The Accessibility City. When Transport Infrastructure Matters in Urban Spatial Structure

Suburbanization is changing the urban spatial structure and less monocentric metropolitan regions are becoming the new urban reality. Focused only on centers, most works have studied these spatial changes neglecting the role of transport infrastructure and its related location model, the “accessibility city”, in which employment and population concentrate in low-density settlements and close to transport infrastructure. For the case of Barcelona, we consider this location model and study the population spatial structure between 1991 and 2006. The results reveal a mix between polycentricity and the accessibility city, with movements away from the main centers, but close to the transport infrastructure.

Urban spatial structure and suburbanisation. The case of the Barcelona Metropolitan

The metropolitan spatial structure displays various patterns, sometimes monocentricity and sometimes multicentricity, which seems much more complicated than the exponential density function used in classic works such as Clark (1961), Muth (1969) or Mills (1973) among others, can effectively represent. It seems that a more flexible density function,such as cubic spline function (Anderson (1982), Zheng (1991), etc.) to describe the density-accessibility relationship is needed. Also, accessibility, the fundamental determinant of density variations, is only partly captured by the inclusion of distance to the city centre as an explanatory variable. Steen (1986) has proposed to correct that miss-especification by including an additional gradient for distance to the nearest transportation axis. In identifying the determinants of urban spatial structure in the context of inter-urban systems, some of the variables proposed by Muth (1969), Mills (1973) and Alperovich (1983) such as city age or population, make no sense in the case of a single urban system. All three criticism to the exponential density function and its determinants apply for the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, a polycentric conurbation structured on well defined transportation axes.

Chaos and order in the contemporary city. The impact of urban spatial structure on population density and commuting distance in Barcelona, 1986-2001.

One of the criticisms leveled at the model of dispersed city found all over the world is its unarticulated, random, and undifferentiated nature. To check this idea in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, we estimated the impact of the urban spatial structure (CBD, subcenters and transportation infrastructures) over the population density and commuting distance. The results are unfavorable to the hypothesis of the increasing destructuring of cities given that the explanatory capacity of both functions improves over time, both when other control variables are not included and when they are included.

Land cover mapping analysis and urban growth modeling using remote sensing techniques

The rapid growth of big cities has been noticed since 1950s when the majority of world population turned to live in urban areas rather than villages, seeking better job opportunities and higher quality of services and lifestyle circumstances. This demographic transition from rural to urban is expected to have a continuous increase. Governments, especially in less developed countries, are going to face more challenges in different sectors, raising the essence of understanding the spatial pattern of the growth for an effective urban planning. The study aimed to detect, analyse and model the urban growth in Greater Cairo Region (GCR) as one of the fast growing mega cities in the world using remote sensing data. Knowing the current and estimated urbanization situation in GCR will help decision makers in Egypt to adjust their plans and develop new ones. These plans should focus on resources reallocation to overcome the problems arising in the future and to achieve a sustainable development of urban areas, especially after the high percentage of illegal settlements which took place in the last decades. The study focused on a period of 30 years; from 1984 to 2014, and the major transitions to urban were modelled to predict the future scenarios in 2025. Three satellite images of different time stamps (1984, 2003 and 2014) were classified using Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier, then the land cover changes were detected by applying a high level mapping technique. Later the results were analyzed for higher accurate estimations of the urban growth in the future in 2025 using Land Change Modeler (LCM) embedded in IDRISI software. Moreover, the spatial and temporal urban growth patterns were analyzed using statistical metrics developed in FRAGSTATS software. The study resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 96%, 97.3% and 96.3% for 1984, 2003 and 2014’s map, respectively. Between 1984 and 2003, 19 179 hectares of vegetation and 21 417 hectares of desert changed to urban, while from 2003 to 2014, the transitions to urban from both land cover classes were found to be 16 486 and 31 045 hectares, respectively. The model results indicated that 14% of the vegetation and 4% of the desert in 2014 will turn into urban in 2025, representing 16 512 and 24 687 hectares, respectively.

A reafirmação do bairro:um estudo geo-histórico do bairro do Alecrim na cidade de Natal-RN

By the end of the 21st Century, economy globalization trends to show a velocity process through which market being expanded characterized by an intense going on of the internationalization of finance, after that marginalizing the periphery of the social spaces. It is clear to see that this process occurred in those less developed countries happens in an accentuated way just because income distribution that is so regressive and also because the insufficient enclosing of the social programs, we find this situation in a big part of Brazilian cities. The marginalizing social economical process observed in Natal, a city located in the east coast part of Northeast region in Brazil and that owns a population upper to 778 thousand in habitants is nearly linked to the extension of goods and services commerce. The installation of new urban activities in the city pointed out tourist activity as the greater impulsive thing in the phenomenon promotion, most of them aiming to promote Natal to the national and international scenery. It privilege strongly in the South zone with economical implementations such as shopping s centers, supermarkets, and home buildings condominiums leading to a loss of functionality of some traditional district located in central areas of the city. Notwithstanding, some spaces, for instance Alecrim district officially created in 1911, has notably resisted to the expansion of the urban process pointed out in Natal in the last years. So that this put Alecrim District as a district with originally characteristics reaffirmed along the historical process form old times. The predominance of some residential characteristics such as the incidence of some villages and a concentration of a big and confuse popular commerce distributed along streets puts Alecrim District as a resistant space in Natal. The same way analyze Alecrim District under the prism of Historic Geography because we understand this way it accomplishes a fundamental role in the theoretical methodological development of our work, just when we analyze the time as a variant in our object of study. It is still inside this theoretical field that we carry out a brief reviewing about quarter/district definition, under the optic from several registered and scientific resources taken into account along this work, because we understand that it was necessary to think this important spatial unit especially to know exactly what we are referring to as a district and so we can reaffirm Alecrim as an important and traditional district to Natal and it has been resisting to spatial transformation verified in the last years in Natal city. To give support to our reflection we used methodological tools related to inhabitants lifestyles knowledge and also the study of Alecrim District as a space that promote a certain centrality in Natal as some indicators to keep original characteristics in the district in Natal

Uma leitura sobre a praia de Iracema - Fortaleza (CE): transformação socioespacial do lugar e suas representações

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Visão geográfica integrada das estratégias de controle das leishmanioses no município de Teodoro Sampaio, SP, com o apoio do geoprocessamento

Pós-graduação em Geografia - FCT

Spatial epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a municipality of west Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Transformaciones en el hábitat rural. Los planos topográficos de Chascomús, 1826 - 1854

Este artículo pretende exponer la influencia que las nuevas estrategias de organización territorial para la campaña bonaerense, materializadas durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, pudieron ejercer sobre la estructura urbana y social de los pueblos de la región. Partimos del supuesto, desarrollado en otros trabajos, de que dichas estrategias definieron, en parte, la transformación espacial del territorio a partir de tres premisas: la consolidación de los poblados existentes, la fundación de nuevos poblados y el desarrollo de la colonización ejidal (1). Para poder examinar en profundidad dichas estrategias tomamos como base el análisis del espacio urbano de Chascomús y sus alrededores considerando dos momentos de su conformación: 1826 y 1855. Estas fechas se corresponden con la existencia de documentos que representan espacialmente el lugar: los planos de Saubidet de 1826 y el plano de Arrufó de 1855. A partir de estos documentos intentaremos determinar cuáles son las estrategias oficiales en relación a la organización espacial, cómo se materializa el poblado, qué tipo de entramado social presenta y cuáles son las diferencias que encontramos entre una época y otra, teniendo en consideración que la primera corresponde al inicio de la expansión de la frontera bonaerense y la segunda al auge de la etapa lanera que tiene en Chascomús uno de sus centros.

Transformaciones en el hábitat rural. Los planos topográficos de Chascomús, 1826 - 1854

Este artículo pretende exponer la influencia que las nuevas estrategias de organización territorial para la campaña bonaerense, materializadas durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, pudieron ejercer sobre la estructura urbana y social de los pueblos de la región. Partimos del supuesto, desarrollado en otros trabajos, de que dichas estrategias definieron, en parte, la transformación espacial del territorio a partir de tres premisas: la consolidación de los poblados existentes, la fundación de nuevos poblados y el desarrollo de la colonización ejidal (1). Para poder examinar en profundidad dichas estrategias tomamos como base el análisis del espacio urbano de Chascomús y sus alrededores considerando dos momentos de su conformación: 1826 y 1855. Estas fechas se corresponden con la existencia de documentos que representan espacialmente el lugar: los planos de Saubidet de 1826 y el plano de Arrufó de 1855. A partir de estos documentos intentaremos determinar cuáles son las estrategias oficiales en relación a la organización espacial, cómo se materializa el poblado, qué tipo de entramado social presenta y cuáles son las diferencias que encontramos entre una época y otra, teniendo en consideración que la primera corresponde al inicio de la expansión de la frontera bonaerense y la segunda al auge de la etapa lanera que tiene en Chascomús uno de sus centros.

Transformaciones en el hábitat rural. Los planos topográficos de Chascomús, 1826 - 1854

Este artículo pretende exponer la influencia que las nuevas estrategias de organización territorial para la campaña bonaerense, materializadas durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, pudieron ejercer sobre la estructura urbana y social de los pueblos de la región. Partimos del supuesto, desarrollado en otros trabajos, de que dichas estrategias definieron, en parte, la transformación espacial del territorio a partir de tres premisas: la consolidación de los poblados existentes, la fundación de nuevos poblados y el desarrollo de la colonización ejidal (1). Para poder examinar en profundidad dichas estrategias tomamos como base el análisis del espacio urbano de Chascomús y sus alrededores considerando dos momentos de su conformación: 1826 y 1855. Estas fechas se corresponden con la existencia de documentos que representan espacialmente el lugar: los planos de Saubidet de 1826 y el plano de Arrufó de 1855. A partir de estos documentos intentaremos determinar cuáles son las estrategias oficiales en relación a la organización espacial, cómo se materializa el poblado, qué tipo de entramado social presenta y cuáles son las diferencias que encontramos entre una época y otra, teniendo en consideración que la primera corresponde al inicio de la expansión de la frontera bonaerense y la segunda al auge de la etapa lanera que tiene en Chascomús uno de sus centros.

Context-sensitive synaptic plasticity and temporal-to-spatial transformations in hippocampal slices

Hippocampal slices are used to show that, as a temporal input pattern of activity flows through a neuronal layer, a temporal-to-spatial transformation takes place. That is, neurons can respond selectively to the first or second of a pair of input pulses, thus transforming different temporal patterns of activity into the activity of different neurons. This is demonstrated using associative long-term potentiation of polysynaptic CA1 responses as an activity-dependent marker: by depolarizing a postsynaptic CA1 neuron exclusively with the first or second of a pair of pulses from the dentate gyrus, it is possible to “tag” different subpopulations of CA3 neurons. This technique allows sampling of a population of neurons without recording simultaneously from multiple neurons. Furthermore, it reflects a biologically plausible mechanism by which single neurons may develop selective responses to time-varying stimuli and permits the induction of context-sensitive synaptic plasticity. These experimental results support the view that networks of neurons are intrinsically able to process temporal information and that it is not necessary to invoke the existence of internal clocks or delay lines for temporal processing on the time scale of tens to hundreds of milliseconds.