Design of a Novel Auto-Rotating UAV Platform for Underground Mine Cavity Surveying

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential for use of UAVs in underground mines and present a prototype design for a novel autorotating UAV platform for underground 3D data collection.

An Evaluation of Carbon Concentrations Associted with Biodiesel Particulate Matter in an Underground Metal Mine

Exposure to diesel particulate matter from diesel exhaust has been shown to have adverse health effects in humans. In 2012 The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified diesel exhaust as a group 1 know human carcinogen. Because of the associated health effects, there has been a strong push to reduce the amount of diesel exhaust present in the mining industry. Biodiesel is one to the more common and promising control options used to reduce the amount of diesel particulate matter that is generated during fuel combustion. The use of biodiesel over petroleum diesel has been shown to reduce not only particulate matter, but hydro carbon and carbon monoxide mass emissions as well. Personal and area samples were collected at an underground metal mine in the northwestern United States to evaluate the current blend of B70 biodiesel. The objective of this research was to evaluate the carbon levels associated with diesel particulate matter generated from the combustion of a B70 biodiesel. Data was also compared to past studies on which diesel particulate matter from petroleum diesel was evaluated. Samples were taken on four separate four day campaigns between March and October of 2014. Area samples were taken from 7 different areas in the mine and personal samples were taken from a 20 person cohort. The equipment used for sampling was compliant with the NIOSH 5040 method. Statistical analysis of the results was done using Minitab 17 software. The statistical analysis showed that the total carbon concentrations from biodiesel were well below the MSHA exposure limit. Results also showed that organic/elemental carbon ratios were consistent with past studies as the concentrations of organic carbon were significantly higher than those of elemental carbon.

Stresses and stability of a mine paste fill

Se describe el comportamiento de los rellenos de pasta de las cámaras primarias de la mina de Aguas Teñidas y se calcula la resistencia que deben tener dichos rellenos para que no se desmoronen las paredes de los mismos que quedan expuestas al extraer las cámaras secundarias.Abstract:This article presents the study carried out at an underground mine to understand the stress distribution in the paste fills and to calculate the stability of the paste walls. The mine is operated using sublevel stopes. Three-dimensional numerical models designed with the FLAC 3D software are used to study the distribution of the vertical stresses in the paste. The numerical models have demonstrated that an arc-like effect is produced in the paste fills of the primary stopes. This effect relieves the vertical stresses and increases the stability of the exposed paste wall fill. Based on the results of the numerical models, in the 30m high secondary stopes, the arc effect starts to be evident only in paste walls with a width/height ratio lower than 0.8. 3-D calculations show that the use of Mitchell, R. J. et al. (1982) formula may be risky when estimating the fill stability in secondary stopes.

Evaluation of a ToF Camera for Remote Surveying of Underground Cavities Excavated by Jet Boring

Cigar Lake is a high-grade uranium deposit, located in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. In order to extract the uranium ore remotely, thus ensuring minimal radiation dose to workers and also to access the ore from stable ground, the Jet Boring System (JBS) was developed by Cameco Corporation. This system uses a high-powered water jet to remotely excavate cavities. Survey data is required to determine the final shape, volume, and location of the cavity for mine planning purposes and construction. This paper provides an overview of the challenges involved in remotely surveying a JBS-mined cavity and studies the potential use of a time-of-flight (ToF) camera for remote cavity surveying. It reports on data collected and analyzed from inside an experimental environment as well as on real data acquired on site from the Cigar Lake and Rabbit Lake mines.

La perception du risque sous terre : l'exemple des mineurs de fond de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue

Cette thèse porte sur la perception du risque sous terre. Nous voulons comprendre comment les mineurs de fond de la région de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue au Québec perçoivent les risques inhérents à leur métier et comment ils y réagissent. L’organisation du travail, le fonctionnement d’une mine souterraine et les rapports de production sous terre retiennent d’abord notre attention. Le concept de risque représente un concept relativement jeune qui a intéressé de nombreux auteurs. Un tour d’horizon des diverses approches nous permettra de définir ce concept en nous appuyant plus spécialement sur les travaux de Mary Douglas. Cependant, nous avons conduit notre enquête à partir d’un cadre théorique se fondant principalement sur la sociologie de Pierre Bourdieu. Notre hypothèse défend l’idée que dans leur perception du risque, les mineurs de fond de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue font montre d’un sens pratique qui repose surtout sur la prise en charge individuelle de la sécurité, le rapport à la prime de rendement et un certain sentiment de l’inéluctabilité du danger. Vingt entrevues semi-dirigées et la technique classique de l’observation participante ont servi à la collecte de données. L’analyse des récits de travail a donné lieu à une typologie distinguant trois groupes de mineurs. Nous avons préalablement décortiqué chacun des récits afin de dégager un modèle de base. Les résultats de l’analyse nous obligent à réviser notre hypothèse initiale et à ne pas conclure trop rapidement au fatalisme des mineurs de fond témiscabitibiens.

Sistema de gestión de las aguas del complejo minero de carbón de S.A.M.C.A. en la Val de Ariño (Teruel)

La finalidad de este proyecto consiste en realizar un estudio de la gestión del agua del complejo minero de carbón que SAMCA tiene en Ariño, así como recoger distintas iniciativas de mejora para su optimización en la actualidad. Por otro lado, también se pretende analizar la problemática de la posible clausura de la mina de interior “Sierra de Arcos”, una de las principales aportadoras de agua al sistema, y se presentan las posibles opciones para el aprovechamiento óptimo de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas de cara al futuro de la explotación para garantizar un balance hídrico en el que los aportes y los consumos de agua estén equilibrados. Después de este exhaustivo análisis, se deciden cuáles son las mejores opciones desde un punto de vista tanto técnico como económico. ABSTRACT The purpose of this Project is to carry out a study about the management of SAMCA´s coalmine complex in Ariño, as well as gathering a range of initiatives to help optimizing the present system. Additionally, the study sets out to analyze the possible problems arising from the closing of “Sierra de Arcos” underground mine, contributor of one of the main sources of water into the system. Based on the analysis, a series of possible options are presented to reach the ideal utilization of the superficial and underground water. These proposals aim to ensure an optimal water balance sheet between the water contributions and the water consumptions. The results obtained from this exhaustive analysis are used to reach a conclusion for the project by presenting what are considered the best options from both, a technical and an economic point of view.

Optimización y modelización del circuito de ventilación de una mina subterránea

Este documento presenta los parámetros necesarios referentes a la ventilación de una mina subterránea, la normativa aplicable a este tipo de instalaciones, así como los procedimientos e instrumentación básicos para la medida de aforos. Todo ello va encaminado a cuantificar el circuito de ventilación de una mina subterránea para realizar de forma eficiente una modelización de la ventilación. Se presenta además un caso práctico de simulación optimizada a partir de parámetros para una ampliación de un nuevo nivel en una explotación. Esta optimización está caracterizada de forma económicamente eficiente. This paper presents the necessary parameters concerning ventilation of an underground mine, the regulations applicable to such facilities and basic procedures and instrumentation for measuring capacities. All of this is aimed at quantifying the ventilation circuit of an underground minefor efficiently modeling of ventilation. A case of optimized simulation is also presented based on parameters for amplifying a new level in an underground mine. This optimization is economically characterized on an efficient way.

Estudio de las distribuciones tensionales y de las resistencias de los rellenos de pasta de la mina subterránea de Aguas Teñidas (Huelva)

This thesis presents the study carried out at an underground mine to understand the stress distribution in the paste fills and to calculate the stability of the paste walls in the primary and secondary stopes. The mine is operated using sublevel stopes and fan blasting. The primary and secondary stopes are 20m wide, 30m high and between 20 and 60m long. Three-dimensional numerical models designed with the FLAC 3D software programme are used to study the distribution of the vertical stresses in the paste walls exposed in the primary and secondary stopes, and their evolution as the mining advance increases. The numerical models have demonstrated that an arc-like effect is produced in the paste fills of the primary stopes, that is, those which have either lateral walls in mineral or rock. This effect relieves the vertical stresses and increases the stability of the exposed paste wall fill. From the study, it is deduced that in this type of stope, the fill stability can be calculated using the formula established by Mitchell, (Mitchell, Olsen, and Smith 1982, 14-28). Based on the results of the numerical models, in the 30m high secondary stopes, the arc effect starts to be evident only in paste walls with a width/height ratio lower than 0.7. 3-D calculations show that the use of Mitchell formula may be risky when estimating the fill stability in secondary stopes. Therefore, in these cases, the traditional two-dimensional method for calculating the stability of vertical slopes on cohesive saturated soils in the short term should be used. However this method may give conservative results for paste walls in secondary stopes with a width/height ratio below 0.5. RESUMEN Esta Tesis presenta el estudio realizado en la mina subterránea de Aguas Teñidas (Huelva, España) para comprender la distribución de tensiones en los rellenos de pasta y calcular la estabilidad de las paredes de pasta en las cámaras primarias y secundarias. El método de explotación utilizado en esta mina es el de cámaras con subniveles y voladura en abanico. Las cámaras primarias y secundarias tienen una anchura de 20 m, una altura de 30 m y una longitud variable entre 20 y 60 m. Mediante modelos numéricos tridimensionales realizados con el programa FLAC 3D se ha estudiado la distribución de las tensiones verticales en las paredes de pasta que quedan expuestas en las cámaras primarias y secundarias, y su evolución a medida que aumenta la superficie explotada. La modelización numérica ha puesto de manifiesto que se produce efecto arco en los rellenos de pasta de las cámaras primarias, o sea, aquellas que tienen ambos hastiales en mineral o en roca. Este efecto aligera las tensiones verticales y aumenta la estabilidad del relleno de la pared de pasta expuesta. De acuerdo con los resultados de los modelos numéricos, en las cámaras secundarias de 30 m de alto, el efecto arco empieza a manifestarse solamente en las paredes de pasta de relación anchura/altura menor de 0,7. Los cálculos realizados en tres dimensiones indican que la fórmula de Mitchell (Mitchell, Olsen, y Smith 1982, 14-28) puede resultar arriesgada para estimar la estabilidad del relleno en este tipo de cámaras. Por consiguiente, se recomienda utilizar en estos casos el método que tradicionalmente se ha empleado para calcular la estabilidad de taludes verticales en suelos cohesivos a corto plazo, en dos dimensiones. Aunque este método puede resultar conservador para paredes de pasta de cámaras secundarias con una relación anchura/altura inferior a 0,5. Para usar relleno de pasta para el sostenimiento en minería subterránea hay que tener en cuenta el cálculo de los parámetros de diseño, optimización de la mezcla, cualidades de bombeo y la operación de transporte al interior de la mina. Los gastos de ésta operación minera son importantes ya que pueden representar hasta de 20%.

Performance des chantiers ouverts en contexte de mines profondes

Le présent mémoire expose les résultats d’une étude de la performance des chantiers ouverts dans un contexte de mines profondes ayant été effectuée dans le cadre du projet de recherche « Mines profondes : défis d’exploitation et impacts sur la récupération minéralurgique » réalisé par le département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux de l’Université Laval. Les données utilisées dans le cadre de cette étude sont en lien avec la planification et l’exploitation de plus de mille chantiers minés entre 860 et 2 450 m de profondeur à la mine souterraine LaRonde de Mines Agnico Eagle, la plus profonde actuellement de l’hémisphère ouest. On y présente une revue de la littérature qui fait la description des problématiques de dilution et de pertes opérationnelles de la réserve minérale liées à la performance des chantiers ouverts ainsi que de leurs conséquences sur les projets miniers. Une comparaison des performances planifiées et réalisées au site de LaRonde y est présentée, ainsi que les résultats d’analyses statistiques ayant permis de montrer que la variation du ratio des contraintes in situ avec la profondeur est un facteur d’influence significatif de la performance des chantiers. L’effet de ce facteur d’influence y est aussi illustré et validé à l’aide d’une série de modèles numériques. Le mémoire présente également une première approche visant à développer un modèle d’évaluation de la dilution dans les chantiers ouverts qui prend en compte la profondeur de minage. Finalement, afin d’améliorer la précision de l’estimation de la réserve minérale lors de l’évaluation de projets miniers, une méthodologie d’estimation intégrant le modèle d’évaluation proposé est présentée pour les projets dont les contextes géologique, géotechnique et opérationnel sont comparables à ceux du site de LaRonde.

Cut slope design for the access to an underground copper mine

Slope stability analysis is a major area of research in geotechnical engineering. That being said, very little is written in the geotechnical engineering literature on the design of box-cuts. The goal of this thesis will be to investigate the proper design of a boxcuts, and to design a box-cut for access to an underground copper mine. Issues that need to be considered in the box-cut design include, long term dewatering design, slope stability analysis, and erosion control. The soils at the project site were extremely low permeability, as a result a system of ejectors was designed both to improve the stability of the slopes and prevent flooding. Based on the results of limit equilibrium analysis and finite element analysis, a slope design of two horizontal on one vertical was selection, with a rock fill buttress providing reinforcement. Finally, Michigan DOT standards for seeding were used to provide erosion control

Dust sampling and laboratory testing procedures after underground coal mine explosions /

"June 1996."