Kasstasin: A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide from the skin secretion of the African red-legged running frog, Kassina maculata

Amphibian skin secretions are established sources of bioactive peptides. Here we describe the isolation, structural and pharmacological characterisation of a novel vasoconstrictor peptide from the skin secretion of the African hyperoliid frog, Kassina maculata, which exhibits no structural similarity to any known class of amphibian skin peptide. The peptide consists of 21 amino acid residues, FIKELLPHLSGIIDSVANAIK, and is C-terminally amidated. The provisional structure was obtained by MS/MS fragmentation using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer and L/I ambiguities were resolved following molecular cloning of biosynthetic precursor-encoding cDNA. A synthetic replicate of the peptide was found to possess weak antimicrobial and haemolytic activities but was exceptionally effective in constricting the smooth muscle of rat tail artery (EC50 of 25pM). In reflection of its exceptional potency in constricting rat arterial smooth muscle, the peptide was named kasstasin, a derivation of Kassina and “stasis” (stoppage of flow). These data illustrate the continuing potential of amphibian skin secretions to provide novel natural peptide templates for biological evaluation.

Orpotrin: A novel vasoconstrictor peptide from the venom of the Brazilian Stingray Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi

Characterization of the peptide content of venoms has a number of potential benefits for basic research, clinical diagnosis, development of new therapeutic agents, and production of antiserum. In order to analyze in detail the peptides and small proteins of crude samples, techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry have been employed. The present study describes the isolation, biochemical characterization, and sequence determination of a novel peptide, named Orpotrin from the venom of Potamotrygon gr. orbignyi. The natural peptide was shown to be effective in microcirculatory environment causing a strong vasoconstriction. The peptide was fully sequenced by de novo amino acid sequencing with mass spectrometry and identified as the novel peptide. Its amino acid sequence, HGGYKPTDK, aligns only with creatine kinase residues 97-105, but has no similarity to any bioactive peptide. Therefore, possible production of this peptide from creatine kinase by limited proteolysis is discussed. Taken together, the results indicate the usefulness of this single-step approach for low molecular mass compounds in complex samples such as venoms. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vasoconstrictor effect of Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on rat aorta

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Norepinephrine responses in rat renal and femoral veins are reinforced by vasoconstrictor prostanoids

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alterations in vasoconstrictor responses to the endothelium-derived contracting factor uridine adenosine tetraphosphate are region specific in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats

Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up(4)A) has been recently identified as a novel and potent endothelium-derived contracting factor and contains both purine and pyrimidine moieties, which activate purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors. The present study was designed to compare contractile responses to Up(4)A and other nucleotides such as ATP (P2X/P2Y agonist), UTP (P2Y(2)/P2Y(4) agonist), UDP (P2Y(6) agonist), and alpha,beta-methylene ATP (P2X(1) agonist) in different vascular regions [thoracic aorta, basilar, small mesenteric, and femoral arteries] from deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) and control rats. In DOCA-salt rats [vs. control uninephrectomized (Uni) rats]: (1) in thoracic aorta, Up(4)A-, ATP-, and UP-induced contractions were unchanged; (2) in basilar artery, Up(4)A-, ATP-, UTP- and UDP-induced contractions were increased, and expression for P2X(1), but not P2Y(2) or P2Y(6) was decreased; (3) in small mesenteric artery, Up(4)A-induced contraction was decreased and UDP-induced contraction was increased; expression of P2Y(2) and P2X(1) was decreased whereas P2Y(6) expression was increased; (4) in femoral artery, Up(4)A-. UTP-, and UDP-induced contractions were increased, but expression of P2Y(2), P2Y(6) and P2X(1) was unchanged. The alpha,beta-methylene ATP-induced contraction was bell-shaped and the maximal contraction was reached at a lower concentration in basilar and mesenteric arteries from Uni rats, compared to arteries from DOCA-salt rats. These results suggest that Up(4)A-induced contraction is heterogenously affected among various vascular beds in arterial hypertension. P2Y receptor activation may contribute to enhancement of Up(4)A-induced contraction in basilar and femoral arteries. These changes in vascular reactivity to Up(4)A may be adaptive to the vascular alterations produced by hypertension. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pain and swelling after periapical surgery related to the hemostatic agent used: anesthetic solution with vasoconstrictor or aluminum chloride

To assess pain and swelling in the first 7 days after periapical surgery and their relationship with the agent used for bleeding control.

Influence of hemostatic agents upon the outcome of periapical surgery: dressings with anesthetic and vasoconstrictor or aluminum chloride

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of different hemostatic agents upon the outcome of periapical surgery. DESIGN A retrospective study was made of patients subjected to periapical surgery between 2006-2009 with the ultrasound technique and using MTA as retrograde filler material. We included patients with a minimum follow-up of 12 months, divided into two groups according to the hemostatic agent used: A) dressings impregnated in anesthetic solution with adrenalin; or B) aluminum chloride paste (Expasyl). Radiological controls were made after 6 and 12 months, and on the last visit. The global evolution scale proposed by von Arx and Kurt (1999) was used to establish the outcome of periapical surgery. RESULTS A total of 96 patients (42 males and 54 females) with a mean age of 40.7 years were included. There were 50 patients in the aluminum chloride group and 46 patients in the anesthetic solution with vasoconstrictor group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of outcome after 12 months - the success rate being 58.6% and 61.7% in the anesthetic solution with vasoconstrictor and aluminum chloride groups, respectively (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The outcome after 12 months of follow-up was better in the aluminum chloride group than in the anesthetic solution with vasoconstrictor group, though the difference was not significant.

Differential involvement of N-type calcium channels in transmitter release from vasoconstrictor and vasodilator neurons

1 The effects of calcium channel blockers on co-transmission from different populations of autonomic vasomotor neurons were studied on isolated segments of uterine artery and vena cava from guinea-pigs. 2 Sympathetic, noradrenergic contractions of the uterine artery (produced by 200 pulses at 1 or 10 Hz; 600 pulses at 20 Hz) were abolished by the N-type calcium channel blocker omega-conotoxin (CTX) GVIA at 1-10 nM. 3 Biphasic sympathetic contractions of the vena cava (600 pulses at 20 Hz) mediated by noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y were abolished by 10 nM CTX GVIA. 4 Neurogenic relaxations of the uterine artery (200 pulses at 10 Hz) mediated by neuronal nitric oxide and neuropeptides were reduced < 50% by CTX GVIA 10-100 nM. 5 Capsaicin (3 muM) did not affect the CTX GVIA-sensitive or CTX GVIA-resistant neurogenic relaxations of the uterine artery. 6 The novel N-type blocker CTX CVID (100-300 nM), P/Q-type blockers agatoxin IVA (10-100 nM) or CTX CVIB (100 nM), the L-type blocker nifedipine (10 muM) or the 'R-type' blocker SNX-482 (100 nM), all failed to reduce CTX GVIA-resistant relaxations. The T-type channel blocker NiCl2 (100-300 muM) reduced but did not abolish the remaining neurogenic dilations. 7 Release of different neurotransmitters from the same autonomic vasomotor axon depends on similar subtypes of calcium channels. N-type channels are responsible for transmitter release from vasoconstrictor neurons innervating a muscular artery and capacitance vein, but only partly mediate release of nitric oxide and neuropeptides from pelvic vasodilator neurons.

Renal bioenergetics during early gram-negative mammalian sepsis and angiotensin II infusion

Purpose: To measure renal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (bioenergetics) during hypotensive sepsis with or without angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. Methods: In anaesthetised sheep implanted with a renal artery flow probe and a magnetic resonance coil around one kidney, we induced hypotensive sepsis with intravenous Escherichia coli injection. We measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, renal blood flow RBF and renal ATP levels using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After 2 h of sepsis, we randomly assigned sheep to receive an infusion of Ang II or vehicle intravenously and studied the effect of treatment on the same variables. Results: After E. coli administration, the experimental animals developed hypotensive sepsis (MAP from 92 ± 9 at baseline to 58 ± 4 mmHg at 4 h). Initially, RBF increased, then, after 4 h, it decreased below control levels (from 175 ± 28 at baseline to 138 ± 27 mL/min). Despite decreased RBF and hypotension, renal ATP was unchanged (total ATP to inorganic phosphate ratio from 0.69 ± 0.02 to 0.70 ± 0.02). Ang II infusion restored MAP but caused significant renal vasoconstriction. However, it induced no changes in renal ATP (total ATP to inorganic phosphate ratio from 0.79 ± 0.03 to 0.80 ± 0.02). Conclusions:During early hypotensive experimental Gram-negative sepsis, there was no evidence of renal bioenergetic failure despite decreased RBF. In this setting, the addition of a powerful renal vasoconstrictor does not lead to deterioration in renal bioenergetics.

Quantitative sensory measures distinguish office workers with varying levels of neck pain and disability

This study was undertaken to investigate any relationship between sensory features and neck pain in female office workers using quantitative sensory measures to better understand neck pain in this group. Office workers who used a visual display monitor for more than four hours per day with varying levels of neck pain and disability were eligible for inclusion. There were 85 participants categorized according to their scores on the neck disability index (NDI): 33 with no pain (NDI < 8); 38 with mild levels of pain and disability (NDI 9–29); 14 with moderate levels of pain (NDI ⩾ 30). A fourth group of women without neck pain (n = 22) who did not work formed the control group. Measures included: thermal pain thresholds over the posterior cervical spine; pressure pain thresholds over the posterior neck, trapezius, levator scapulae and tibialis anterior muscles, and the median nerve trunk; sensitivity to vibrotactile stimulus over areas of the hand innervated by the median, ulnar and radial nerves; sympathetic vasoconstrictor response. All tests were conducted bilaterally. ANCOVA models were used to determine group differences between the means for each sensory measure. Office workers with greater self-reported neck pain demonstrated hyperalgesia to thermal stimuli over the neck, hyperalgesia to pressure stimulation over several sites tested; hypoaesthesia to vibration stimulation but no changes in the sympathetic vasoconstrictor response. There is evidence of multiple peripheral nerve dysfunction with widespread sensitivity most likely due to altered central nociceptive processing initiated and sustained by nociceptive input from the periphery.

Serial Changes in Markers Measuring Coagulation, Fibrinolysis, and Vasoactivity in Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a heterogeneous disease in which outcome is influenced by many factors. The hemostatic system is activated in association with cerebral ischemia, and thus, markers measuring coagulation, fibrinolysis, and vasoactivity could be useful tools in clinical practice. We investigated whether repeated measurements of these markers reveal patterns that might help in evaluating IS patients, including the early diagnosis of stroke subtypes, in estimating prognosis and risk of recurrence, and in selecting a treatment for secondary prevention of stroke. Vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1), homocysteine (Hcy), indicators of thrombin formation and activation (prothrombin fragment 1+2/F1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complex/TAT), indicators of plasmin formation and fibrinolysis (tissue plasminogen activator/t-PA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1/PAI-1, and D-dimer), and natural anticoagulants (antithrombin/AT, protein C/PC, and protein S/PS) were measured in 102 consecutive mild to moderate IS patients on four occasions: on admission and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after stroke, and once in controls. All patients underwent neurological examination and blood sampling in the same session. Furthermore, 42 IS patients with heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation (FVLm) were selected from 740 IS patients without an obvious etiology, and evaluated in detail for specific clinical, laboratory, and radiological features. Measurements of ET-1 and Hcy levels did not disclose information that could aid in the diagnostic evaluation of IS patients. F1+2 level at 3 months after IS had a positive correlation with recurrence of thromboembolic events, and thus, may be used as a predictive marker of subsequent cerebral events. The D-dimer and AT levels on admission and 1 week after IS were strongly associated with stroke severity, outcome, and disability. The specific analysis of IS patients with FVLm more often revealed a positive family history of thrombosis, a higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease, and multiple infarctions in brain images, most of which were `silent infarcts´. Results of this study support the view that IS patients with sustained activation of both the fibrinolytic and the coagulation systems and increased thrombin generation may have an unfavorable prognosis. The level of activation may reflect the ongoing thrombotic process and the extent of thrombosis. Changes in these markers could be useful in predicting prognosis of IS patients. A clear need exists for a randomized prospective study to determine whether a subgroup of IS patients with markers indicating activation of fibrinolytic and coagulation systems might benefit from more aggressive secondary prevention of IS.

Avaliação do estrese oxidativo e da via L-arginina-óxido nítrico em plaquetas na gestação normal e na pré-eclâmpsia

A Pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é uma síndrome hipertensiva específica da gravidez, atualmente compreendida como uma doença sistêmica que cursa com inflamação, distúrbios da coagulação, desordens metabólicas, disfunção endotelial e desequilíbrio entre agentes vasoconstrictores e vasodilatadores. Contudo, a fisiopatologia da PE ainda não foi completamente elucidada. Este estudo investigou, em 51 gestantes, o estresse oxidativo, a via L-arginina-óxido nítrico e agregação plaquetária, na gestação normal (n=27) e na PE (n=24). Amostras de soro e plaquetas de gestantes normotensas e com PE, foram utilizadas para a medida de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), a carbonilação de proteínas, a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx), assim como a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) pela formação de nitrito. Nas plaquetas foram avaliados, também, o transporte de L-arginina, a atividade da óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) e a agregação plaquetária. Em amostras de plasma foram realizadas medidas da proteína C reativa ultra-sensível (PCRus) e do aminoácido L-arginina. Estes resultados demonstram que não há diferença nas medidas da proteína C reativa e da L-arginina entre gestantes normotensas e com PE. A formação de nitritos e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes SOD, CAT e GPx se encontram reduzidas no soro de gestantes com PE, enquanto a medida de TBARS e a carbonilação de proteínas não foi diferente das gestantes normotensas. Em plaquetas, o transporte de L-arginina pelo sistema y+L está diminuído na PE, ao passo que, a atividade da NOS, a formação de nitrito e a agregação plaquetária não modificaram em relação a gestação normal. A carbonilação de proteínas está aumentada em plaquetas na PE e a atividade da CAT está reduzida. Concluiu-se, que a menor formação de nitrito no soro sugere uma menor produção de NO em pacientes com PE. Este dado correlaciona com uma redução da defesa antioxidante observada pela menor atividade das enzimas SOD, CAT, GPx que deve contribuir para uma maior inativação do NO. Apesar dos níveis plasmáticos normais de L-arginina na PE, o sistema de transporte via y+L está reduzido em plaquetas, o que pode estar associado em parte ao estresse oxidativo que contribui para alterações físicas e estruturais da membrana, podendo afetar o influxo do aminoácido. Apesar do transporte de L-arginina reduzido e do aumento do estresse oxidativo em plaquetas na PE, não houve alteração da atividade da NOS, da produção de NO e da agregação plaquetária, indicando que mecanismos compensatórios possam estar contribuindo para a manutenção da produção de NO e de sua função modulatória sobre a agregação

Papel do sistema renina-angiotensina e do desequilíbrio redox em modelo experimental de pré-eclâmpsia induzida por L-NAME

Pré-eclâmpsia (PE), uma síndrome sistêmica da gestação caracterizada por proteinúria e hipertensão, está associada a uma significativa mortalidade tanto materna quanto fetal. Eentretanto, sua fisiopatologia ainda não é totalmente compreendida. Apesar de um expressivo aumento da atividade do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) na gestação normal, a pressão arterial não aumenta. Além disso, a redução da pressão de perfusão intra-uterina promove um aumento na liberação de espécies reativas de oxigênio que podem contribuir para a hipertensão na gestação. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o papel do SRA vascular, assim como, do estresse oxidativo plasmático, cardiorenal e placentário para a regulação cardiovascular materna em ratas normotensas e em modelo de PE induzida por L-NAME. Foi observado um aumento da pessão arterial em animais que receberal L-NAME. As ratas grávidas + L-NAME apresentaram um menor ganho de massa corporal durante a gestação, menor múmero de filhotes vivos, maior número de abortos, menor massa placentária total e fetos com menor massa corporal. Foi observada uma redução na resposta vasodilatadora induzida por acetilcolina (ACh) e angiotensina (Ang) II, aumento na resposta vasodilatadora induzida por nitroglicerina (NG) e aumento na resposta vasoconstritora induzida por fenilefrina (Phe) e Ang II em LAM de ratas grávida e não grávidas que receberam L-NAME. Não foi observada diferença na expressão dos receptores AT1 e AT2 e das enzimas ECA, ECA2 e eNOS. Foi observado um aumento na concentração plasmática de renina e bradicinina (BK) em ratas grávidas + L-NAME e uma redução na concentração de Ang 1-7. As ratas grávidas e grávidas + L-NAME apresentaram um aumento nos níveis séricos de estradiol. Os níveis de malondialdeído e carbonilação de proteínas estava aumentados e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes SOD e GPx estavam reduzidas em ratas grávidas e não grávidas que receberam L-NAME. A atividade da CAT não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. Em conclusão, uma redução na vasodilatação induzida pela Ang II associada a um aumento da vasoconstrição promovida por este peptídeo, sugerem uma contribuição do SRA no desenvolvimento das complicações características da PE observadas no modelo experimental de PE induzido por L-NAME. Do mesmo modo, a peroxidação lipídica e oxidação de proteínas aumentadas, assim como, as atividades enzimáticas antioxidantes reduzidas sugerem a contribuição de uma defesa antioxidante comprometida e um dano oxidativo aumentado para o desenvolvimento da hipertensão e disfunção endotelial, aumento da mortalidade fetal e retardo do crescimento intra-uterino observados no modelo de PE estudado.