Fixação de fósforo em solos que receberam quantidades variáveis das argilas vermiculita e caulinita: I - efeitos da argila vermiculítica

Utilizando-se um minério vermiculítico, determinou-se a influência da argila vermiculita na capacidade de fixação de fósforo de um solo Podzólico e de um Latossol, ambos de textura arenosa, proveniente do Município de Piracicaba, S.P. E experimento foi conduzido em laboratório, amostras de terra coletadas no horizonte Ap dos solos misturadas com quantidades crescentes da argila, que variaram entre 1,25 e 25,0 por cento em peso, e incubadas durante períodos de 10 e 20 dias com doses de 50 e 100 ppm de P no solo. Foi feita preliminarmente, a análise mineralógica do minério e dos solos, e das características químicas e granulométricas de todas as amostras. Os resultados da porcentagem de fósforo fixado pelos tratamentos analisaram-se estatisticamente e fizeram-se correlações lineares simples com algumas das características edáficas das amostras. As seguintes conclusões foram obtidas: a) o minério vermiculítico e o solo Podzólico apresentaram as maiores capacidades de fixação do fósforo; b) a porcentagem de fósforo fixada pelos solos aumentou com o acréscimo do porcentual do minério ver miculítico, até adquirir valores próximos a porcentagem fixadas pelo minério puro. Atribui-se este aumento da fixação de fósforo à natureza da argila adicionada (vermiculita) e à alta concentração de magnésio numa faixa de pH favorável à precipitação de compostos fosfatados magnesianos; c) em todos os tratamentos, a quantidade e a porcentagem de fósforo fixada aumentou com o tempo de contato amostra-fósforo. Cerca de 90% ou mais da fixação ocorreu em 10 dias da incubação, sendo que dentro de um mesmo tempo de incubação, a quantidade, em ppm, de fósforo, aumentou com a dose de fósforo aplicado, mas o porcentual fixado diminuiu, indicando a saturação das amostras com o íon fosfato.

Uma técnica de saturação de vermiculita com micronutrientes catlônicos

Estudou-se uma técnica de impregnar micronutrientes catiônicos, como zinco , cobre, manganês e ferro, na vermiculita. A técnica adotada foi de reagir a vermiculita ácida (saturada com Íon H+) com os hidróxidos de micronutrientes. Durante a reação, deve ocorrer neutralização do Ton H+ da vermiculita e adsorção de micronutrientes catiônicos neste mineral. Os resultados de extração dos micronutrientes obtidos com HCI 0,1 N e NH4OAc 0,5 N e pH 4,8 mostraram que a técnica utilizada funciona bem para o zinco e o cobre. Para o manganês, a preparação do hidróxido deve ser feita numa pH acima de 8,5 a fim de obter uma precipitação total. Quanto à impregnação do ferro, a técnica funciona. Porém, sua solubilidade no extrator de NH4OAc 0,5 N com pH 4,8 é muito baixa.

Liberação de cations de vermiculita incorporada a solos

Estuda-se a liberação de cations da vermiculita em solos, como consequência de processos de intemperização.Vermiculitas, em duas granulações diferentes, foram incorporadas a solos arenoso e argiloso, de baixa fertilidade, na proporção de 20% de vermiculita e tratados com água acidificada a pH 5. Os resultados das análises químicas permitem verificar que é grande a quantidade de cations solúveis (cálcio, magnésio e potássio) removidos da vermiculita, enquanto que silício, alumínio e ferro tendem a permanecer no sistema. Como efeito secundário, observa-se elevação do pH do solo, como conseqüência da liberação de cations.

Liberação de magnésio estrutural da vermiculita por dissolução ácida

Estudou-se a liberação de magnésio estrutural da vermiculita procedente de Paulistânia, Estado de Piauí. O material foi triturado e peneirado para obter duas frações de 0,50 a l,15mm e de < 0,10mm. Cada fração de vermiculita foi dividida em três partes. As duas partes foram aquecidas num forno mufla às temperaturas de 550 e 950°C, respectivamente, durante uma hora. As vermiculitas, assim preparadas, foram tratadas com ácido sulfúrico conc. e ácido fosfórico conc. para avaliar a eficiência dos ácidos na liberação de magnésio. Em seguida, estudou-se a liberação de magnésio em função da quantidade de ácido sulfúrico e a necessidade de carbonato de cálcio para neutralizar a acidez residual do produto. Não houve diferença entre o ácido sulfúrico e o ácido fosfórico quanto a extração de magnésio da vermiculita. A granulometria e o aquecimento não influiram na liberação de magnésio pelos ácidos. A adição de ácido sulfúrico à vermiculita em quantidades iguais liberou mais que 80% de magnésio. A quantidade de carbonato de cálcio necessária para neutralizar a acidez residual do produto foi aproximadamente a metade do peso da vermiculita.

Características morfofisiológicas de abacaxizeiro 'gomo de mel' enraizado in vitro sob luz natural e substrato vermiculita

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da vermiculita, ágar, da luz artificial e a da natural no enraizamento in vitro de brotos de abacaxizeiro 'Gomo de Mel', bem como caracterizar anatomicamente essas plantas. O trabalho foi realizado no laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, do Departamento de Agricultura - UFLA, Lavras-MG. Foram utilizados brotos com 2 cm de comprimento, cultivados em meio MS acrescido de 30g.L-1 de sacarose. Testaram-se dois suportes físicos: 6g.L-1 de ágar e 15 g.L-1 de vermiculita para o enraizamento dos brotos em dois ambientes: sala de crescimento a 25±1 ºC, 45 W.m-2.s-1 durante 16 horas e casa de vegetação com radiação de 115,08 W.m-2.s-1 e 33 ºC (luz natural). Após 60 dias, avaliaram-se comprimento de parte aérea, massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e raízes, espessuras dos tecidos do limbo foliar, além de número, diâmetro polar e equatorial dos estômatos. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados mostraram-se significativos para interação entre suportes físicos e ambientes para todas as variáveis analisadas. O uso do substrato vermiculita em luz artificial apresentou melhores resultados para todas as variáveis, exceto para número de estômatos. Para as características anatômicas, maiores espessuras dos tecidos do limbo foliar foram verificadas quando se utilizaram vermiculita e luz natural, sendo que, para o uso de ágar, também houve aumento das espessuras somente quando se utilizou o ambiente de luz natural. Quanto ao número de estômatos/mm², não houve diferença significativa para os tratamentos. Maior diâmetro polar e equatorial foi observado em estômatos de folhas cultivadas em luz artificial e vermiculita, e luz natural e vermiculita, respectivamente.

Estudo de sorção de herbicidas pelos argilominerais vermiculita e montmorilonita

The clay minerals montmorillonite (MT) and vermiculite (VT), previously treated with Ca2+, K+ and Na+, were employed in a sorption study with herbicides. The herbicides 2,4-D, diuron, alachlor and metolachlor showed no interaction with MT and VT. On the other hand, the triazines presented a good sorption process, close to 100% for ametrine removal and near to 56 and 69% for atrazine and simazine, respectively, by MT. These results suggest that the MT specie may be a good material for triazines removal from aqueous medium and an alternative phase to preconcentration process, besides to exhibit a good selectivity.

Influencia da ativaçao acida na estabilidade termica de hibridos vermiculita/epoxido

ALVES, Ana Paula de M. ; GERMANO, A. F. S. ; ARAKAKI, L N H ; Ferreira, U. V. S. ; ARAUJO, A. S. Influencia da ativaçao acida na estabilidade termica de hibridos vermiculita/epoxido. In: CONGRESSO NACIONAL DE ANLISETERMICA E CALORIMETRIA, 7., 2010, São Pedro, SP. Anais... Sao Pedro, SP: ABRATEC, 2010

Influência da vermiculita expandida na resistência à compressão e reologia de pastas cimentantes de poços de petróleo

Several problems related to the loss of hydraulic seal in oilwells, causing gas migration and/or contamination of the production zone by water, have been reported. The loss of the hydraulic seal is a consequence of cracks which can be occasioned either by the invasion of gas during the wait on cement or by the expansion of the casing causing the fracture of the cement sheath. In case of the pressure of the formation is higher than the pressure in the annulus, gas can migrate into the slurry and form microannulus, which are channels where gas migrates after the cement is set. Cracks can be also occasioned by the fracture of the cement sheath when it does not withstand the thermal and dynamic loads. In reservoirs where the oil is heavy, steam water injection operation is required in order to get the oil flowing. This operation increases the temperature of the casing, and then it expands and causes the fracture of the cement sheath in the annulus. When the failures on the cement are detected, remedial cementing is required, which raise costs caused by the interventions. Once the use of cement in the construction civil sector is older than its use in the petroleum sector, it is common to bring technologies and solutions from the civil construction and apply them on the petroleum area. In this context, vermiculite, a mineral-clay widely encountered in Brazil, has been used, on its exfoliated form, in the civil construction, especially on the manufacture of lights and fireproof concretes with excellent thermal and acoustical properties. It has already been reported in scientific journals, studies of the addition of exfoliated vermiculite in Portland cements revealing good properties related to oilwell cementing operations. Thus, this study aimed to study the rheological behavior, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of the slurries made of Portland cement and exfoliated vermiculite in 5 different compositions, at room temperature and heated. The results showed that the compressive strength decreased with the addition of exfoliated vermiculite, however the values are still allowed for oiwell cementing operations. The thickening time of the slurry with no exfoliated vermiculite was 120 min and the thickening time of the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite was 98 min. The stability and the rheological behavior of the slurries revealed that the exfoliated vermiculite absorbed water and therefore increased the viscosity of the slurries, even though increasing the factor cement-water. The stability experiment carried out at 133 ºF showed that, there was neither sedimentation nor reduction of the volume of the cement for the slurry with 12 % of exfoliated vermiculite. Thus, the addition of exfoliated vermiculite accelerates the set time of the cement and gives it a small shrinkage during the wait on cement, which are important to prevent gas migration

Adição de vermiculita expandida mícron em pastas de baixa densidade para cimentação de poços de petróleo

The northeastern region of Brazil has a large number of wells producing oil using a method of secondary recovery steam injection, since the oil produced in this region is essentially viscous. This recovery method puts the cement / coating on thermal cycling, due to the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between cement and metal coating causes the appearance of cracks at this interface, allowing the passage of the annular fluid, which is associated with serious risk socioeconomic and environmental. In view of these cracks, a correction operation is required, resulting in more costs and temporary halt of production of the well. Alternatively, the oil industry has developed technology for adding new materials in cement pastes, oil well, providing high ductility and low density in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by the injection of water vapor. In this context, vermiculite, a clay mineral found in abundance in Brazil has been applied in its expanded form in the construction industry for the manufacture of lightweight concrete with excellent insulation and noise due to its high melting point and the presence of air in their layers lamellar. Therefore, the vermiculite is used for the purpose of providing low-density cement paste and withstand high temperatures caused by steam injection. Thus, the present study compared the default folder containing cement and water with the folders with 6%, 8% and 10% vermiculite micron conducting tests of free water, rheology and compressive strength where it obtained the concentration of 8 % with the best results. Subsequently, the selected concentration, was compared with the results recommended by the API standard tests of filtered and stability. And finally, analyzed the results from tests of specific gravity and time of thickening. Before the study we were able to make a folder with a low density that can be used in cementing oil well in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by steam injection

Remoção de metais pesados em efluentes sintéticos utilizando vermiculita como adsorvente

Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

Influência da vermiculita expandida na formulação de pastas leves para evitar a migração de gás em cimentação de poços petrolíferos

The gas migration during the cementing of wells is one of the main problems of oil wells engineering. Its occurrence can cause severe problems since shortly to loss of control of the well after cementation. Recently, 20/04/2010 In an accident of major proportions in the Gulf of Mexico, among other factors, faulty cementing operation provided the gas migration, causing the accident, in which 11 people died and 17 were injured occurred. Besides the serious consequences that can be caused by gas migration, remediation of the problem, which is made by injecting cement in damaged areas, usually involves additional costs and is not always effective. Therefore, preventing gas migration to be preferred. Some methods are used to prevent the migration of the pressurized gas as the annular space, application of pressure pulses, reducing the height of the cement column compressible cement pastes of low permeability, pastes and to control free filtered water, and binders of thixotropic cement expandable and flexible. Thus, the cement pastes used to prevent gas migration must meet the maximum these methods. Thus, this study aimed to formulate a cement paste to prevent gas migration, using the expanded vermiculite, and evaluate the behavior of the folder trials necessary for use in oil wells. Free water content, rheological properties, compressive strength, loss of liquid phase sedimentation of solids, specific weight, thickening time and gas migration: The following tests were performed. The results show that meets the specifications paste formulated for use in oil wells and the use of expanded vermiculite contribute to the absorption of free water, thixotropy and low density. The absorption of free water is proven to result in zero percentage test free water content, thixotropy is observed with the high value of the initial gel strength (Gi) in testing rheological properties and low density is proven in test weight specific

Vermiculita como substrato para o teste de germinação de sementes de ipê-amarelo

Vermiculite is a substrate used in seedling production of forest species and can be an option for the germination test of ipe seeds. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of vermiculite in the germination test of Tabebuia chrysotricha seeds and to stablish appropriate particle size and moisture for this substrate. Four replications of 20 seeds were sown in soil, sand, paper rolls, and vermiculite with different particle sizes: micron (0.15-0.20 mm), superthin (0.21-0.30 mm), thin (0.30-0.50 mm) and medium (0.50-1.19 mm) moistened with water equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the weight of the dry subtrate. Germination test was carried out at 30 degrees C. The percentage of normal seedlings was obtained seven days after sowing (first count) and then weekly until 28 days, when abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were also counted. It was concluded that the germination test of ipe seeds can be carried out with thin or medium vermiculite moistened with water equivalent to 1.5 times the dry weight of the substrate. These treatments resulted in higher and faster germination (21 days).

Compósito de poliuretano de mamona e vermiculita para isolação térmica

They are in this study the experimental results of the analysis of thermal performance of composite material made from a plant matrix of polyurethane derived from castor oil of kernel of mamona (COF) and loading of clay-mineral called vermiculite expanded. Bodies of evidence in the proportions in weight of 10%, 15% and 20% were made to determine the thermal properties: conductivity (k), diffusivity (ά) and heat capacity (C), for purposes of comparison, the measurements were also performed the properties of polyurethane of castor without charge and also the oil polyurethane (PU), both already used in thermal insulation. Plates of 0.25 meters of material analyzed were manufactured for use as insulation material in a chamber performance thermal coverage. Thermocouples were distributed on the surface of the cover, and inside the material inside the test chamber and this in turn was subjected to artificial heating, consisting of a bank of incandescent lamps of 3000 w. The results obtained with the composite materials were compared with data from similar tests conducted with the camera alone with: (a) of oil PU, (b) of COF (c) glass wool, (d ) of rock wool. The heat resistance tests were performed with these composites, obtaining temperature limits for use in the range of 100 º C to 130 º C. Based on the analysis of the results of performance and thermal properties, it was possible to conclude that the COF composites with load of expanded vermiculite present behavior very close to those exhibited by commercial insulation material

Preparação e caracterização de um material híbrido, à base de vermiculita modificada com quitosana, para a remoção de íons de chumbo presentes em efluentes sintéticos

Actually, surveys have been developed for obtaining new materials and methodologies that aim to minimize environmental problems due to discharges of industrial effluents contaminated with heavy metals. The adsorption has been used as an alternative technology effectively, economically viable and potentially important for the reduction of metals, especially when using natural adsorbents such as certain types of clay. Chitosan, a polymer of natural origin, present in the shells of crustaceans and insects, has also been used for this purpose. Among the clays, vermiculite is distinguished by its good ion exchange capacity and in its expanded form enhances its properties by greatly increasing its specific surface. This study aimed to evaluate the functionality of the hybrid material obtained through the modification of expanded vermiculite with chitosan in the removal of lead ions (II) in aqueous solution. The material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) in order to evaluate the efficiency of modification of matrix, the vermiculite, the organic material, chitosan. The thermal stability of the material and the ratio clay / polymer was evaluated by thermogravimetry. To evaluate the surface of the material was used in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (BET). The BET analysis revealed a significant increase in surface area of vermiculite that after interaction with chitosan, was obtained a value of 21, 6156 m2 / g. Adsorption tests were performed according to the particle size, concentration and time. The results show that the capacity of removal of ions through the vermiculite was on average 88.4% for lead in concentrations ranging from 20-200 mg / L and 64.2% in the concentration range of 1000 mg / L. Regarding the particle size, there was an increase in adsorption with decreasing particle size. In fuction to the time of contact, was observed adsorption equilibrium in 60 minutes with adsorption capacity. The data of the isotherms were fitted to equation Freundlich. The kinetic study of adsorption showed that the pseudo second- order model best describes the adsorption adsorption, having been found following values K2=0,024 g. mg-1 min-1and Qmax=25,75 mg/g, value very close to the calculated Qe = 26.31 mg / g. From the results we can conclude that the material can be used in wastewater treatment systems as a source of metal ions adsorbent due to its high adsorption capacity

Aplicação da parafina e do óleo de linhaça como hidrofobizantes da vermiculita, para remoção de derivados de óleo diesel resentes em água produzida sintética

Produced water has lately aroused interest due to their high degree of salinity, suspended oil particles, chemicals added in various manufacturing processes, heavy metals and radioactivity sometimes. Along with oil and due to its high volume production, water production is one of the pollutants of most concern in the process of oil extraction. PAHs due to their ubiquity and their characteristics carcinogenic or mutagenic and teratogenic even have attracted the attention of every scientific society. Formed from the incomplete combustion of organic matter may be natural or anthropogenic. Some materials have been researched with the goal of cleaning up environmental matrices that may be contaminated by hydrocarbons. Among these materials researched various clays have been employed, of which highlights the vermiculite. The family of phyllosilicates, vermiculite for its potential and its high hydrophobic surface area has been a tool widely used in the decontamination of water in processes of oil spills. However, when it loses its capacity expanded hydrophobic having the necessity of using a hidrofobizante to make it organophilic. Among the numerous hidrofobizantes researched and used the linseed oil was the pioneer. In this study sought to evaluate the capacity of removal of PAHs using the vermiculite hydrofobized with linseed oil and wax also, for it was made use of the 24 full factorial design as the main tool for the experiments. We also evaluated the clay grain size (-20 +48 and -48 +80 #), the percentage of hidrofobizante applied (5 and 10%) and salinity of the water produced synthesized in our laboratory (35,000 and 55,000 ppm). The molecular fluorescence spectroscopy due to its sensitivity and speed was used to verify the adsorption capacity of clay, as well as gas chromatography served as an auxiliary technique to identify and quantify the PAHs in solution. In order to characterize the vermiculite was made use of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The infrared and thermogravimetry were essential to note hydrophobization and the amount of coating of clay. According to the fluorescence analysis showed that the test 12 was the best result in about 98% adsorption of fluorescent compounds, however the high salinity, the smallest particle size, the highest percentage of hidrofobizante and the use of linseed oil showed greater efficiency in the removal capacity of these hydrocarbons, in accordance with the trend followed by the analysis of the major factors of the factorial design. To verify the adsorption capacity of clay using a fixed volume of water produced synthetically, used as the test base 12, at their respective levels and factors. Thus, it was observed that after adding about 1 ½ liters of water solution produced synthetically, about 300 times its volume in mass, the vermiculite was able to adsorb 80% of fluorescent species present in solution