Empowerment: model i instrument de mesura basat en les variables primàries o efectives PIEQ (Primary Items Empowerment Questionnaire)

In this thesis a review of the state of the art on empowerment is found. A proposal is put forward for a model of the effective variables of empowerment, a new theoretical model that provides a distinct classification of individual variables. The model consists of four metavariables called reciprocal, unidirectional, shared and reflexive. Finally, a measurement tool for measuring and representing these variables graphically is described, including its process of elaboration through a preliminary pilot study that served to refine and improve the questionnaire. Both the model and the instrument proposed aim to determine the state of the primary variables involved in determining the predisposition and potential of a working group towards empowerment. With the measurement tool both organisational, departmental, working group and/or individual data can be obtained. This instrument can help companies and organisations to discover the limitations existing within a working group and act in consequence.

Tipologías modales multivariadas y rendimiento académico.

Identificación de tipologías de personalidad modales multidimensionales en función de la similitud de sus perfiles y en base a la descripción de factores de personalidad efectuada por R.B. Cattell. Incidencia positiva y negativa de las tipologías identificadas en el rendimiento global académico a corto y a largo plazo. Identificación de las características tipológicas de los alumnos de alto y bajo rendimiento escolar, que presentan discrepancia entre rendimiento e inteligencia global y aptitudes escolares básicas. 1658 sujetos (699 varones y 959 mujeres) estudiantes de BUP y COU. Población: estudiantes de BUP y COU de la región asturiana de centros. Diseño experimental con medidas repetidas. Variables intervinientes: rasgos de personalidad; rendimientos académicos. Variables moduladoras: factor g de inteligencia; factores aptitudinales escolares (verbales, razonamiento, cálculo). Variables circunstanciales: sexo; edad (15, 16, 17, 18 años). Cuestionario factorial de personalidad 16pf, de R.B. Cattell, adaptado por TEA, Madrid, 1975. Para medir los rasgos de personalidad. Formas A y B. Resultados obtenidos en la segunda y última evaluación de los estudiantes de BUP y COU. Test de factor G. de C.B. Cattell y A.S. Cattell, TEA, 1977. Tea tres de L.L. Thurstone y Th. G. Thurstone, TEA, 1974 para medir las aptitudes escolares. Mediante los procesos analizados se llega la formulación de 16 tipos modales multivariados en base a la combinatoria de cuatro factores secundarios de personalidad, obtenidos previamente de variables primarias de personalidad. Los factores secundarios obtenidos son: ansiedad, extraversión, socialización controlada e independencia. Se han obtenido independientemente de la edad y sexo, aunque en razón de éstos el peso de las variables composicionales es mayor o menor. Todas las variables primarias de personalidad están presentes en cada uno de los tipos, pero con distinto peso y con signo positivo o negativo. Los 16 tipos se encuentran distribuidos en todos y cada uno de los niveles de población estudiada, aunque algunos tipos son más frecuentes que otros. Referente a la incidencia de los tipos de personalidad sobre el rendimiento académico destaca que en todos los cursos y sexos estudiados hay una coincidencia en considerar como tipos favorecedores del rendimiento los caracterizados por la introversión y la sociabilidad controlada (tipos G y P) y como tipos no favorecedores de un buen rendimiento a los caracterizados por la extraversión y la no sociabilidad controlada (tipos D y L). En el curso de mayor edad de sexo femenino aparece el factor independencia como de mayor peso positivo en el rendimiento que el factor sociabilidad controlada.

La satisfacción del profesorado de Educación General Básica en Vizcaya.

No constan. 3 directores de centro. 3 maestros 'tipo'. 83 maestros. Variable dependiente: satisfacción del profesorado. Variables independientes: variables primarias: sexo, edad, estado civil, origen, años de residencia. Experiencia pedagógica: donde estudió magisterio, año en que acabó, años de experiencia, años en el centro, curso tutoría, posición profesional. Titulación. Pertenencia política. Status social: nivel de estudios del padre, profesión del padre, trabajo del otro cónyuge. Entrevista. Porcentajes. Cuadros. Análisis factorial. Las causas de la insatisfacción son: factor organización: alumnado: desinteresados por el aprendizaje escolar. Padres: colaboran muy poco con la labor educativa. Material: escaso y en malas condiciones. Ambiente y relaciones con el profesorado: los profesores no trabajan en equipo. Funcionamiento interno: poca participación en la organización del centro. Factor política educativa: baja calidad de la enseñanza. Pedagogía tradicional y falta de reciclaje. Escuela desarraigada del entorno. Factor socio-político. Escasa valoración social de la profesión. Primacía del interés político sobre el educativo. Factor económico: remuneración insuficiente. Independientemente de las variables analizadas y exceptuando el caso de la vinculación política de la izquierda abertzale, el factor que más influye en el grado de insatisfacción del profesorado estudiado es el factor organizacional. Parece ineludible un nuevo planteamiento económico, por un lado y, político por otro.

Pautas de evaluación y calificación : relación entre calificaciones y pruebas objetivas en Enseñanzas Medias.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el análisis de la relación existente entre las calificaciones y las pruebas objetivas. Al mismo tiempo se pretende determinar el grado de relación de las calificaciones con las aptitudes. La muestra utilizada fue de 11.844 alumnos que cursaban primer curso de FP, BUP o Enseñanza Experimental en el curso 1985-86, y fue extraída sobre la población escolar a cargo del MEC. Este estudio correlacional analiza las relaciones existentes entre las siguientes variables: calificaciones que los alumnos dicen obtener al finalizar octavo de EGB en las siguientes materias: Lengua, Matemáticas, Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Sociales, Idioma extranjero y una nota global. Resultados en las pruebas objetivas de Ortografía, Comprensión lectora, Matemáticas-cálculo y Matemáticas-aplicaciones. Medida de las pruebas de aptitud verbal, numérica, espacial y de razonamiento. Variables primarias: sexo, tipo de estudios, estudios terminados, tipo de centro, estudios del padre, etc.... Calificaciones escolares. Pruebas objetivas. Pruebas aptitudinales: DAT-MR. Test de aptitud espacial. Batería TEA. Calificaciones, pruebas objetivas y aptitudinales constituyen realidades diferentes. Existe mayor correlación entre las pruebas objetivas y las pruebas aptitudinales que entre las calificaciones y las pruebas objetivas o las calificaciones y las aptitudes. El rendimiento general está escasamente relacionado con el dominio en el campo matemático-numérico y con el dominio en el campo verbal-lingüístico. Las variables primarias actúan como variables moduladoras-diferenciadoras de las calificaciones, pruebas objetivas y las pruebas aptitudinales. Existen, dentro del colectivo general de la muestra, tipos de alumnos que presentan características propias y distintas. La relación estadística entre calificaciones, pruebas objetivas y aptitudes escolares es muy pequeña, lo cual, unido al hecho de que existe mayor relación entre pruebas objetivas y pruebas aptitudinales, permite concluir que las calificaciones constituyen una realidad educativa distinta a las pruebas objetivas.

Relación de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeño de la administración de las IPS hospitalarias de II y III nivel de complejidad de la ciudad de Manizales.

El liderazgo ha sido sujeto de varios estudios, confrontaciones y equivocaciones que lo han conllevado a múltiples y subjetivas interpretaciones y por consiguiente disparidad de actuaciones, siendo el sector salud no ajeno a esta situación. Sin embargo, no se discute la importancia que este conlleva en el actuar a nivel laboral y su influencia y/o relación con los resultados y objetivos organizacionales. Es por ello que esta investigación de corte cuantitativo se diseñó para identificar la relación de los estilos de liderazgo y el desempeño administrativo, siendo enfocado principalmente en los altos y medios directivos pues son estos los responsables de la obtención y mantenimiento de óptimos resultados para la sostenibilidad empresarial. Con el objetivo de identificar la relación específica de los estilos de liderazgo con el desempeño administrativo, el presente estudio se acogió a los indicadores de desempeño definidos por Bass y Avolio (Esfuerzo Extra, Satisfacción y Eficacia del Líder) aplicando por consiguiente el cuestionario Multifactorial de Liderazgo (MLQ) adaptado por Vega, Villa & Zavala, Villalón, siendo éste no solo uno de los instrumentos mas utilizados y estandarizados para el estudio del liderazgo, sino que también permite analizar la frecuencia de su uso, la primacía de cada estilo de liderazgo y especialmente y con objeto del presente estudio, la identificación subyacente del estilo de liderazgo de Rango Completo o Total. El presente cuestionario fue aplicada de forma presencial a los Gerentes Generales, Directores Médicos, Directores Científicos, Directores Administrativos y principales personas a cargo de las IPS hospitalarias de II y III nivel de complejidad de la ciudad de Manizales. En un principio se encontró que el estilo de liderazgo como variable principal mas utilizado por los altos y medios directivos de las IPS hospitalarias de II y III nivel de complejidad de la ciudad de Manizales es el Transformacional, seguido por el Pasivo Evasivo con su comportamiento Dirección por Excepción Activa y por último el Liderazgo Transaccional. Sin embargo no se encontró relación alguna entre los estilos de liderazgo como variables primarias con los indicadores de desempeño, comprobando por último que el Liderazgo de Rango Completo o Total es el estilo de liderazgo que tiene relación directa y positiva con los indicadores de desempeño Esfuerzo Extra, Satisfacción y Eficacia del Líder. Lo anterior permitió no solo apoyar la premisa relacionada con la importancia del liderazgo en toda organización, sino también considerar la importancia de ampliar el estudio incluyendo factores de causalidad que han determinado e influido en la aparición del los estilos de liderazgo.

Competência e desempenho nas habilidades primarias: um estudo a luz dos determinantes socio-econômicos

Este trabalho, pretende ser uma contribuição, no sentido de aguçar as atenções despertadas na área do desenvolvimento cognitivo do pré-escolar, para que não se desviem do grave problema há muito instalado na nossa sociedade: as dificuldades nos primeiros anos escolares da população procedente da classe baixa. O desempenho neste período, é um dos fatores determinantes no futuro acadêmico. Portanto, faz-se necessário que a compreensão do ambiente social se torne definida, permitindo planejar medidas de intervenção, que resultem em promoção social, especialmente para as classes e grupos carentes. As preocupações mencionadas, orientaram os esforços deste estudo, afim de se entender as variações intelectuais em função do nível socioeconômico de pré-escolares, assim como, as possíveis interrelações entre essas variáveis. Partindo-se de uma sucinta análise através de uma breve revisão das principais concepções da inteligência, buscou-se interpretar e relacionar essas contribuições e suas consequências em nível pragmático. Destaque marcante atribuiu-se aos estudos de AF inspirados no instrumental de D. Wechsler, enfatizando-se a avaliação dos fatores mais comumente encontrados. O aspecto central do trabalho é representado por uma pesquisa instrumentada através do WISC e de um questionário sôcio-econômico. A Análise Fatorial (AF) dos dados coletados, levou a detectar 4 fatores, cuja interpretação constituiu um tema paralelo deste trabalho.

Formación y pérdida de capital social comunitario mapuche: cultura, clientelismo y empoderamiento en dos comunidades, 1999-2002

Incluye Bibliografía

[impact Variables On The Decline In Infant Mortality In The State Of São Paulo, Brazil: 1998-2008].

This is an ecological, analytical and retrospective study comprising the 645 municipalities in the State of São Paulo, the scope of which was to determine the relationship between socioeconomic, demographic variables and the model of care in relation to infant mortality rates in the period from 1998 to 2008. The ratio of average annual change for each indicator per stratum coverage was calculated. Infant mortality was analyzed according to the model for repeated measures over time, adjusted for the following correction variables: the city's population, proportion of Family Health Programs (PSFs) deployed, proportion of Growth Acceleration Programs (PACs) deployed, per capita GDP and SPSRI (São Paulo social responsibility index). The analysis was performed by generalized linear models, considering the gamma distribution. Multiple comparisons were performed with the likelihood ratio with chi-square approximate distribution, considering a significance level of 5%. There was a decrease in infant mortality over the years (p < 0.05), with no significant difference from 2004 to 2008 (p > 0.05). The proportion of PSFs deployed (p < 0.0001) and per capita GDP (p < 0.0001) were significant in the model. The decline of infant mortality in this period was influenced by the growth of per capita GDP and PSFs.

Variables Associated With The Performance Of Centers For Dental Specialties In Brazil.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Centers for Dental Specialties (CDS) in the country and associations with sociodemographic indicators of the municipalities, structural variables of services and primary health care organization in the years 2004-2009. The study used secondary data from procedures performed in the CDS to the specialties of periodontics, endodontics, surgery and primary care. Bivariate analysis by χ2 test was used to test the association between the dependent variable (performance of the CDS) with the independents. Then, Poisson regression analysis was performed. With regard to the overall achievement of targets, it was observed that the majority of CDS (69.25%) performance was considered poor/regular. The independent factors associated with poor/regular performance of CDS were: municipalities belonging to the Northeast, South and Southeast regions, with lower Human Development Index (HDI), lower population density, and reduced time to deployment. HDI and population density are important for the performance of the CDS in Brazil. Similarly, the peculiarities related to less populated areas as well as regional location and time of service implementation CDS should be taken into account in the planning of these services.

Sexual dysfunction in epilepsy: identifying the psychological variables

In order to evaluate the psychological variables that affect sexual dysfunction (SD) in epilepsy, where compared 60 epileptics (Group 1) with 60 healthy individuals (Group 2), through the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1970), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, 1974) and Sexual Behavior Interview (Souza, 1995). Sexual dysfunction (SD), anxiety and depression were found more frequently in Group 1 than in Group 2 and were not related to sex. Variables such as the onset duration and frequency of seizures as well as the use to medication were not associated with SD. Temporal lobe epilepsy was related to SD (p = 0.035) but not to anxiety or depression. Anxiety and depression were related to SD in both groups. Perception in controlling the seizures was closely related to anxiety (p = 0) and depression (p = 0.009). We conclude that psychological factors play an important role in the alteration of sexual behavior in epileptics and that suitable attention must be given to the control of these variables.

Identification of family variables in parents' groups of children with epilepsy

OBJECTIVE: To verify the effectiveness of the support group in the identification of family variables linked to epilepsy. METHOD: Pre-test were applied to parents of 21 children with benign epilepsy of childhood recently diagnosed, from 5 to 15 years, who participated in the groups at HC/Unicamp. There was a presentation of an educational video, discussion and application of the post-test 1. After six months, the post-test 2 was applied. RESULTS: The beliefs were: fear of swallowing the tongue during the seizures (76.19%) and of a future mental disease (66.67%). Facing the epilepsy, fear and sadness appeared. 76.19% of the parents presented overprotection and 90.48%, expected a new seizure. In the post-test 1, the parents affirmed that the information offered had modified the beliefs. In the post-test 2, 80.95% didn't report great doubts about epilepsy and 90.48% considered their relationship with their children better. CONCLUSIONS: The demystification of beliefs supplied from the groups influenced the family positively, prevented behavior alterations and guaranteed effective care in the attendance to the child with epilepsy.

Analysis of the effects of conical indentation variables on the indentation response of elastic-plastic materials through factorial design of experiment

In this work, the effects of conical indentation variables on the load-depth indentation curves were analyzed using finite element modeling and dimensional analysis. A factorial design 2(6) was used with the aim of quantifying the effects of the mechanical properties of the indented material and of the indenter geometry. Analysis was based on the input variables Y/E, R/h(max), n, theta, E, and h(max). The dimensional variables E and h(max) were used such that each value of dimensionless Y/E was obtained with two different values of E and each value of dimensionless R/h(max) was obtained with two different h(max) values. A set of dimensionless functions was defined to analyze the effect of the input variables: Pi(1) = P(1)/Eh(2), Pi(2) = h(c)/h, Pi(3) = H/Y, Pi(4) = S/Eh(max), Pi(6) = h(max)/h(f) and Pi(7) = W(P)/W(T). These six functions were found to depend only on the dimensionless variables studied (Y/E, R/h(max), n, theta). Another dimension less function, Pi(5) = beta, was not well defined for most of the dimensionless variables and the only variable that provided a significant effect on beta was theta. However, beta showed a strong dependence on the fraction of the data selected to fit the unloading curve, which means that beta is especially Susceptible to the error in the Calculation of the initial unloading slope.

Depressive symptoms in old age: relations among sociodemographic and self-reported health variables

Background: Depression in old age is a complex multifactorial phenomenon that is influenced by several biopsychosocial variables. Depressive symptoms are associated with the presence of chronic diseases, with being female, with low education and low income levels, and with poor perceived health assessment. In impoverished areas, older adults may have more physical disability, as they may have less access to health services. Therefore, they may be more likely to report depressive symptoms. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional research was undertaken using data from the FIBRA study conducted in Ermelino Matarazzo, a poor subdistrict of the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The participants comprised 303 elderly people, aged 65 years and over, who attended a single-session data collection effort carried out at community centers. The protocol comprised sociodemographic and self-reported health variables, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: The majority of the subjects reported five or fewer symptoms of depression (79.21%), reported one or two self-reported chronic diseases (56.86%), declared themselves to have one or two self-reported health problems (46.15%), and had good perceived health assessment (40.27%). The presence of depressive symptoms was associated with a higher number of self-reported health problems, poor perceived health assessment, and lower schooling levels, in the total sample and in analyses including men only. For women, depressive symptoms were associated with the number of self-reported health problems and family income. Conclusion: The presence of health problems, such as falls and memory problems, lower perceived health, and low education (and low family income for women) were associated with a higher presence of depressive symptoms among elderly people in this poor area of Sao Paulo.

An exploratory analysis of relationships between socioeconomic, land use, activity participation variables and travel patterns

This paper aims to find relations between the socioeconomic characteristics, activity participation, land use patterns and travel behavior of the residents in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA) by using Exploratory Multivariate Data Analysis (EMDA) techniques. The variables influencing travel pattern choices are investigated using: (a) Cluster Analysis (CA), grouping and characterizing the Traffic Zones (17), proposing the independent variable called Origin Cluster and, (b) Decision Tree (DT) to find a priori unknown relations among socioeconomic characteristics, land use attributes of the origin TZ and destination choices. The analysis was based on the origin-destination home-interview survey carried out in SPMA in 1997. The DT application revealed the variables of greatest influence on the travel pattern choice. The most important independent variable considered by DT is car ownership, followed by the Use of Transportation ""credits"" for Transit tariff, and, finally, activity participation variables and Origin Cluster. With these results, it was possible to analyze the influence of a family income, car ownership, position of the individual in the family, use of transportation ""credits"" for transit tariff (mainly for travel mode sequence choice), activities participation (activity sequence choice) and Origin Cluster (destination/travel distance choice). (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Approximate algorithms for credal networks with binary variables

This paper presents a family of algorithms for approximate inference in credal networks (that is, models based on directed acyclic graphs and set-valued probabilities) that contain only binary variables. Such networks can represent incomplete or vague beliefs, lack of data, and disagreements among experts; they can also encode models based on belief functions and possibilistic measures. All algorithms for approximate inference in this paper rely on exact inferences in credal networks based on polytrees with binary variables, as these inferences have polynomial complexity. We are inspired by approximate algorithms for Bayesian networks; thus the Loopy 2U algorithm resembles Loopy Belief Propagation, while the Iterated Partial Evaluation and Structured Variational 2U algorithms are, respectively, based on Localized Partial Evaluation and variational techniques. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.