole crops under a wide range of agroclimates; the average advantage with maize-beans was 32%, while that from maize-cowpea was 41%. The optimum row proportion for maize-beans was one maize: three beans, requiring 59% of sole crop maize population and 75% sole bean population. In maize-cowpea, alternate rows or one maize: two cowpea arrangement with about 50% of sole maize density and 100% of sole cowpea population seemed to be optimum. The intercrops failed less frequently compared to sole crops to meet specified incomes or yields. Sorghum seemed to be a good alternative to the traditional cereal because of its improved and consistent performance. Future research needs are discussed for further yield improvement in these two intercrop system.s

BRS Imponente.

O feijão-caupi passa por importantes avanços tecnológicos e socioeconômicos no Brasil. Nos Cerrados do Centro-Oeste, em particular no Estado de Mato Grosso, onde parte da produção tem sido exportada para países europeus e asiáticos, a cultura desperta cada vez mais o interesse de produtores. Esse cenário tem demandado cultivares melhor adaptadas ao ciclo curto (safrinha), ao cultivo mecanizado (arquitetura de planta moderna e uniformidade de maturação) e com grãos maiores, que têm maior aceitação nos mercados interno e externo. Este foi o desafio da Embrapa, que apresenta ao mercado a primeira cultivar de feijão-caupi com grãos extra grandes.

FEIJÃO-CAUPI: melhoramento genético para o avanço da cultura.

O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L Walp.), conhecido também como feijão-de-corda ou feijão-macassar, é uma cultura originária da África que chegou ao Brasil pelas mãos dos portugueses, no século XVI. Começou a ser produzido na Bahia, disseminando-se por todo o Nordeste e depois para as demais regiões do País. A produção de feijão-caupi concentra-se nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, mas o consumo do produto é maior nas duas primeiras, onde, junto com o arroz, forma a base da alimentação da população. Esse produto é de grande importância tanto como alimento quanto como gerador de emprego e renda. Rico em proteína, minerais e fibras constitui-se num componente básico para alimentação das populações rurais e urbanas das regiões Norte e Nordeste, onde sua produção é feita por empresários e agricultores familiares que ainda utilizam práticas tradicionais. Na região Centro-Oeste, onde passou a ser cultivado em larga escala a partir de 2006, a produção provém principalmente de médios e grandes empresários que cultivam de maneira tecnificada. A expansão da cultura é resultado do desenvolvimento de variedades em sistema de cultivo totalmente mecanizado, a exemplo das cultivares com arquitetura de planta moderna, de porte semiereto e ereto, com ramos e pedúnculos curtos; variedades de ciclo de maturação mais precoce e uniforme, além da melhoria genética da qualidade de grão (cor, forma e tamanho). Tudo isso possibilitou a adaptação do produto para alcançar mercados com interesse nos mais diversos tipos de feijão-caupi, cooperando para sua expansão no Brasil e também no exterior. Nos cerrados, o feijão-caupi tem sido utilizado como opção para a segunda safra (safrinha), após o cultivo da soja e do arroz e em alguns locais, como cultura principal. A oferta de um produto com baixo custo, padronizado, de alta qualidade, alto valor nutritivo, em maior quantidade e com regularidade de produção vem despertando o interesse de agroindustriais de outras regiões, contribuindo para a abertura de novos mercados, fortalecendo a exportação.