Tietosuoja portaaleissa : Rekisterinpitäjän velvollisuudet ja toimeksiantajan vastuu

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan tietosuojalainsäädännön perusteella portaaliympäristössä henkilörekistereitä pitävälle yritykselle muodostuvaa vastuuta. Siis millaisia olennaisia erityispiirteitä portaalia suunniteltaessa, toteutettaessa ja käytettäessä on huomioitava sekä miten toiminta on järjestettävä, jotta rekisterinpitäjän voidaan katsoa toimivan tietosuojan osalta lainmukaisesti. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan myös rekisterinpitäjän velvollisuutta sopimuksin määrätä ja muutoin ohjeistaa rekisterinpitäjän lukuun toimivien yrityksien toimintaa. Lähestymistapa tutkielmassa on ongelmakeskeistä lainoppia, jossa tarkasteltava tutkimusongelma on juridis-liiketoiminnallis-tekninen. Lähestymistapa edustaa myös ennakoivaa oikeustiedettä ja sen lähtökohtana on että portaalien tietosuojan suunnittelulla, toteutuksella ja sopimuksin voidaan ennakoivasti välttää tietosuojaongelmia, laiminlyöntejä sekä niiden seurauksia. Tutkielma yksinkertaistaa ja havainnollistaa portaalista vastaavan rekisterinpitäjän vastuuta tietosuojasta. Tuotoksena esitetään portaalitoiminnassa sovellettavia yleisohjeita portaalien tietosuojan suunnitteluun, toteutukseen ja sopimusjärjestelyihin. Tutkielman tuotoksista on myös laadittu tiivistelmä, joka on julkaistu tietosuojavaltuutetun toimiston ohjeistuksena rekisterinpitäjille (liite 1).

Tiede ja tutkijan sosiaalinen vastuu : Joseph Ben-Davidin, Roger Sperryn ja Knut Erik Tranøyn käsitykset tieteestä ja tutkijan sosiaalisesta vastuusta

Science and the Scientist's Social Responsibility. Joseph Ben-David's, Roger Sperry's and Knut Erik Tranøy's Views of Science and the Scientist's Social Responsibility The aim of the study was to investigate, whether or not there is any connection between Jewish sociologist Joseph Ben-David's, American neuroscientist Roger Sperry's and Norwegian philosopher Knut Erik Tranøy's views of science and views of the scientist's social responsibility. The sources of information were their writings concerning this topic. Ben-David has a classical view of science. He thinks that the Mertonian norms of scientific activity, first written in 1942, are still valid in modern science. With the help of these norms Ben-David defends the view that science is morally neutral. Ben-David thinks that a scientist has a limited social responsibility. A scientist only reports on the new results, but he is not responsible for applying the results. In any case Ben-David's ideas are no longer valid. Sperry has a scientistic view of science. According to Sperry, science is the source of moral norms and also the best guide for moral action. The methods of natural sciences "show" how to solve moral problems. A scientist's personal views of science and social responsibility are not important. However Sperry's view is very problematic on the ethical side. Tranøy stresses the scientist's social responsibility. A scientist has common norms with the society from with he or she comes. This is why a scientist has the right, and also the responsibility, to discuss social and ethical questions between science and society. Tranøy's view has some ethical and practical problems, but it is valid in principle. Finally, Ben-David's, Sperry's and Tranøy's views of both science and the scientist's social responsibility have a connection: the view of science corresponds to the certain view of scientist's social responsibility. The result of this study is: Ben-David's, Sperry's and Tranøy's view of science have an ethical starting point as its fundamental presupposition, which include certain views of scientific knowledge, good and the scientist's ethical responsibilities. The connection between Ben-David's, Sperry's and Tranøy's views of science and views of the scientist's social responsibility means that their views of epistemology, meta-ethics and the scientist's ethical responsibilities have a connection to their views of the scientist's social responsibility. The results of this study can help the scientific community to organize the social responsibility of a scientist and deepen the conversation concerning the scientist's social responsibility.

Suomalaisten yritysten vapaaehtoinen sosiaalinen vastuu : Sidosryhmäviitekehys yritysten ja ulkoisten sidosryhmien edustajien näkemyksissä

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is no longer only an issue of companies but a concern shared by e.g. the European Union, the International Labour Organization, labour market organizations and many others. This thesis examines what kind of voluntary corporate social responsibility exceeding the minimum level set in the legislation can be expected from the Finnish companies. The research was based on the interviews of some representatives of Finnish companies and of external stakeholders. Earlier Finnish empirical research on the topic has solely analysed the stakeholder thinking and the ethics of the views of the company representatives. The views of the external stakeholders brought ht up a much more versatile perspective on the voluntary corporate social responsibility of the companies. That is the particular surplus value of this research. This research, founded on stakeholder thinking, evaluated what kind of starting points and ideas on responsibility the views of the representatives of the companies and the external stakeholders were based on the voluntary social responsibility. Furthermore, the research also investigated how their views about the corporate social responsibility indicated the benefits achieved on the cooperative actions with different partners - for example companies, communities and public administration. To fulfil the aims of the research, the following questions were used as part tasks in mapping the basic foundations and starting points expressed by the representatives of the companies and the external stakeholders: 1) How do laws, directions concerning social responsibility of companies, and opinions and demands of the stakeholders guide and affect the voluntary corporate social responsibility? 2) How can companies assume voluntary corporate social responsibility in addition to their core functions and without compromising their profitability, and how does, for example, the tightening competition affect the possibility of taking responsibility? 3) What kind of ethic and moral foundations is the corporate social responsibility based on? 4) What kind of roles can companies have in securing and promoting the well-being of citizens in Finland and on the global market as one subsystem of the society? The views on the voluntary corporate social responsibility of nine big companies, one medium-sized company and one small company, all considered responsible pioneer companies, were studied with surveys and half-structured theme interviews between 2003 and 2004. The research proceeded as a theory-bounded study. The empirical material and the previous stakeholder thinking theories (Takala 2000b, Vehkaperä 2003) guided the thesis and worked abductively in interplay with each other during the research process. (Tuomi, Sarajärvi 2002.) The aims and the methods of the research and the themes of the interviews were defined on the basis of that information. The aims of the research were surveyed qualitatively with the strategy of a multiple case study. Representatives from nine big peer companies and nine external stakeholders were interviewed with half-structured themes between 2004 and 2005. The external stakeholders and the peer companies were chosen with the "thinking" of theoretical replication by Yin, according to which the views of the representatives of those groups would differ from those of the pioneer companies and also from those of each others. The multiple case study supports analysing the internal cohesion of the views of different groups and comparing their differences, and it supports theoretical evaluation and theory-building as well. (Yin 2003.) Another reason for choosing the external stakeholders was their known cooperation with companies. The spoken argumentations of the company and stakeholder representatives on the voluntary social responsibility of the companies were analysed and interpreted in the first place with an analytic discourse analysis, and the argumentations were classified allusively into the stakeholder discourses in three of the part tasks. In the discourse analysis, argumentations of the speech is seen to be intervowen with cultural meanings. (Jokinen, Juhila 1999.) The views of the representatives of the pioneer companies and the external stakeholders were more stakeholder-orientated than the views of the representatives of the peer companies. For the most part, the voluntary corporate social responsibility was seemingly targeted on single, small cooperation projects of the companies and external stakeholders. The pioneer companies had more of those projects, and they were participating in the projects more actively than the peer companies were. The significant result in this research was the notion that, in particular, the representatives of the pioneer companies and external stakeholders did not consider employing and paying taxes to be enough of reciprocal corporate social responsibility. However, they still wanted to preserve the Finnish welfare model, and the interviewees did not wish major changes in the present legislation or the social agreements. According to this study, the voluntary corporate social responsibility is motivated by ethical utilitarianism which varied from very narrow to very wide in relation to benefits achieved by companies and stakeholders (Velasquez 2002, Lagerspetz 2004). Compared with the peer companies, more of the representatives of the pioneer companies and of external stakeholders estimated that companies in their decision-making and operations considered not only the advantages and the benefits of the owners and other internal stakeholders, but also those of the external stakeholders and of the whole society. However, all interviewees expressed more or less strongly that the economic responsibility guides the voluntary responsible actions of the companies in the first place. This kind of utilitarian foundation of behaviour appeared from this research was named as business-orientated company moral. This thesis also presents a new voluntary corporate social responsibility model with four variables on the stakeholder discourses and their distinctive characteristics. The utilitarian motivation of a company s behaviour on their operations has been criticized on the grounds that the end justifies the means. It has also been stated that it is impossible to evaluate the benefits of the utilitarian type of actions to the individuals and the society. It is expected however that companies for their part promote the material and immaterial well-being of the individuals on the global, national and local markets. The expectations are so strong that if companies do not take into account the ethical and moral values, they can possibly suffer significant financial losses. All stakeholders, especially consumers, can with their own choices promote the responsible behaviour of the companies. Key words: voluntary corporate social responsibility, external stakeholders, corporate citizenship, ethics and morality, utilitarianism, stakeholder discourses, welfare society, globalisation

Pour une éthique du traducteur poéticien

This doctoral thesis starts with a comprehensive introduction seeking to anchor the problematics of the ethics of the poetician translator (a translator of literary and similar texts) in a theoretical framework drawing on moral philosophy. This introductory section is followed by six published papers (four journal articles and two papers from conference proceedings), forming the main body of the thesis, which progressively develop a possible application of this theoretical framework. Starting from the acknowledgement that one of the ethical stakes in translation is constructed around the relation to the foreign and to the other , the translation process is scrutinized through the prism of the philosophies of Dialogue , focusing on how the translating actors relate to their task. The central notions around which philosophies of Dialogue are built are introduced and applied to translation. The question of intersubjective relations, addressed from a philosophical perspective, is developed with the help of the works of Martin Buber, Gabriel Marcel, Emmanuel Levinas and Paul Ric ur. The introductory section presents and explicates the thought of each of these philosophers and extracts the concepts that are then developed in the articles and conference papers collected here. Each paper concentrates on the notions of one of the philosophers referred to above and places these notions in perspective with other philosophies of Dialogue. All the papers contribute to explicating the relationship between the multiple philosophical notions that address the problematics of alterity and the condition of the translator. The work as a whole leads to the idea that the task of the poetician translator is not only to translate a text properly but above all to rouse and increase the desire of linguistic communities to live together.

Uskonto ilman uskontoa : Radikaalin postmodernin uskonnonfilosofian haaste

Religion without religion. The challenge of radical postmodern philosophy of religion. The aim of this study is to examine the central ideas of Mark C. Taylor, Don Cupitt, and Grace Jantzen on the subject of the philosophy of religion. The method is a qualitative, systematic analysis of the works of the aforementioned philosophers. The purpose is to present, analyze, identify, find connections, and to gain an understanding of the original texts. This thesis shows that radical postmodern religion is “religion without religion”. God is “dead” and the concept of God is seen as “writing”, an ideal, a relationship of meanings or a language. In ethics, there are no objective values or principles. People must create their own morality. Reality is each person´s concept of reality. Language is universal in that language and reality cannot be considered separately. The human subject is contingent and formed in the linguistic and social context. According to postmodern feminism, the ideas that men present as facts are often degrading to women, distort reality and support the power of men. For this reason, we should create a new kind of philosophy of religion and a new language that takes women into consideration. Finally, we will study some philosophers, who have used postmodern ideas in a more moderate manner. In this way, we will look for a balanced solution between modernism and postmodernism. This study shows that the postmodern idea of religion is very different from classical Christianity. Ethics becomes subjective, anarchistic and nihilistic. Epistemology is relativistic and the human being becomes the measure of all things. Objective reality becomes blurry. Language is seen to be game-like, and it has no relation to reality. The moral responsibility of a subject becomes problematic. Science and rationality come into question without the permanent core provided by our consciousness. Women are not in an epistemologically privileged position. The truth claims by either men or women must each be evaluated one at a time. Many postmodern ideas can successfully be made of use if used in moderate manner.

Vanhoillislestadiolaisuuden modernisaatioprosessi : näkökulmia yhteiskunnan muutokseen ja yksilöllisyyden käsittelyyn Alajärven vanhoillislestadiolaisuuden kautta

Tutkielma käsittelee vanhoillislestadiolaisen herätysliikkeen suhteutumista yhteiskunnan modernisaatioprosessiin nälkävuosista 2000-luvulle. Aihepiiriä tarkastellaan lähinnä Etelä-pohjanmaan itäosissa Järviseudulla sijaitsevan Alajärven kunnan alueesta käsin. Alajärven puitteissa käsitellään myös lestadiolaisuuden laajempaa kontekstia sekä sen suhteutumista Suomen historiaan ja yhteiskunnan rakenteisiin ja niiden muutoksiin. Yksilön, joukkoliikkeen ja yhteiskunnan suhteita ja merkityksiä avataan tutkielmassa psykohistoriallisten teorioiden kautta. Historiallista muutosta jäsennetään puolestaan modernisaation määrittelyillä. Tutkielman lähdemateriaali perustuu arkistoaineistoon, jossa keskeisessä osassa ovat Alajärven seurakunnan arkisto, sekä Alajärven rauhanyhdistyksen arkisto. Myös herätysliikkeen lehtiä ja muistitietoa käytetään lähdemateriaalina. Lestadiolaisuus saapui Alajärvelle suurten nälkävuosien jälkeen 1870-luvulla. Liikkeen saapumisvaihe voidaan käsittää osana laajempaa yhteiskunnallista muutosta, jossa yksilön kasvava vastuu esimerkiksi rahatalouden muodossa muutti yksilön asemaa ja minuuden rakentumisen ehtoja. Herätysliikkeen ensimmäiset saarnamiehet näyttäytyvät lähteissä murrosprosessin eläjiksi. Lestadiolaisten saarnamiesten nimiä löytyy varsin paljon esimerkiksi kirkkokurinalaisten luettelosta, erilaisista siveellisyysrikkomuksista syytettynä. Lestadiolaisuuden leviäminen liittyy läheisesti myös siirtolaisuuteen. Lestadiolaisuuteen liittyy varhaisvaiheista lähtien niin sanotut liikutukset, jotka voidaan tulkita minäintegraation katoamiseksi ja tiedostamattomien hahmojen nousemiseksi hallitsemaan käyttäytymistä uskonnollisen, olemassaolon ahdistusta symboloivan, puheen seurauksena. Uuden vuosisadan alkupuoliskolla lestadiolaisuus loi asemansa seudun suurimpana hengellisenä liikkeenä ja ylipäätään suurimpana joukkoliikkeenä. Joukkoliikkeellä oli minuuden ja maailman suhteita jäsentävä rooli, ja siihen sulautuminen koettiin usein paluuna turvallisen seurakuntaäidin helmaan. Metaforat voidaan tulkita psykohistoriallisesti paluuna varhaislapsuuden menetettyyn tai saavuttamattomaan asetelmaan. Vanhoillislestadiolaisuus paalutti vuosisadan alkupuoliskolla arvomaailmansa voimakkaasti valkoisen Suomen arvomaailmaan ja ihanteisiin. Toisen maailmansodan jälkeinen yhteiskuntarakenteen nopea muutos maatalousvaltaisesta kunnasta palvelu- ja teollisuusvetoiseksi yhteiskunnaksi, sekä yleinen muuttoliike maalta kohti suurempia keskuksia aiheuttivat suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa laajan kulttuuri- arvo ja elämäntapamurroksen. Tämä murros näkyy vanhoillislestadiolaisessa herätysliikkeessä kriisitilana, jonka alkusysäys oli liikkeen sivistysporvariston erkaantuminen herätysliikkeestä etenkin suuremmissa kaupungeissa 1960-luvun alussa. Alajärvellä varsinaista hajaantumista ei tapahtunut, mutta yhteiskunnan muuttuminen heijastui voimakkaasti vanhoillislestadiolaiseen kulttuuriin ja vanhoillislestadiolaisuus kääntyi voimakkaasti sisäänpäin modernisaation elementtien levitessä laajemmin liikkeen agraarisille ydinalueille 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla. Tästä kumpuaa liikkeessä voimakas kuohunta, jossa uskonnollinen todellisuus ja pahuuden lohkominen "maailmaan" nousevat keskeiseen asemaan. Henkilöitä, jotka eivät jakaneet ryhmän yhteisiä ihanteita ja kokemuksia pyrittiin saamaan kuriin niin sanotuissa hoitokokouksissa. Yksimielisyys ja "yhteinen rakkaus" suhteessa kollektiiviin on keskeinen piirre vanhoillislestadiolaisen liikkeen itsemäärittelyissä 1970-luvulla. Alajärven suurimman hengellisen liikkeen jäsenmäärä kääntyy laskuun 2000-luvun alussa. Kasvun pysähtyminen selittyy pitkälti yleisellä muuttoliikkeellä jonka myötä vanhoillislestadiolaisuuden painopiste on siirtynyt kohti Etelä-Suomea ja suurien kaupunkien ympäristöön. Postmoderni kulttuuri on asettanut vanhoillislestadiolaisen herätysliikkeen uudenlaiseen asemaan. Yksilön vapauden ja individualismin korostuksissa traditionaalinen liikkeen sisällä on heränneet kysymykset etenkin yhteisön roolista yksilön suhteellisen toimintavapauden määrittelijänä. Vanhoillislestadiolainen joukkoliike kantaa vielä 2000-luvullakin merkityssisältöjä, joissa yksilö ikään kuin uhrautuu yhteisön hyväksi ja kannattelee kollektiivisia rakenteita.

Onko varhaisen tuen päiväkoti mahdollinen? : Tutkimus varhaiskasvatuksen yhteisöllisestä kehittämisestä

Is the early childhood day care facility possible? The research considering communal development of the early education. In Finland mothers and fathers look after 400 000 pre-school children. Half of these attend day care facilities, in which 50 000 staff are employed. The aim of this research is to develop co-operation practices within the day care centre. This research refines and expands my own interest in and knowledge of day care management and content development. The basis of the research draws upon ethnographic material covering the period 1999–2005. The day care centre chosen as a central informant was the first suburban centre founded in 1963, and it provided a rich local and welfare state research perspective. It became clear that the day care facility’s co-operation practices formed the basis of bringing up children and at the same time produced a new multi-operational and multi-layered community for child participation. Adult day care centre workers bringing up the children as a professional work and solutions defining the conditions for the work are expressed in a child’s upbringing. This obviously has an impact in where as the development of communities. From the human and community scientific point of view, the group of youngest children will take up a future position as key players in communities as essential actors and reformers. The research was carried out as multiphase and multiscientific practical research and iterative data formation. The results verified that the co-operation between parents and day care staff produces important benefits for all the stakeholders. However, the day care staff has difficulties in implementing the benefits. During the research process, it became clear that conceptually day care staff saw the practices as ”very important, but not easily realised in practice”. As a result this demanded further research to address this issue and to extend this to the carefacility’s co-operation practises and their communal and social conditions. The research looks at the carefacility’s co-operation with key stakeholders. At the same time it undertakes an analytical and historical examination of carefacilitys’s with an experimental focus as two day care centres chosen as experimental objects. The results of the research showed that the benefits gained by children were determined by the day care centre’s socio-political structure and the parent’s resources. The research framework categorised early childhood education as generational and gender based structures. As part of the research, the strains endemic to these formations have been examined. The system for bringing up children was created as part of a so called welfare state project by implemented by the Day Care Act in year 1973. The law secured the subjective right for every pre-school child to have access to day care facilities. The law also introduced a labour and sosiopolitical phase and the refinement of the day care facility’s education-care concept. The latest phase that started during the early 1990´s was called the market-based social services strategy. As a result of this phase, state support was limited and the screening function of the law was relaxed. This new strategy resulted in a divisive and bureaucratic social welfare system, that individualised and segregated children and their parents, leaving some families outside the communal and welfare state benefit net. The modern day care centre is a hybrid of different aims. Children spend longer and more irregular time in day care. The families are multicultural and that requires more training for the staff. The work in day care has been enhanced, for example he level of education for the staff has been lowered and productivity has been improved. However, administrative work and different kinds of support and net work functions together with the continuous change have taken over from the work done face to face with children. Staff experiences more pressure as the management and the work load has increased. Consequently the long-term planning and daily implementation of the nuclear task of the day care facility is difficult to control. This will have an effect on both motivation and manageability of the work. Overall quality of the early childhood upbringing has been weakened. The possibilities for the near future were tested in the two day care centres chosen as an experi-ment objects. The analysis of these experiments showed that generative interaction work will benefit everyone: children, parents and employees. The main results of the research are new concepts of an early support day care centre, which can be empirically and theoretically possi-ble for development the near future. Key words: Day care facility’s co-operation practises, early childhood education as generational structure, child’s multi-operational and multi-layered community, multi-subjective operator, generative interaction work, communal composition.

"Valehtelu ei auta, mutta kaikkea ei kannata kertoa." : Kertomatta jättäminen parisuhteen vuorovaikutuskontekstissa

Topic avoidance in romantic relationships has not been researched before in Finnish speech communication research, and this study was expected to increase the understanding of a phenomenon that acquires relatively dramatic attributes in everyday conversation. The aim of this study was to describe topic avoidance based on what was told in the interviews, and to describe the beliefs concerning functional or dysfunctional relational communication that can be interpreted from the interviewees' speech when they talk about topic avoidance. The theoretical reference frame of this study consists of the Communication Privacy Management Theory, relational dialectics, and earlier, mostly American research on topic avoidance. Ten Finnish people aged 22-31, who all had previous experience on one or more marital or common-law relationships were interviewed for this study. Additional material for the study was gathered from the interviewees by using the role playing method to describe interactional events where something essential is left unsaid in the context of romantic relationship. The following values were attributed to functional communication in romantic relationships: openness, equality, honesty, trust and positivity. The dialectical nature of the phenomenon being researched is evident in the way that along with openness, the interviewees talked about excessive openness that should occasionally be avoided in the context of relational communication by leaving things unsaid. Topic avoidance was seen both as a conscious strategic communication for managing privacy, and as an uncontrollable force of nature that at its worst destroys the relationship. When topic avoidance is seen as strategic communication, the choice concerning what is left unsaid is made by weighing the following dimensions asgainst each other: risks/ benefits (for self, relationship), protects/ does not protect (self, partner, relationship), burdens/ does not burden (self, partner, relationship), honesty/ dishonesty, responsibility lies with self/ responsibility does not lie with self. Topic avoidance was acceptable if it was used in order to preserve the relationship, as opposed to gaining power in the relationship or causing insecurity for the partner. The acceptability of topic avoidance varied according to whether it differed from lying or not. When the interviewees talk about topic avoidance, their speech can be interpreted to mean that in spite of uncontrollability, communicative choices can be made in relational communication and that skills concerning communication in romantic relationships can be learned.

Kestävä kehitys globaalin ajan hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan haasteena

The objective of the dissertation was to determine the concept of sustainable development according to current understanding and to analyze the structuration of sustainable daily life and how it varies between different groups. The present dissertation is both a literature-based theoretical study and data-based empirical research. The theoretical framework of the study was a greated model of the Structuration of Sustainability in Everyday Life. The model is based on a synthesis of Giddens Theory of Structuration (1984), Spaargaren JA van Vliet's Theory of Consumption as Social Practices (2000) and principles of sustainable development. According to the model created, sustainable everyday life is generated in a context of internal and external factors compromising the interests of ecosystems, society and business. The literature used in the thesis included international and national statements on sustainable development and research into sustainability and the transition to sustainable societies. The data were collected at Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. The discretionary sample consisted of students of social services (n = 210) and were collected using the semantic differential technique. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that the value placed on ecological, economic and social sustainability increased with age. Activity in non governmental organizations was associated with the acceptance of sustainable development as a whole and especially with global responsibility. Women's everyday life promoted sustainability more than men´s. People living in Helsinki had more sustainable ways of living than those living in the surrounding municipalities because of greater recycling and the low importance given to ownership. Prefering vegetarian food turned out to be a real opportunity for a more sustainable way of living because there were few barriers identified. Contradictory human behavior occurred when advanced sustainable consumer were ready to risk their health. The importance of communality was high and it was considered an aspect of health. The most significant obstacles to sustainable development in daily life were high costs, lack of knowledge and busyness. Similar attitudes towards sustainable development translate into different people´s behavior, which indicates complexities of the behaviour change in the context of sustainable development. The role of non governmental organizations is significant in increasing global responsibility. Education presents an opportunity to increase sustainability, but there are challenges to face from system thinking and in understanding entities in a state of transition towards sustainable everyday life. The responsibility of policy makers is paramount because high costs create a barrier to a sustainable way of living. The implementation of the concept of sustainable development should be focused on the planetary ethics which cover humans, animals, plants and ecosystems. Keywords: Sustainable development, sustainable thinking, behaviour change  

Musiikkioppilaitokset harrastajaksi kasvamisen näyttämönä

The Finnish instrumental education system is said to be one of the bests in the world. Finnish musicians have become famous and they have gained success all over the world. To produce professional musicians has been the main goal of the whole Finnish instrumental education system for a long time. This has meant that playing an instrument as a hobby has been neglected. The focus of this qualitative study is the culture of instrumental education from the view of amateuring. One of the goals is to describe the Finnish context where music lovers grow up and where they construct their identities. The other aim is to give answers to the question “How can we develop the culture of instrumental education to serve also the needs of amateurs?” The data of this study is narrative. It consists of the stories of five amateurs, who were in their thirties. In the analysis I’ve used two different types of analysis: the analysis of narratives and the content analysis. In the analysis of narratives the stories were seen as narrative identities. Because the main focus of this study is the culture of instrumental education, I used the qualitative content analysis to find out some themes or phenomena which should be improved from the view of amateuring. This study has shown that there are many ways to become a music lover. An essential factor in the construction of an identity of a music lover seems to be a society which values the amateuring. In this study music schools weren’t that kind of societies. The present study reveals that to construct the identities of music lovers should be one of the most important aims of the music education. This means for example that, in practice, instrumental studies could be more activating, there should be more music making in groups, and the evaluation should concentrate on the whole learning process.

Scrum-prosessimallin käyttöliittymäriskien minimointi simulointipohjaisella GDD-käyttöliittymäsuunnittelumenetelmällä

Scrum-prosessimalli jättää menettelyt ohjelmiston käyttöliittymän tuottamiseen auki ja käyttöliittymä syntyy pahimmillaan toimintolistan pohjalta ohjelmoinnin sivutuotteena. Näin syntynyt järjestelmä soveltuu suurella riskillä huonosti käyttötarkoitukseensa. Tässä tutkielmassa analysoitiin Scrum-prosessimallin käyttöliittymäriskikohtia, joita löytyi kolme: asiakkaan toivomat ominaisuudet päätyvät sellaisinaan ohjelmiston vaatimuksiksi, toimintolistan pohjalta syntyy käytettävyydeltään heikkoja käyttöliittymäratkaisuja ja käyttöliittymän arviointi sprintin katselmoinnissa tuottaa epäluotettavia tuloksia. Tutkielmassa käsitellään Scrum-prosessimallin käyttöliittymäriskien minimointia simulointipohjaisella GDD-käyttöliittymäsuunnittelulla. Riskien minimointia tarkastellaan esimerkkitapauksen avulla, jossa ohjelmistoyritys Reaktor toteutti ammattikorkeakoulun toiminnansuunnittelujärjestelmän vuosisuunnitteluosion. Esimerkkitapauksessa Scrumin käyttöliittymäriskit saatiin minimoitua selvittämällä loppukäyttäjien käyttötilanteet kontekstuaalisilla haastatteluilla, suunnittelemalla käyttöliittymä GDD-menetelmällä ja arvioimalla käyttöliittymää hyödyllisyysläpikäynneillä. Alkuperäisessä Scrumissa liiketoiminnallisesta kannattavuudesta vastaava tuotteen omistaja ja toteutustiimi ottavat vastuulleen myös käyttöliittymän toimintalogiikan. GDD:n myötä vastuu toimintalogiikasta siirretään käyttöliittymäsuunnittelijalle, jolloin Scrumin roolit muuttuvat. Tässä työssä käsitellään GDD-käyttöliittymäsuunnittelun tuomat muutokset Scrumin rooleihin ja käytäntöihin. Scrumin käyttöliittymäriskien minimoinnin jälkeen toteutusvaiheeseen jää vielä Scrumista riippumattomia käyttöliittymäriskejä. Tämän työn esimerkkitapauksessa keskeisin näistä oli käyttöliittymätoteutukseen päätyneet puutteelliset interaktiot. Riski eliminoitiin hyväksymismenettelyllä, jossa ohjelmoija antaa toteutetun ominaisuuden käyttöliittymäsuunnittelijalle tarkistettavaksi. Hyväksymismenettelyn avulla projektin työnjako selkiytyi, toteutustyön laatu parani ja toteutustiimin ja käyttöliittymäsuunnittelijoiden välinen kommunikaatio tehostui.

Syyttäjän asema esitutkinnassa

Suomessa esitutkintaa johtaa pääsääntöisesti poliisi lukuun ottamatta poliisin tekemäksi epäiltyjä rikoksia, joissa tutkinnanjohtajana on syyttäjä. Poliisin johtama esitutkinta ei ole kansainvälisesti tyypillisin tapa järjestää poliisi- ja syyttäjäviranomaisten välinen toimivallanjako. Syyttäjän tehtävänä on rikosvastuun toteuttaminen asianosaisten oikeusturva huomioon ottaen. Syyttäjä siten viime kädessä vastaa siitä, että rikosasia on selvitetty asianmukaisesti. Suomessa syyttäjällä on tämä vastuu, mutta hänellä ei ole täysin sitä vastaavaa valtaa päättää esitutkinnan suorittamisesta ja ohjaamisesta, koska esitutkinnan johtoa ei ole säädetty hänen tehtäväkseen. Tutkielmassa pohditaan, pitäisikö syyttäjän toimia tutkinnanjohtajana Suomessa myös muissa kuin ns. poliisirikosasioissa. Kysymyksen taustoittamiseksi tutkielmassa esitellään sekä tutkinnanjohtajan että syyttäjän vastuuta ja tehtäviä esitutkinnassa nykyisen esitutkintalainsäädännön mukaan. Lainsäädäntöhistoriaa kuvaamalla hahmotetaan sitä, miten nykyiseen toimivallanjakomalliin on päädytty. Vastausta tutkimuskysymykseen haetaan esittelemällä kolme eri mallia siitä, miten toimivallanjako poliisin ja syyttäjän välillä voidaan järjestää. Ensimmäinen malli on voimassa olevaan esitutkintalakiin perustuva järjestely, jossa syyttäjä osallistuu esitutkintaan ns. esitutkintayhteistyön kautta. Toinen malli on Ruotsin lainsäädännön mukainen vastuunjako, jossa syyttäjä yksinkertaisia rikosasioita lukuun ottamatta vastaa esitutkinnan johtamisesta. Kolmas malli on Suomessa tuomioistuinlaitoksen kehittämiskomitean ehdottama järjestely, joka sijoittuu syyttäjän valtuuksien laajuuden perusteella edellisten välimaastoon. Tutkimuskysymyksen ratkaisemiseksi tutkielmassa esitellään myös oikeuskirjallisuudessa herännyttä keskustelua syyttäjän asemasta esitutkinnassa. Lisäksi aineistona on käytetty viiden eri syyttäjän haastattelua, joissa on esitetty mielipiteitä syyttäjän tutkinnanjohtajuudesta. Syyttäjän tutkinnanjohtajuuden puolesta ja vastaan puhuvia seikkoja arvioimalla tehdään johtopäätöksiä tutkimuskysymyksestä.

Tuomarin rooli siviili- ja hallintoprosessissa

Tutkielmassa on vertailtu tuomarin roolia siviiliprosessin dispositiivisissa asioissa ja hallintoprosessissa. Vertailussa käytetään apuna kahta ratkaisumallia, jotka ovat peräisin Carol Gilliganin kehittelemästä sukupuolten moraalikehityspsykologiasta. Siten naisen moraalisissa ratkaisuissa käytetään arvoja, jotka ovat muotoutuneet samaistumisen kokemuksena hoivaajaan ja joissa ihmissuhteiden ja vastuun merkitys on korostunut. Naisen eettisenä ratkaisumallina on vastuun etiikka, jossa painottuvat tilannekohtaisen oikeudenmukaisuuden arvot, vastuu, kohtuus ja joustavuus. Vastuun oikeuden heikko kohta on se, että heikompi ei vaadi oikeuksiaan ja hänen asemansa voi heikentyä edelleen. Vastuun etiikka liitetään tutkielmassa hallintoprosessin tuomarin rooliin, koska hallintoprosessin tuomari toimii virallisperiaatteen alaisena ja on selvitysvastuussa joustavassa prosessissa. Miehen moraalikehitys kumpuaa erillisyyden tunteesta hoivaajaansa ja siinä korostuu yksilöllisyys ja oikeuksien painottuminen. Eettinen ratkaisumalli on oikeuden etiikka, jolle on tyypillistä reilun pelin säännöt, tasapuolisuus, ongelmien abstrahoituminen ja muodollisuus. Oikeuden etiikan heikko kohta on tilannekohtainen kohtuuttomuus oikeuksien korostamisen vuoksi. Tämä ratkaisumalli liitetään siviiliprosessin dispositiiviseen menettelyyn. Tutkielman näkökulmana on yksityisen asianosaisen asema ja kokemus prosessissa. Asianosainen on eri asemassa prosesseissa siinä suhteessa, että siviiliprosessiin osallistuminen edellyttää käytännössä asianajajan apuun turvautumista. Hallintoprosessissa on pyrkimys siihen, että yksityinen pärjää ilman avustajaa. Syynä on pidetty heikkoa kaksiasianosaissuhdetta ja sitä, että yksityisen asemaa on tasapainotettava suhteessa viranomaistahoon. Silti siviiliprosessissa asetelma saattaa yhtä hyvin olla epätasapainossa siten, että yksityinen on tiedollisesti ja taidollisesti heikommassa asemassa kuin vastapuolensa. Tuomarin roolia vertaillaan prosesseissa menettelyperiaatteiden ja vastuun jakautumisen sääntöjen avulla. Asianosaiset ovat siviiliprosessissa vastuussa asian oikeudellistamisesta. Myös totuuden käsite muodostuu erilaiseksi, koska selvitysvastuullinen hallintotuomari on lopulta vastuussa selvityksen riittävyydestä, kun taas siviiliprosessissa asianosaisen oikeussuojapyyntö rajaa totuuden. Siviiliprosessia on moitittu liiasta muodollisuudesta varsinkin sovittelukeskustelussa. Muodollisuus vaikeuttaa asianosaisen osallistumismahdollisuuksia ja etäännyttää häntä oikeusjutun käsittelystä. Muodollisuus edistää kuitenkin oikeusvarmuutta. Tuomioistuinsovittelussa on sanouduttu irti muodollisuudesta ja siinä sivussa myös aineellisesta oikeudesta. Sovittelussa on olemassa vaara siitä, että heikomman asema heikkenee entisestään. Joustava prosessi nähdään asianosaisen osallistumisen kannalta suotavampana menettelynä. Joustavuuden syynä on hallintoprosessissa käsiteltävien asioiden monimuotoisuus. Joustavuus ilmenee käytännössä virallisperiaatteen noudattamisena. Tuomarin toiminnan on oltava puolueetonta, mutta heikko asianosaissuhde ja yksityisen heikompi asema vaikuttavat siten, että tuomarin toiminta on tasapainottavaa paitsi yksityisen suuntaan, mutta myös yleisen edun suuntaan. Joustavuuden vuoksi asianosaisen luottamus saattaa vaarantua sen vuoksi, että prosessi ei ole ennakoitavaa ja prosessiasetelmaa on vaikea hahmottaa. Siten hallintoprosessissa onkin paineita oikeudellistamisen suuntaa. Joustavuuden rajana on puolueettomuuden vaatimus. Siviiliprosessissa puolueettomuus on kaksiasianosaissuhteen vuoksi korostuneempi kuin hallintoprosessissa. Puolueettomuuden vaatimus saattaa kuitenkin vaikuttaa siten, että tuomari ei voi auttaa heikompaa osapuolta riidan oikeudellistamisessa. Siten puolueettomuudella legitimoidaan vahvemman prosessiosapuolen asemaa. Olisiko virallisperiaatteesta apua siviiliprosessin muodollisuuden ongelmaan ja tasapainottamaan epätasapainoista suhdetta prosessiosapuolten välillä? Siviiliprosessi ja hallintoprosessi ovat lähentyneet toisiaan ja oikeuskirjallisuudessa on ennustettu tämän kehityksen jatkuvan. Myös oikeuden ja vastuun etiikka lähentyvät aikuisiässä toisiaan siten, että vastuun etiikka vahvistuu oikeuksien tärkeyden hahmottamisella ja oikeuden etiikassa kehittyy käsitys kohtuudesta. Prosessien kehityksessä olisi toivottavaa, että otettaisiin oppia toisen prosessilajin kehityksestä ja kokemuksista.

Ethics in a Technological World : Framing the Questions and Three Approaches

This study addresses the following question: How to think about ethics in a technological world? The question is treated first thematically by framing central issues in the relationship between ethics and technology. This relationship has three distinct facets: i) technological advance poses new challenges for ethics, ii) traditional ethics may become poorly applicable in a technologically transformed world, and iii) the progress in science and technology has altered the concept of rationality in ways that undermine ethical thinking itself. The thematic treatment is followed by the description and analysis of three approaches to the questions framed. First, Hans Jonas s thinking on the ontology of life and the imperative of responsibility is studied. In Jonas s analysis modern culture is found to be nihilistic because it is unable to understand organic life, to find meaning in reality, and to justify morals. At the root of nihilism Jonas finds dualism, the traditional Western way of seeing consciousness as radically separate from the material world. Jonas attempts to create a metaphysical grounding for an ethic that would take the technologically increased human powers into account and make the responsibility for future generations meaningful and justified. The second approach is Albert Borgmann s philosophy of technology that mainly assesses the ways in which technological development has affected everyday life. Borgmann admits that modern technology has liberated humans from toil, disease, danger, and sickness. Furthermore, liberal democracy, possibilities for self-realization, and many of the freedoms we now enjoy would not be possible on a large scale without technology. Borgmann, however, argues that modern technology in itself does not provide a whole and meaningful life. In fact, technological conditions are often detrimental to the good life. Integrity in life, according to him, is to be sought among things and practices that evade technoscientific objectification and commodification. Larry Hickman s Deweyan philosophy of technology is the third approach under scrutiny. Central in Hickman s thinking is a broad definition of technology that is nearly equal to Deweyan inquiry. Inquiry refers to the reflective and experiential way humans adapt to their environment by modifying their habits and beliefs. In Hickman s work, technology consists of all kinds of activities that through experimentation and/or reflection aim at improving human techniques and habits. Thus, in addition to research and development, many arts and political reforms are technological for Hickman. He argues for recasting such distinctions as fact/value, poiesis/praxis/theoria, and individual/society. Finally, Hickman does not admit a categorical difference between ethics and technology: moral values and norms need to be submitted to experiential inquiry as well as all the other notions. This study mainly argues for an interdisciplinary approach to the ethics of technology. This approach should make use of the potentialities of the research traditions in applied ethics, the philosophy of technology, and the social studies on science and technology and attempt to overcome their limitations. This study also advocates an endorsement of mid-level ethics that concentrate on the practices, institutions, and policies of temporal human life. Mid-level describes the realm between the instantaneous and individualistic micro-level and the universal and global macro level.

The Nature, Origins, and Consequences of Finnish Shame-Proneness: A Grounded Theory Study

Although shame is a universal human emotion and is one of the most difficult emotions to overcome, its origins and nature as well as its effects on psychosocial functioning are not well understood or defined. While psychological and spiritual counselors are aware of the effects and consequences of shame for an individual s internal well-being and social life, shame is often still considered a taboo topic and is not given adequate attention. This study aims to explain the developmental process and effects of shame and shame-proneness for individuals and provide tools for practitioners to work more effectively with their clients who struggle with shame. This study presents the empirical foundation for a grounded theory that describes and explains the nature, origins, and consequences of shame-proneness. The study focused on Finnish participants childhood, adolescence and adulthood experiences and why they developed shame-proneness, what it meant for them as children and adolescents and what it meant for them as adults. The data collection phase of this study began in 2000. The participants were recruited through advertisements in local and country-wide newspapers and magazines. Altogether 325 people responded to the advertisements by sending an essay concerning their shame and guilt experiences. For the present study, 135 essays were selected and from those who sent an essay 19 were selected for in-depth interviews. In addition to essays and interviews, participants personal notebooks and childhood hospital and medical reports as well as their scores on the Internalized Shame Scale were analyzed. The development of shame-proneness and significant experiences and events during childhood and adolescence (e.g., health, parenting and parents behavior, humiliation, bullying, neglect, maltreatment and abuse) are discussed and the connections of shame-proneness to psychological concepts such as self-esteem, attachment, perfectionism, narcissism, submissiveness, pleasing others, heightened interpersonal subjectivity, and codependence are explained. Relationships and effects of shame-proneness on guilt, spirituality, temperament, coping strategies, defenses, personality formation and psychological health are also explicated. In addition, shame expressions and the development of shame triggers as well as internalized and externalized shame are clarified. These connections and developments are represented by the core category lack of gaining love, validation and protection as the authentic self. The conclusions drawn from the study include a categorization of shame-prone Finnish people according to their childhood and adolescent experiences and the characteristics of their shame-proneness and personality. Implications for psychological and spiritual counseling are also discussed. Key words: shame, internalized shame, external shame, shame development, shame triggers, guilt, self-esteem, attachment, narcissism, perfectionism, submissiveness, codependence, childhood neglect, childhood abuse, childhood maltreatment, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, spiritual abuse, psychological well-being