Drugs for hypertension, angina and heart failure

12.1 Drugs for hypertension 12.1.1 Epidemiology and pathophysiology 12.1.2 Diuretics for hypertension 12.2.3 Vasodilators for hypertension 12.4.4 β-Adrenoceptor blockers for hypertension 12.2. Drugs for angina 12.2.1 Typical angina 12.2.2 Drugs to treat an attack of typical angina 12,2.3 Drugs to prevent an attack of typical angina 12.2.4 Atypical angina 12.3 Drugs for heart failure 12.3.1 The heart failure epidemic 12.3.2 Compensatory changes in heart failure 12.3.3 Diuretics for heart failure 12.3.4 ACE inhibitors and AT1-receptor antagonists 12.3.5 β-adrenoceptor antagonists 12.3.6 Digoxin

Antihemostatic molecules from saliva of blood-feeding arthropods

The ability to feed on vertebrate blood has evolved many times in various arthropod clades. Consequently, saliva of blood-feeding arthropods has proven to be a rich source of antihemostatic molecules. A variety of platelet aggregation inhibitors antagonize platelet responses to wound-generated signals, including ADP, thrombin, and collagen. Anticoagulants disrupt elements of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Vasodilators include nitrophorins (nitric oxide storage and transport heme proteins), a variety of peptides that mimic endogenous vasodilatory neuropeptides, and proteins that catabolize or sequester endogenous vasoconstrictors. Multiple salivary proteins may be directed against each component of hemostasis, resulting in both redundancy and in some cases cooperative interactions between antihemostatic proteins. The complexity and redundancy of saliva ensures an efficient blood meal for the arthropod, but it also provides a diverse array of novel antihemostatic molecules for the pharmacologist.

Relation entre CaMKII et les dynamiques calciques endothéliales : impact de l'hypertension arterielle.

L’endothélium vasculaire joue un rôle prépondérant dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire en générant l’oxyde nitrique (NO), la prostacycline (PGI2) et les facteurs hyperpolarisants dérivés de l’endothélium (EDHF) comme puissants vasodilatateurs. Ces mécanismes requièrent le calcium (Ca2+) à divers niveaux, démontrant l’importance des dynamiques calciques endothéliales. Une perturbation de l’homéostasie calcique est observée dans une dysfonction endothéliale liée à l’hypertension artérielle. Il est impératif d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les signalisations calciques endothéliales impliquées dans le contrôle du tonus vasculaire. Des études récentes ont montré qu’une variation locale de la concentration en Ca2+ libre intracellulaire ([Ca2+]i) est suffisante pour générer une réponse physiologique importante. Les pulsars calciques sont caractérisés par une augmentation de [Ca2+]i spontanée et transitoire spécifiquement localisée au niveau des projections myoendothéliales (PMEs). Ces PMEs sont des sites de communication privilégiés entre les cellules endothéliales (CEs) et les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLVs). Les pulsars calciques sont impliqués dans le mécanisme de l’EDHF via l’activation des canaux potassiques Ca2+-dépendant de moyenne conductance (KCa3.1 ou IKCa). Les travaux de cette thèse visent à améliorer nos connaissances sur les signalisations calciques locales en caractérisant une nouvelle voie de signalisation pouvant être impliquée dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire en condition physiopathologique. Outre les canaux KCa3.1 peu d’informations sont disponibles sur les cibles sensibles aux pulsars calciques. Une première étude a permis d’identifier la protéine kinase II dépendante du complexe Ca2+/calmoduline (CaMKII) sous ses isoformes α, β et δ dans les CEs d’artères natives de souris comme une cible pouvant être modulée par les pulsars calciques. Des études en immunofluorescence ont permis d’observer la localisation particulière de CaMKII endothéliale dans les PMEs, les sites des pulsars calciques. Une stimulation spécifique des pulsars calciques par la phényléphrine (PE) engendre un recrutement de CaMKII dans les PMEs. Sachant que CaMKII active l’oxyde nitrique synthase endothéliale (NOS3), nous avons évalué l’impact d’une stimulation des pulsars calciques sur la production de NO en présence d’un inhibiteur de CaMKII, le KN-93. Nous avons démontré que la production de NO est en partie dépendante de l’activation de CaMKII par les pulsars calciques. En utilisant un modèle d’hypertension induite par l’infusion chronique de PE, nous avons permis de mettre en évidence une perturbation dans la relation entre les pulsars calciques et CaMKII. Dans une seconde étude nous avons établi deux modèles (normo- et hypertendus) d’infusion chronique à l’angiotensine II (AngII) afin évaluer l’impact des ROS et de l’hypertension sur la voie de signalisation pulsars/CaMKII/NO. Nos résultats ont montré une augmentation des pulsars calciques accompagnée d’un recrutement de CaMKII dans les PMEs. Une stimulation aigue à l’AngII suggère que les ROS modulent les dynamiques calciques et que l’AngII stimule la production de NO. Cette étude propose que ces voies de signalisations impliquent les récepteurs de type 1 et 2 à l’AngII (AT1 et AT2). L’étude des pulsars calciques dépend fortement de la structure native des artères qui permet de conserver la formation des PMEs. La dernière étude présentée dans cette thèse a permis d’établir une relation entre les PMEs et les pulsars calciques dans trois lits vasculaires distincts (artères mésentériques, pulmonaires et coronariennes). Nos résultats ont montré que les paramètres cinétiques des pulsars calciques sont fortement conservés entre les différents lits vasculaires. Toutefois, la fréquence globale ainsi que le nombre de sites actifs des pulsars calciques diffèrent avec une proportion plus élevée dans les artères mésentériques et coronariennes comparativement aux artères pulmonaires. Ces résultats corrèlent avec le nombre plus élevé de PMEs retrouvé dans les artères mésentériques et coronariennes. Ces travaux suggèrent que les pulsars calciques sont fondamentaux pour les artères de résistance. Les études de cette thèse ont mené à l’identification d’une nouvelle voie de signalisation impliquant les pulsars calciques et CaMKII endothéliale dans la stimulation de la production de NO. Cette nouvelle voie de signalisation pourrait être impliquée dans la régulation du tonus vasculaire en condition physiopathologique. Les pulsars calciques semblent être fortement conservés entre les différentes artères de résistances et ce malgré la disparité dans les PMEs, suggérant un rôle prépondérant dans la fonction vasculaire. Ces travaux ouvrent une avenue pour le développement de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques pouvant contrer la dysfonction endothéliale associée à l’hypertension artérielle.

Suplementación de hormona tiroidea en pacientes pediátricos críticos con síndrome eutiroideo enfermo

Introducción : el síndrome del eutiriodeo enfermo en enfermedades graves es factor de pobre pronóstico. La suplementación con hormona tiroidea mejora la contractibilidad miocardica y estimula la producción de surfactante pulmonar; sin embargo existe controversia debido a las complicaciones secundarias, ausencia de efectos a nivel hemodinámico y de estancia hospitalaria. Objetivo : determinar el efecto de la suplementación oral de hormonas tiroideas en pacientes con choque refractario y necesidad de más de dos inotrópicos con respecto a estabilidad hemodinámica, arritmias, requerimientos de inotrópicos y mortalidad asociada al tratamiento. Metodología : estudio longitudinal observacional de variables repetidas con análisis previo y posterior a la intervención. Realizado en pacientes con choque refractario de la unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico del Hospital Simón Bolívar, desde el 1 de enero del 2007 hasta 1 enero del 2009. Resultados: la suplementación tiroidea mostró una disminución significativa en el requerimiento de los inotrópicos adrenérgicos: dopamina, adrenalina y noradrenalina con rangos de [4,78-2.4], [3.92 - 2.98] y [3.58- 2.24] (p <0.001) respectivamente, sin haber diferencia en los vasodilatadores, inodilatadores y diuréticos. No se encontró asociación entre su uso y la presencia de arritmias. Discusión y conclusiones: La hormona tiroidea mostró efecto benéfico en términos de disminución de soporte inotrópico. resultado en concordancia con la literatura y relacionado con la función moduladora de la hormona tiroidea favoreciendo la inotropía miocardica y los índices de contractilidad ventricular izquierda.

Possible role for K+ in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor–linked dilatation in rat middle cerebral artery

Background and Purpose— Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and K+ are vasodilators in the cerebral circulation. Recently, K+ has been suggested to contribute to EDHF-mediated responses in peripheral vessels. The EDHF response to the protease-activated receptor 2 ligand SLIGRL was characterized in cerebral arteries and used to assess whether K+ contributes as an EDHF. Methods— Rat middle cerebral arteries were mounted in either a wire or pressure myograph. Concentration-response curves to SLIGRL and K+ were constructed in the presence and absence of a variety of blocking agents. In some experiments, changes in tension and smooth muscle cell membrane potential were recorded simultaneously. Results— SLIGRL (0.02 to 20 μmol/L) stimulated concentration and endothelium-dependent relaxation. In the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, relaxation to SLIGRL was associated with hyperpolarization and sensitivity to a specific inhibitor of IKCa, 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole (1μmol/L), reflecting activation of EDHF. Combined inhibition of KIR with Ba2+ (30μmol/L) and Na+/K+-ATPase with ouabain (1 μmol/L) markedly attenuated the relaxation to EDHF. Raising extracellular [K+] to 15 mmol/L also stimulated smooth muscle relaxation and hyperpolarization, which was also attenuated by combined application of Ba2+ and ouabain. Conclusions— SLIGRL evokes EDHF-mediated relaxation in the rat middle cerebral artery, underpinned by hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle. The profile of blockade of EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization and relaxation supports a pivotal role for IKCa channels. Furthermore, similar inhibition of responses to EDHF and exogenous K+ with Ba2+ and ouabain suggests that K+ may contribute as an EDHF in the middle cerebral artery.

Targeting myocardial remodelling to develop novel therapies for heart failure: a position paper from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology

The failing heart is characterized by complex tissue remodelling involving increased cardiomyocyte death, and impairment of sarcomere function, metabolic activity, endothelial and vascular function, together with increased inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. For years, therapeutic approaches for heart failure (HF) relied on vasodilators and diuretics which relieve cardiac workload and HF symptoms. The introduction in the clinic of drugs interfering with beta-adrenergic and angiotensin signalling have ameliorated survival by interfering with the intimate mechanism of cardiac compensation. Current therapy, though, still has a limited capacity to restore muscle function fully, and the development of novel therapeutic targets is still an important medical need. Recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of myocardial dysfunction in HF is paving the way for development of new treatments capable of restoring muscle function and targeting specific pathological subsets of LV dysfunction. These include potentiating cardiomyocyte contractility, increasing cardiomyocyte survival and adaptive hypertrophy, increasing oxygen and nutrition supply by sustaining vessel formation, and reducing ventricular stiffness by favourable extracellular matrix remodelling. Here, we consider drugs such as omecamtiv mecarbil, nitroxyl donors, cyclosporin A, SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca(2 +) ATPase 2a), neuregulin, and bromocriptine, all of which are currently in clinical trials as potential HF therapies, and discuss novel molecular targets with potential therapeutic impact that are in the pre-clinical phases of investigation. Finally, we consider conceptual changes in basic science approaches to improve their translation into successful clinical applications.

Implementação de um sistema embarcado aplicado ao controle de pressão arterial

Hypertension is a dangerous disease that can cause serious harm to a patient health. In some situations the necessity to control this pressure is even greater, as in surgical procedures and post-surgical patients. To decrease the chances of a complication, it is necessary to reduce blood pressure as soon as possible. Continuous infusion of vasodilators drugs, such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP), rapidly decreased blood pressure in most patients, avoiding major problems. Maintaining the desired blood pressure requires constant monitoring of arterial blood pressure and frequently adjusting the drug infusion rate. Manual control of arterial blood pressure by clinical personnel is very demanding, time consuming and, as a result, sometimes of poor quality. Thus, the aim of this work is the design and implementation of a database of tuned controllers based on patients models, in order to find a suitable PID to be embedded in a Programmable Integrated Circuit (PIC), which has a smaller cost, smaller size and lower power consumption. For best results in controlling the blood pressure and choosing the adequate controller, tuning algorithms, system identification techniques and Smith predictor are used. This work also introduces a monitoring system to assist in detecting anomalies and optimize the process of patient care.

Rat model of depending prostaglandin renal state: Effect of ketoprofen

Introduction .The renal prostaglandins (PGs), vasodilators, preserve kidney function during increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system or renal sympathetic nerves (renal PG-dependent state [RPGD]). Ketoprofen (Ket) inhibits cyclooxygenase and, therefore, the synthesis of PGs. The aim of this study was to determine, in the rat, the action of Ket in the renal histology and function in a RPGD state (stress of anesthesia and hemorrhage). Material and Methods . Twenty male Wistar rats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, were randomly divided into two groups: G1-control ( n = 10) and G2-Ket ( n = 10) submitted to arterial hemorrhage of 30% of volemia (estimated as 6% of body weight) three times (10% each 10 min), 65 min after anesthesia. G2 animals received Ket, 1.5 mg. kg -1 , venously, 5 min after anesthesia and 60 min before the first hemorrhage moment (first moment of the study [M1]). Medium arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T), and heart rate were monitored. G1 and G2 received para-aminohippurate sodium (PAH) and iothalamate sodium (IOT) solutions during the entire experimental time in order to determine clearance of PAH (effective renal plasma flow [ERPF]) and clearance of IOT (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) without urine collection (determination of blood concentrations of PAH and IOT through the high-performance liquid chromatography), filtration fraction (FF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR). The animals were sacrificed in M3, 30 min after the third hemorrhage (M2) moment, and the kidneys and blood collected during the hemorrhage periods were utilized for histological study and determinations of hematocrit (Ht), serum creatinine (S Cr ), ERPF, GFR, FF, and RVR, respectively. Results . There were significant reductions of MAP, T, and Ht and a significant increase of S Cr . During the experiment, ERPF and GFR did not change, but ERPF was always higher in G1 than in G2. Ket did not alter FF, which increased in G1 over the duration of experiment. The Ket group had significantly higher RVR than the control group. The histology verified that both G1 and G2 were similar for tubular dilation and necrosis, but they were significantly different for tubular degeneration: G1 > G2. Conclusion . The changes observed in kidney histology probably were determined by hemorrhage and hypotension. Ket inhibited the synthesis of PGs and diminished tubular degeneration.

Beta-bloqueadores em anestesiologia: aspectos farmacológicos e clínicos

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Informações experimentais e clínicas têm sugerido que os b-bloqueadores apresentam efeitos hemodinâmicos importantes e protetores durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar as informações farmacológicas e clínicas dos b-bloqueadores para sua utilização adequada na medicina per-operatória. CONTEÚDO: Os b-bloqueadores seletivos inibem preferencialmente os b1-receptores reduzindo a freqüência e inotropismo cardíacos e determinando redução no consumo de oxigênio do miocárdio. Os b-bloqueadores não seletivos inibem também os b2-receptores, aumentando a resistência bronquiolar e vascular periférica. Alguns b-bloqueadores são, também, vasodilatadores. O tratamento prolongado com os b-bloqueadores aumenta a densidade dos b-receptores na membrana celular, o que pode explicar a hiperatividade simpática que pode ocorrer durante a parada do tratamento desses medicamentos. em cirurgia não cardíaca, os efeitos benéficos do b-bloqueadores em pacientes hipertensos ou nos que apresentam doença coronariana têm sido demonstrados, com redução da incidência de isquemia miocárdica no pós-operatório e da mortalidade durante o período de dois anos que se segue à operação. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento com b-bloqueadores deve ser mantido até o período da manhã da operação, exceto nos pacientes com sinais de intolerância à droga, como hipotensão ou bradicardia importante. Os b-bloqueadores exercem efeito benéfico na recuperação pós-operatória de pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares ou nos que apresentam fatores de risco. Por isso, o emprego desses medicamentos é importante na medicina per-operatória e deve ser ampliado.

The Vampirome: Transcriptome and proteome analysis of the principal and accessory submaxillary glands of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, a vector of human rabies

Vampire bats are notorious for being the sole mammals that strictly feed on fresh blood for their survival. While their saliva has been historically associated with anticoagulants, only one antihemostatic (plasminogen activator) has been molecularly and functionally characterized. Here, RNAs from both principal and accessory submaxillary (submandibular) salivary glands of Desmodus rotundus were extracted, and ~. 200. million reads were sequenced by Illumina. The principal gland was enriched with plasminogen activators with fibrinolytic properties, members of lipocalin and secretoglobin families, which bind prohemostatic prostaglandins, and endonucleases, which cleave neutrophil-derived procoagulant NETs. Anticoagulant (tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI), vasodilators (PACAP and C-natriuretic peptide), and metalloproteases (ADAMTS-1) were also abundantly expressed. Members of the TSG-6 (anti-inflammatory), antigen 5/CRISP, and CCL28-like (antimicrobial) protein families were also sequenced. Apyrases (which remove platelet agonist ADP), phosphatases (which degrade procoagulant polyphosphates), and sphingomyelinase were found at lower transcriptional levels. Accessory glands were enriched with antimicrobials (lysozyme, defensin, lactotransferrin) and protease inhibitors (TIL-domain, cystatin, Kazal). Mucins, heme-oxygenase, and IgG chains were present in both glands. Proteome analysis by nano LC-MS/MS confirmed that several transcripts are expressed in the glands. The database presented herein is accessible online at http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/D_rotundus/Supplemental-web.xlsx. These results reveal that bat saliva emerges as a novel source of modulators of vascular biology. Biological significance: Vampire bat saliva emerges as a novel source of antihemostatics which modulate several aspects of vascular biology. © 2013.

Avaliação cardíaca de cães com degeneração valvar mixomatosa durante o emprego de enalapril, losartana, furosemida e suas combinações

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Hemodynamic effects of combined sildenafil and L-arginine during acute pulmonary embolism-induced pulmonary hypertension

Sildenafil attenuates acute pulmonary embolism-induced pulmonary hypertension. However, the hemodynamic effects of sildenafil in combination with other vasodilators during acute pulmonary embolism have not been examined yet. In the present study, we examined the hemodynamic effects of combined sildenafil (0.25 mg/kg, i.v.) and L-arginine (100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/h, i.v.) in an anesthetized dog model of acute pulmonary embolism. Plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and cGMP concentrations were determined using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay and a commercial enzyme immunoassay, respectively. We found that L-arginine alone did not attenuate acute pulmonary embolism-induced pulmonary hypertension. However, significant decreases in mean pulmonary artery pressure were observed 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after the administration of sildenafil alone or after the combined administration of sildenafil and L-arginine (all P<0.05). No significant differences among groups were observed in the respiratory parameters. While L-arginine significantly increased NOx concentrations, cGMP concentrations increased only when sildenafil was administered (all P<0.05). These results suggest that while sildenafil attenuates acute pulmonary embolism-induced pulmonary hypertension, L-arginine does not enhance the beneficial hemodynamic effects of sildenafil. In addition, these findings suggest that stimulation of NO synthesis with L-arginine during acute pulmonary embolism does not produce beneficial effects. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Atualidades no tratamento da laminite em equinos

Laminitis is still a major cause of lameness in horses, causing damage to many interested in it. It has been long studied, but there are several points that are not yet fully understood. Doubts about its pathogenesis end up extending at the treatments. Just as there are several theories that attempt to explain the mechanisms of its development, also appear treatments that are sometimes contradictory and inconsistent. Mostly times, laminitis is a consequence of another disease process that occurs systemically in the body. Among them are the main grain overload and processes that cause the animal to the table of endotoxemia, strangled colic, metritis with retained placenta and pleuropneumonia. The proposed treatments include the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, cryotherapy, use of vasodilators and correction of Starling forces, and other measures to support the frog. The stall should be bedded deeply with sand or other material that provides support to the frog

Chronic Conventional resistance exercise reduces blood pressure in stage 1 Hypertensive men

Moraes, MR, Bacurau, RFP, Casarini, DE, Jara, ZP, Ronchi, FA, Almeida, SS, Higa, EMS, Pudo, MA, Rosa, TS, Haro, AS, Barros, CC, Pesquero, JB, Wurtele, M, and Araujo, RC. Chronic conventional resistance exercise reduces blood pressure in stage 1 hypertensive men. J Strength Cond Res 26(4): 1122-1129, 2012-To investigate the antihypertensive effects of conventional resistance exercise (RE) on the blood pressure (BP) of hypertensive subjects, 15 middle-aged (46 +/- 3 years) hypertensive volunteers, deprived of antihypertensive medication (reaching 153 +/- 6/93 +/- 2 mmHg systolic/diastolic BP after a 6-week medication washout period) were submitted to a 12-week conventional RE training program (3 sets of 12 repetitions at 60% 1 repetition maximum, 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days). Blood pressure was measured in all phases of the study (washout, training, detraining). Additionally, the plasma levels of several vasodilators or vasoconstrictors that potentially could be involved with the effects of RE on BP were evaluated pre- and posttraining. Conventional RE significantly reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean BP, respectively, by an average of 16 (p < 0.001), 12 (p < 0.01), and 13 mm Hg (p < 0.01) to prehypertensive values. There were no significant changes of vasoactive factors from the kallikrein-kinin or renin-angiotensin systems. After the RE training program, the BP values remained stable during a 4-week detraining period. Taken together, this study shows for the first time that conventional moderate-intensity RE alone is able to reduce the BP of stage 1 hypertensive subjects free of antihypertensive medication. Moreover, the benefits of BP reduction achieved with RE training remained unchanged for up to 4 weeks without exercise.

Sildenafil vs. Sodium Nitroprusside for the Pulmonary Hypertension Reversibility Test Before Cardiac Transplantation

Background: Pulmonary hypertension is associated with a worse prognosis after cardiac transplantation. The pulmonary hypertension reversibility test with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is associated with a high rate of systemic arterial hypotension, ventricular dysfunction of the transplanted graft and high rates of disqualification from transplantation. Objective: This study was aimed at comparing the effects of sildenafil (SIL) and SNP on hemodynamic, neurohormonal and echocardiographic variables during the pulmonary reversibility test. Methods: The patients underwent simultaneously right cardiac catheterization, echocardiography, BNP measurement, and venous blood gas analysis before and after receiving either SNP (1 - 2 mu g/kg/min) or SIL (100 mg, single dose). Results: Both drugs reduced pulmonary hypertension, but SNP caused a significant systemic hypotension (mean blood pressure - MBP: 85.2 vs. 69.8 mm Hg; p < 0.001). Both drugs reduced cardiac dimensions and improved left cardiac function (SNP: 23.5 vs. 24.8%, p = 0.02; SIL: 23.8 vs. 26%, p < 0.001) and right cardiac function (SIL: 6.57 +/- 2.08 vs. 8.11 +/- 1.81 cm/s, p = 0.002; SNP: 6.64 +/- 1.51 vs. 7.72 +/- 1.44 cm/s, p = 0.003), measured through left ventricular ejection fraction and tissue Doppler, respectively. Sildenafil, contrary to SNP, improved venous oxygen saturation, measured on venous blood gas analysis. Conclusion: Sildenafil and SNP are vasodilators that significantly reduce pulmonary hypertension and cardiac geometry, in addition to improving biventricular function. Sodium nitroprusside, contrary to SIL, was associated with systemic arterial hypotension and worsening of venous oxygen saturation. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2012;99(3):848-856)