999 resultados para Urban Plannning
Resumo:
La práctica y teorías de la planificación urbana han avanzado históricamente hacia la incorporación de temas y análisis intersectoriales, fundamentalmente aquellos en relación con la base territorial y el ambiente. En materia de zonificación urbana se han hecho esfuerzos por incorporar la variable ambiental a la planificación urbana. El presente artículo hace un recuento general de la evolución del concepto de zonificación tradicional hacia la zonificación ambiental territorial, la macrozonificación y la zonificación por rendimiento. Finalmente plantea el acercamiento metodológico planteado como parte de la estrategia de la Fase III del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano de Costa Rica en relación con la macrozonificación por rendimiento, como ejemplo de la puesta en práctica de las más recientes herramientas en la planificación urbano- regional de un Área Metropolitana (PRUGAM). Abstract:The Urban Planning practice and theory has historically developed towards the inclusion of more comprehensive themes and analyses, fundamentally those that are environmentally and territorially related. Within this context, urban zoning has made significant efforts to incorporate the environmental component in planning. The article makes a general account of the evolution of zoning from its traditional form to environmental land zoning, macro zoning and performance zoning. Finally it establishes the Costa Rica’s National Urban Development Plan methodological approach for its phase III with regards to performance macro zoning as an example of putting the more recent zoning and planning theories to practice in a regional Plan for a metropolitan area.
Resumo:
Air pollution levels were monitored continuously over a period of 4 weeks at four sampling sites along a busy urban corridor in Brisbane. The selected sites were representative of industrial and residential types of urban environment affected by vehicular traffic emissions. The concentration levels of submicrometer particle number, PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NOx were measured 5-10 meters from the road. Meteorological parameters and traffic flow rates were also monitored. The data were analysed in terms of the relationship between monitored pollutants and existing ambient air quality standards. The results indicate that the concentration levels of all pollutants exceeded the ambient air background levels, in certain cases by up to an order of magnitude. While the 24-hr average concentration levels did not exceed the standard, estimates for the annual averages were close to, or even higher than the annual standard levels.
Resumo:
Traditionally, the main focus of the professional community involved with indoor air quality has been indoor pollution sources, preventing or reducing their emissions, as well as lowering the impact of the sources by replacing the polluted indoor air with "fresh" outdoor air. However, urban outdoor air cannot often be considered "fresh", as it contains high concentrations of pollutants emitted from motor vehicles - the main outdoor pollution sources in cities. Evidence from epidemiological studies conducted worldwide demonstrates that outdoor air quality has considerable effects on human health, despite the fact that people spend the majority of their time indoors. This is because pollution from outdoors penetrates indoors and becomes a major constituent of indoor pollution. Urban land and transport development has significant impact on the overall air quality of the urban airshed as well as the pollution concentration in the vicinity of high-density traffic areas. Therefore, an overall improvement in indoor air quality would be achieved by lowering urban airshed pollution, as well as by lowering the impact of the hot spots on indoor air. This paper explores the elements of urban land and vehicle transport developments, their impact on global and local air quality, and how the science of outdoor pollution generation and transport in the air could be utilized in urban development towards lowering indoor air pollution.