La noción de variedad esencialmente derivada en el marco de la UPOV y su incidencia en la decision 345 y la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual

Mediante una revisión de la normativa vigente sobre el derecho de obtentor en torno a las “variedades esencialmente derivadas” en nuestro país, determinaremos en que medida la aplicación práctica de este derecho, vulnera los intereses nacionales, especialmente en el ámbito de la biodiversidad y el derecho del agricultor, con el objeto de plantear una propuesta de reforma a la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Este trabajo está desarrollado de la siguiente manera: El capítulo I trata de temas generales como la importancia de la protección de las variedades vegetales, su evolución, una reseña histórica de la protección legal, una revisión de conceptos como variedad y obtentor y de los requisitos para la protección de este derecho y finalmente las similitudes y diferencias con el sistema de patentes. El capítulo II versa sobre las variedades esencialmente derivadas en el marco de la Unión Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales, con el fin de entender como y porqué surgió este nuevo concepto. El capítulo III trata sobre la incidencia de las variedades esencialmente derivadas en la Decisión 345 y en la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, se analiza la situación expuesta con casos prácticos en el registro de variedades esencialmente derivadas y finalmente se elabora una propuesta de reforma a la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, con la que se busca encontrar un equilibro entre los obtentores y los intereses nacionales en este ámbito.

Evaluation of the use of high-density SNP genotyping to implement UPOV Model 2 for DUS testing in barley

Developments in high-throughput genotyping provide an opportunity to explore the application of marker technology in distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing of new varieties. We have used a large set of molecular markers to assess the feasibility of a UPOV Model 2 approach: “Calibration of threshold levels for molecular characteristics against the minimum distance in traditional characteristics”. We have examined 431 winter and spring barley varieties, with data from UK DUS trials comprising 28 characteristics, together with genotype data from 3072 SNP markers. Inter varietal distances were calculated and we found higher correlations between molecular and morphological distances than have been previously reported. When varieties were grouped by kinship, phenotypic and genotypic distances of these groups correlated well. We estimated the minimum marker numbers required and showed there was a ceiling after which the correlations do not improve. To investigate the possibility of breaking through this ceiling, we attempted genomic prediction of phenotypes from genotypes and higher correlations were achieved. We tested distinctness decisions made using either morphological or genotypic distances and found poor correspondence between each method.

Caracterización de variedades y portainjertos de duraznero (Prunus persica (L) Batsch), mediante compuestos bioquímicos

El duraznero (Prunus persica (L) Batsch) presenta un gran número de cultivares y éste se acrecienta constantemente debido al intenso trabajo de mejoramiento genético al que es sometido. La metodología para la caracterización e identificación de los cultivares desde el punto de vista legal, es la basada en el estudio de los caracteres pomológicos (morfológicos y agronómicos). La UPOV ha elaborado una serie de descriptores para la mayoría de los frutales. Dicha metodología a veces presenta problemas debido a la gran similitud de los tipos estudiados por su cercanía genética y a la variación que tales caracteres pueden presentar debido a la influencia de las condiciones del medio. Por ello existe un gran interés en métodos alternativos o complementarios para la caracterización. Entre ellos el estudio de ciertos compuestos bioquímicos (proteínas e isoenzimas), han demostrado ser muy interesante para tal objetivo. Se propone el estudio de distintas isoenzimas en diferentes órganos de la planta, con el fin de lograr su caracterización. Objetivos: El objetivo general del presente trabajo es la caracterización bioquímica de las variedades y portainjertos del duraznero. Los objetivos específicos son: Objetivo 1. Caracterización de cultivares de duraznero mediante extracto de tallos. Subobjetivo 1.A. Distintas fechas de muestreo. 1.B. Distintas isoenzimas. 1.C. Elaboración de datos. Objetivo 2. Caracterización de cultivares de duraznero mediante extractos de hojas. Subobjetivo 2.A. Distintas fechas de muestreo. 2.B. Distintas isoenzimas. 2.C. Elaboración de datos. Objetivo 3. Caracterización de portainjertos para el duraznero mediante extractos de tallos y hojas. Subobjetivo 3.A. Distintas fechas de muestreo. 3.B. Distintas isoenzimas. 3.C. Elaboración de datos. El presente proyecto se inserta dentro de las investigaciones más avanzadas en la búsqueda de métodos alternativos a la caracterización morfológica para la taxonomía de las distintas especies vegetales por parte de numerosos laboratorios internacionales. La importancia práctica de un método de identificación bioquímica es la posibilidad de disponer de una metodología sencilla y al mismo tiempo fiable que nos permite certificar el material viverístico.

Patentes y alimentos

El panorama internacional sobre la protecció de les varietats vegetals, en concret el sistema de patents europeu i el de protecció d'obtencions vegetals (UPOV), la seva regulació i abast a la llum de la Jurisprudència de l'Oficina Europea de Patents (OEP) i del “Cas Bròcoli”; número de Patent Europea EP 1 069 819.

Preliminary characterization of Psidium germplasm in different Brazilian ecogeographic regions

The objective of this work was to characterize 119 accessions of guava and 40 accessions of "araçá" sampled in 35 Brazilian ecoregions, according to the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) descriptors. The majority of "araçá" accessions presented wide spacing of leaf veins, while guava accessions presented medium to close spacing. Most fruits of "araçá" accessions were classified as small, contrasting with medium to large fruits of guava accessions. Most of "araçá" accessions (91%) presented white flesh fruit color, while 58% of guava accessions presented pale pink, pink and dark pink colors. Fruit differences among wild and cultivated Psidium species indicate fruit as the most altered trait under artificial selection.

Passiflora edulis Sims: the correct taxonomic way to cite the yellow passion fruit (and of others colors)

Passiflora edulis, the passion fruit native from Brazil, has several common names (such as sour passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, black passion fruit, and purple passion fruit), and presents a wide variability with the different rind colors of its fruits, which are very easy to notice. However, in 1932, Otto Degener suggested that the yellow passion fruit had its origin in Australia through breeding, calling it P. edulis forma flavicarpa, and that it could be distinguished by the color of the fruit, the deeper shade of purple of the corona, and the presence of glands on the sepals. These distinctions do not support themselves, for the glands are common to the species (although they may be absent), and the corona has a wide range of colors, regardless of the color of the fruit. A more critical ingredient is the fact that the external coloration of the fruit is a character of complex inheritance and is not dominant, thus displaying a number of intermediate colors, making it difficult to identify the extreme colors. For the correct scientific naming of agricultural plants, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature must be used in conjunction with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, with the selections with significant agronomic characteristics recognized and named cultivars. In accordance with the international convention promoted by the UPOV, of which Brazil is a signatory, several colors (light yellow, yellow, orange yellow, pink red, red, red purple, green purple, purple, and dark purple) can be recognized in order to adequately characterize passion fruit cultivars within the species P. edulis. At taxonomic level, Passiflora edulis Sims must be used for any plant and color of sour passion fruits, in combination with a cultivar name for the selected materials.

Caracterização de cultivares de soja por descritores morfológicos e marcadores bioquímicos de proteínas e isoenzimas

A utilização de descritores morfológicos e marcadores bioquímicos de proteínas e enzimas têm sido recomendados para fins de caracterização de cultivares de soja. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi empregar tais descritores e marcadores na identificação de dez cultivares de soja. Os marcadores morfológicos avaliados nos estádios de plântula, planta e semente foram os recomendados pela Lei de Proteção de Cultivares e UPOV, mostrando-se eficientes na separação das dez cultivares. Marcadores específicos para sete das dez cultivares foram obtidos. A utilização de proteínas de armazenamento possibilitou a separação das cultivares em três grupos: 1) Conquista, BR/IAC 21 e Garantia; 2) Liderança, Confiança e Monarca; 3) Splendor, UFV 16, FT 2000 e Vencedora. Os sistemas enzimáticos superóxido dismutase, diaforase, fosfoglucomutase, esterase, álcool desidrogenase, isocitrado desidrogenase e peroxidase separaram as cultivares em seis grupos: 1) Conquista e Confiança; 2) Splendor e FT 2000; 3) UFV 16 e Garantia; 4) BRIAC 21; 5) Liderança e Monarca; 6) Vencedora. O emprego de marcadores bioquímicos de proteínas e caracterização de cultivares de soja.

Droits de propriété intellectuelle et protection des plantes: approches, limites et perspectives

Le droit de la propriété intellectuelle présente, depuis quelques années, un intérêt particulier à l'évolution de la recherche sur les plantes. Ceci s'est traduit, au plan international, par l'adoption de plusieurs instruments visant à assurer une meilleure protection des investissements consentis dans ce domaine. Il s'agit notamment de la Convention de l'UPOV, qui s'inscrit dans une logique de protection par la voie sui generis avec la possibilité de délivrance de certificat d'obtention végétale aux sélectionneurs; de l'Accord ADPIC, qui, en plus de recommander un système sui generis efficace, ouvre l'option de protection par brevet ou en définitive par le cumul des deux systèmes; de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB) et du Traité de la FAO portant sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, qui, favorables aux deux précédentes formes de protection, demandent que soient prises en compte des considérations relatives aux droits souverains des pays sur leurs ressources végétales, au partage des bénéfices, etc. Au plan régional, on distingue, entre autres, l'initiative de l'Afrique, visant à assurer la protection des plantes suivant une logique partagée entre l'alignement sur les normes internationales existantes (Accord de Bangui) ou l'institution d'une autre législation originale qui reflète les réalités et préoccupations du continent (Loi modèle). Il apparaît donc qu'il existe plusieurs instruments pour cerner la même réalité. Ceci est forcément la source de quelques difficultés qui sont d'ordre conceptuel, socioéconomique, environnemental et juridique. Pour les pallier, il est important que certaines conditions soient satisfaites afin d'harmoniser les points de vue entre les différents acteurs concernés par la question et d'assurer une appropriation conséquente des instruments adoptés.

Protection of Farmers’ Rights in India-Challenges for Law in the Context of Plant Breeders’ Rights

School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Acción de organizaciones no gubernamentales frente a las semillas genéticamente modificadas en Colombia

Los efectos ambientales, económicos, sociales y culturales generados por las Semillas Genéticamente Modificadas-SGM y su control por empresas transnacionales como Monsanto, han incentivado la acción colectiva liderada por ONGs, tanto internacionalmente como en Colombia. El objetivo principal es analizar cómo la ONG “Semillas” ha incidido en las políticas colombianas relacionadas con la introducción y uso de SGM durante el periodo 2002-2013. Se centra en la Teoría de Redes Transnacionales de Defensa expuesta por M. Keck y K. Sikkink (1998). Además, se analiza el papel de las ONGs ambientales y las corporaciones transnacionales. El argumento central es que al crear vínculos con actores nacionales e internacionales y vincularse con redes y campañas con impacto transnacional, “Semillas” ha posicionado la lucha en contra de las SGM y ha logrado presionar al Estado influyendo parcialmente en sus políticas y leyes, al igual que en su posición y discurso frente al uso de SGM.

Concentration in the ownership of plant variety rights: Some implications for developing countries

This paper explores concentration levels in the ownership of intellectual property rights over plant varieties worldwide. An analysis of data for 30 UPOV member-countries shows a high degree of concentration in the ownership of plant variety rights for six major crops at the national level in the developed world. Much of this concentration has arisen owing to the rapid consolidation of the seed industry through mergers and acquisitions, especially in the 1990s. A high degree of concentration in the ownership of plant variety rights, in combination with recent efforts to strengthen plant variety protection regimes, is likely to have significant effects on the prospects for future innovation in plant breeding and the distribution of market power between companies. For developing countries, concentration in intellectual property right ownership may have important implications for the structure of domestic seed industries and access to protected varieties and associated plant breeding technologies. These implications for developing countries are likely to become apparent in the context of the rapid spread of plant variety protection and access legislation, emerging changes in the international exchange regime for plant material and liberalised investment policies permitting foreign investment in the seeds sector.

Concentration in ownership of plant variety rights: some implications for developing countries

This paper explores concentration levels in the ownership of intellectual property rights over plant varieties worldwide. An analysis of data for 30 UPOV member-countries shows a high degree of concentration in the ownership of plant variety rights for six major crops at the national level in the developed world. Much of this concentration has arisen owing to the rapid consolidation of the seed industry through mergers and acquisitions, especially in the 1990s. A high degree of concentration in the ownership of plant variety rights, in combination with recent efforts to strengthen plant variety protection regimes, is likely to have significant effects on the prospects for future innovation in plant breeding and the distribution of market power between companies. For developing countries, concentration in intellectual property right ownership may have important implications for the structure of domestic seed industries and access to protected varieties and associated plant breeding technologies. These implications for developing countries are likely to become apparent in the context of the rapid spread of plant variety protection and access legislation, emerging changes in the international exchange regime for plant material and liberalised investment policies permitting foreign investment in the seeds sector. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Survival analysis of cereal crop variety innovations in the UK

This paper explores the changing survival patterns of cereal crop variety innovations in the UK since the introduction of plant breeders’ rights in the mid-1960s. Using non-parametric, semi-parametric and parametric approaches, we examine the determinants of the survival of wheat variety innovations, focusing on the impacts of changes to Plant Variety Protection (PVP) regime over the last four decades. We find that the period since the introduction of the PVP regime has been characterised by the accelerated development of new varieties and increased private sector participation in the breeding of cereal crop varieties. However, the increased flow of varieties has been accompanied by a sharp decline in the longevity of innovations. These trends may have contributed to a reduction in the returns appropriated by plant breeders from protected variety innovations and may explain the decline of conventional plant breeding in the UK. It may also explain the persistent demand from the seed industry for stronger protection. The strengthening of the PVP regime in conformity with the UPOV Convention of 1991, the introduction of EU-wide protection through the Community Plant Variety Office and the introduction of royalties on farm-saved seed have had a positive effect on the longevity of protected variety innovations, but have not been adequate to offset the long term decline in survival durations.

Política externa brasileira e cultivares: impactos dos direitos de propriedade intelectual

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O exercício anticompetitivo da propriedade intelectual de plantas na Argentina e no Brasil: um estudo sobre a interface entre comércio internacional e política de concorrência

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS