958 resultados para Typical grassland
Resumo:
Excrement patches of grazing animals play an important role in greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes due to the high nitrogen (N) and available carbon (C) deposited in small areas, but little information is available for the effect of excrement in the Inner Mongolian grassland (43 26 degrees N, 116 degrees 40'E). To elucidate the effect of grazing sheep urine, fresh dung and compost on fluxes of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O), a short-term field study (65 days) was carried out in the typical grassland of Inner Mongolia with the optimised closed chamber/GC technique. Compared with the control, cumulative net CH4 consumption decreased 36, 31, and 18% from urine, fresh dung, and compost plots, respectively; net CO2-C output increased by 6.5, 1.5, and 1.2% from urine, fresh dung, and compost treated soil, respectively; about three times as much N2O-N was emitted from urine and the fresh dung treatments during 65 days. Nitrous oxide emission was positively correlated with CO, emission (R = 0.691, P < 0.01) and water-filled pore space (R = 0.698, P < 0.01). The percentages of N2O-N loss of applied-N were 0.44 and 1.05% for urine and fresh dung, respectively. Our results suggest that in autumn in the degraded grassland of Inner Mongolia, the effect of sheep excrement may be ignored when evaluating the total GHG emissions.
Resumo:
植物物候反映的是植物(包括农作物)和环境(气候、水文、土壤条件)的周期性变化之间的相互关系。在气候变化背景下,植物物候已经发生了显著变化,并且对生态系统产生了重要影响。然而,目前的物候研究大多是针对木本植物,对于草本植物的研究则相对缺乏,而且草本植物的物候节律表现出较木本植物更为复杂的特征,不但受温度影响,亦受到水分因素的影响。 本研究利用内蒙古典型草原区克氏针茅草原建群种羊草和克氏针茅自1985~2003年19年的物候资料和气象数据,分析了物候特征及气候因子的变化趋势,探究了两种植物返青期和枯黄期的主导因子。结果表明,克氏针茅草原近20年来的气候发生了显著的变化,总体表现为温度升高、降水量降少、土壤水分含量减少。与以往物候研究结果不同的是,羊草和克氏针茅返青期在气候变暖的背景下却显著滞后。相关分析显示返青前期土壤水分是导致返青滞后的主要原因。对于枯黄期的相关分析同样显示水分因子是制约两种植物生长季结束的关键因子。在检验现有返青期和枯黄期物候模型对于典型草原适用性的基础上,本研究选择应用广泛、计算简便的CTM(Cumulative Temperature Model)模型作为改进返青期物候模型的基础,在其中加入了水分的影响,使得改进返青期物候模型可以很好的模拟典型草原植物返青期,模拟误差小于7天。同时,构建了考虑水分和温度共同影响的枯黄期模型。改进后的物候模型提高了DCTEM(Dynamic Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystems Model)模型的模拟精度。 基于耦合改进物候模块的DCTEM模型对影响生态系统NPP(Net Primary Productivity)、NEP(Net Ecosystem Productivity)和AET(Annual Evapotranspiration)的因子加以分析。结果显示,降水量是影响克氏针茅草原生态系统功能的主要因子,其对于NPP、NEP、AET以及土壤异养呼吸等均有不同程度的影响。其次,生长季长度变化对于克氏针茅生态系统功能呈现出显著的影响作用,其影响程度仅次于降水量。 为了量化在实际的气象条件下单位生长季长度变化所引起生态系统NPP、NEP和AET的变化幅度,设置了三个引起生长季长度变化的物候模拟情景(动态枯黄情景、动态返青情景、动态起止情景)以及对照情景。研究结果显示,不同情景下植物生长季长度变化对于生态系统功能有着不同程度的影响。动态枯黄情景下由于草原枯黄期使整个生长季每延长一天NEP增加3.11%,NPP为0.34%,对于AET的影响最小为0.06%;动态返青情景下,由于草原返青期波动使得整个生长季延长一天则NEP增加1.54%,NPP为0.15%,对于AET的影响最小为0.01%;在动态起止情景下,生长季延长一天则NEP增加3.37%,NPP为0.39%,对于AET的影响最小为0.06%。总体而言,由于枯黄期引起的生长季变化对生态系统功能影响程度比由于返青期引起的程度高。此外,不同的生态系统功能要素对于物候变化的影响程度也有所不同。在几种模拟情景下,NEP受到生长季变化的影响最大,其次为NPP,AET受物候变化影响最小。
Resumo:
养分回收是植物衰老时,养分从衰老组织向活的组织体转移的一种过程。该过程延长了养分在植物体内的滞留时间,提高了植物保持养分的能力,因此是植物适应养分贫瘠生境的策略之一。全球气候变化,包括降水格局改变和氮(N)沉降增加,改变了生态系统正常的生物地球化学循环,因此可能会对植物的养分回收特性产生影响。研究不同N、磷(P)、水梯度上,植物物种养分回收特性的响应格局,对于预测N沉降增加和降水格局改变对物种养分利用策略的潜在影响,具有一定的理论与实践意义。本研究以中国科学院植物研究所多伦恢复生态学实验站长期施N肥实验(0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64 g N m-2 yr-1等8个水平)为研究平台研究了克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)群落中优势植物养分回收随N素添加梯度的变化,同时结合三个盆栽控制实验(施N肥实验:0,0.5,1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 g N m-2等10个水平;施P肥实验:梯度同施N肥实验;控水实验:3600,4000,4500,5143,6000,7200,9000,12000,18000,36000 mL pot-1等10个水平),主要探讨了羊草(Leymus chinensis)养分回收效率(从衰老组织中回收转移的养分百分数,RE)和养分回收度(以枯叶中养分浓度衡量,RP)以及其它叶片养分特性(绿叶养分浓度和比叶面积SLA)对环境因子改变的响应格局。同时,我们还调查了枯叶C:N比和C:P比等参数,研究环境因子改变对凋落物分解的影响。 1)连续4年施N肥显著降低了五个物种叶片N素回收度(NRP),对P素回收度(PRP)的影响在各物种间差异较大,但低N提高了多数物种的PRP;物种间,冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)RP(枯叶N和P浓度分别为14.3±2.0 mg g-1和0.68±0.09 mg g-1)最低,砂韭(Allium bidentatum)(N:5.2±0.2 mg g-1,P:0.12±0.01 mg g-1)最高。沿施N梯度,N素回收效率(NRE)的变化趋势在物种间差异较小但在方法间(叶干重水平,叶面积水平和单株水平)差异较大,而P素回收效率(PRE)的变化在物种间和方法间差别都较大。叶干重水平和叶面积水平上,NRE在四个物种中表现出显著降低的趋势,PRE只在糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)和星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)中显著降低,其它三个物种变化不显著。单株水平上,所有物种NRE(除了克氏针茅)和PRE均与施N量梯度无显著性关系。物种间,砂韭的RE最高(>80.0%),冷蒿和星毛委陵菜最低(<60.0%)。方法间,叶片水平上的RE均高于单株水平上。沿施N肥梯度,两个禾本科物种SLA无显著变化规律,而其它三个物种SLA表现出先增加后变化不大的趋势。物种间,最高和最低的SLA分别表现在冷蒿和克氏针茅。沿施N肥梯度,五个物种C:N比呈先显著降低后缓慢降低的趋势。物种间,最大和最小的C:N比分别出现在砂韭和冷蒿。 2)盆栽施N肥实验中,一定范围内,施N肥显著提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA和绿叶N浓度,显著降低了C:N比、NRP、NRE和PRE,但对绿叶P浓度、叶片PRP和C:P比无明显影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为16.2 mg g-1和1.01 mg g-1,平均NRE和PRE分别为46.1﹪和58.1﹪。10月时,地下生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 3)盆栽施P肥实验中,一定范围内,施P肥显著地提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、绿叶N浓度和绿叶P浓度,显著降低了C:N比、C:P比、NRP、PRP和PRE,但对NRE无显著影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为9.9 mg g-1和7.43 mg g-1,平均NRE和PRE分别为58.2﹪,平均PRE为56.1﹪。10月时地下部分生物量和N库积累均高于地上部分,而P库在两个部分间差别不大。 4)盆栽控水实验中,一定范围内,供水量增加显著增加了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、NRP、PRP、PRE、C:N比和C:P比,显著降低了绿叶N浓度,但对绿叶P浓度和NRE无显著性影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为10.4 mg g-1和0.32 mg g-1,平均NRE和PRE分别为54.4﹪和76.8﹪。10月时,地下部分生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 以上结果表明,N、P和水分因子的改变影响了植物生物量和养分分配、叶片养分特性、养分回收能力以及枯叶分解质量等,且不同梯度影响程度也不同。因此,未来全球变化包括N沉降增加和降水格局改变可能影响植物养分利用策略和凋落物分解特性,进而可能对植被-土壤系统养分循环产生影响。
Resumo:
草地生态系统中,放牧对调节物质流动和营养循环起着关键的作用。内蒙古地区已有上千年的游牧历史,放牧是该地区重要的草地利用方式之一。然而,近50年来,由于人口的剧增以及对草原的不合理利用与管理,使得内蒙古草原发生了严重的退化与沙漠化。理解放牧对氮循环的定量影响,对我们更合理地利用草地、防治生态系统的进一步退化以及探求最佳恢复途径都具有重要的意义。中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站精准设置的5种放牧强度处理(0.00, 1.33, 2.67, 4.00, 5.33 羊/公顷)为我们的研究提供了理想的平台。2005、2006年生长季期间,在经过16年不同放牧强度处理的一个典型草原样地上,我们测定了氮素输入(氮沉降、生物固氮)、转化(净氮矿化)、输出(反硝化及氨气挥发)速率等N循环的重要参量。同时,测定了微生物生物量碳、氮(Cmic,Nmic)及微生物呼吸(Rmic),研究了微生物在氮循环中的作用。另外,还测定了植物、土壤、固氮体中的15N自然丰度值,探讨了其对不同放牧强度的响应格局与机理。 结果表明,干湿混合沉降物全氮浓度最高达11.53 mg N l–1,沉降量最高为1.77 kg N ha–1m–1。月均氮沉降量与浓度正相关,它们与降水量均关系密切,前者更密切。结皮面积所占比例很小,不超过8%。结皮含氮量为1.01-1.43 g N kg–1,受放牧的影响不显著,但随放牧强度的增加有降低的趋势。土壤结皮能固氮,但固氮量不超过土壤氮含量的1倍。地耳的固氮量为结皮的10-20倍,故是主要的固氮体。尽管地耳含氮量受放牧影响不显著,但放牧是不放牧条件下地耳氮含量的1.58倍。 土壤NH4+-N浓度随季节变化范围为1.71-9.45 µg N g–1,它们在各放牧处理之间的差异不显著。土壤NO3–-N浓度变幅为0.27-11.21 µg N g–1。总无机氮浓度在不放牧条件下的变幅为2.69-14.57 µg N g–1,占总氮的0.49-2.6%;放牧条件下的变幅为2.49-8.66 µg N g–1,占总氮的0.35-1.21%。总无机氮浓度随季节和放牧强度的变化趋势与硝态氮相似,表现为2005年夏季期间有逐渐增加的趋势,而在2006年整个生长季期间有逐渐降低的趋势。不放牧比放牧条件下含氮量高,但在4个放牧处理之间的差异不显著。净氮矿化速率的变幅为–0.61-0.27 µg N g–1d–1,峰值通常出现在7月。净氮矿化速率在各处理间没有一致性差异,但中牧(2.67、4.00 羊/公顷)通常比重牧(5.33 羊/公顷)下的值高。净氮硝化速率通常很低,波动在–0.32-0.16 µg N g–1之间,2005年夏季及2006年春秋季的值相对较高。净氮硝化速率在各放牧处理之间差异不显著,但重牧条件下的值通常最低。累积净氮转化量在年际间差异大,2005年总体上遵循正态分布模式,而2006年随着放牧强度的增加有直线下降的趋势,2006年比2005年的累积量高。土壤温度和湿度比放牧强度对净氮矿化的影响更加显著。放牧强度通过调节这两个土壤因子对氮动态而产生间接影响。 反硝化和N2O的释放速率低,前者变幅为0.33-6.21µg N kg–1 d–1,后者为0.42-11.28 µg N kg–1 d–1。释放量夏季较强,春秋较弱。放牧对反硝化释放影响不显著,只在2005年对N2O释放影响显著。尽管如此,反硝化和N2O释放速率整体表现出在不放牧比放牧条件下高的趋势,且比最高放牧强度5.33 羊/公顷下的反硝化速率显著高。然而,它们在4个放牧处理之间的差异始终不显著。累积反硝化和N2O释放存在年际变化,2006年的值显著高。它们随着放牧强度的递增有逐渐降低的趋势,这在2006年表现得尤为明显,这种结果主要归因于土壤总氮量在长期放牧条件下随放牧压力的增加而逐渐降低。 氨气挥发速率变幅为0.88-3.52 g N ha–1d–1,高峰值出现在5月,2005比2006年同期的速率大。两年间放牧强度对氨气挥发的影响都较弱,2005年影响更弱。不放牧条件下的氨气挥发量通常最低,这在生长季的前期表现得更为明显,中牧及重牧条件下通常最高。放牧能影响氨气挥发与氨态氮,硝态氮及总无机氮浓度之间的关系,即不放牧条件下相关性显著,而放牧条件下相关性不显著。年际间氨气挥发速率与无机氮浓度之间的关系趋势相反,2005年负相关,2006年正相关。在水分充足的2006年,所有处理条件下氨气挥发与土壤水分及温度之间显著相关,但在单独每个放牧处理下,相关性不显著。 Cmic变幅大,为13.97-350.45 μg C g–1,占土壤总有机碳的1.58-8.35%。最高和最低值分别出现在夏季和春季。它们在各处理间差异不显著,不放牧下的值相对偏高。Cmic与土壤有机C和全N、前期的立枯、凋落量及含N量、优势种前期的地上生物量、根系生物量、土壤温度以及水分之间关系密切。氮素状态如氨态氮、总无机氮含量、反硝化以及N2O释放速率,氨气挥发速率与Cmic之间关系密切。Nmic占土壤全氮的0.41-2.74%,不受季节和放牧强度的显著影响。Nmic与可溶性N,表土层根系全N,立枯有机C,地上生物量之间关系密切。氮循环过程中氨气挥发速率受Nmic的影响。Rmic随季节而变化,通常5月份值最高。Rmic随着放牧强度的增加有稍降低的趋势。Rmic与土壤可溶性C、有机C,不同土层根系有机C,凋落物、立枯量及其C、N含量、全N,地上生物量,优势种前期的生物量,土壤温度之间关系密切。土壤氮循环动态如氨态氮、硝态氮、总无机氮浓度及反硝化速率与Rmic之间关系密切。 土壤、植物、地耳、生物结皮的δ15N值与放牧强度之间相关关系不显著。然而,放牧有增加表层土和植物的δ15N值而降低表土、地耳、结皮的δ15N值的趋势。表层土δ15N值与前一年生长季末期硝态氮及总无机氮浓度,反硝化速率及累积氨气挥发之间密切相关。 土壤碳含量的变幅为10.44-17.19 g C kg–1,全氮量的变幅为0.54-0.82 g N kg–1。长期的高强度放牧降低了土壤碳、氮储量。根系碳、氮含量分别为土壤碳、氮含量的40-50和10倍。立枯和凋落物有机碳含量变幅为446.94-507.01 g C kg–1,与放牧强度之间关系不密切;氮含量变幅为4.58-7.18 g N kg–1,与放牧强度之间显著负相关。优势种木地肤、冷蒿的含碳量与放牧强度之间相关不显著,但含氮量与之显著相关。 综述以上结果,不同放牧强度对内蒙草地生态系统氮循环中不同过程产生影响的程度各不相同,这种影响主要是通过它与土壤环境因子如温度、水分的联合作用而间接产生。
Resumo:
为了了解植被恢复过程土壤水库特征的变化及其驱动因子,为半干旱典型草原区植被恢复的土壤环境效应提供评价依据,研究了宁南半干旱典型草原区植被恢复80 a对土壤水库库容、实际贮水量和贮水效率的影响及驱动因子。结果表明:土壤水库总库容、吸持库容、实际贮水量、贮水效率以及土壤物理性质均在草原植被恢复25 a内不断提高,经37 a略微下降后随植被演替土壤水库特征和土壤物理性质继续改善。通过逐步回归分析,容重、有机质含量和水稳性团聚体分形维数是影响土壤水库总库容的主要因子,毛管孔隙度则是影响土壤实际贮水量和贮水效率的主要因子。土壤有机质含量与容重、分形维数呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与毛管孔隙度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。植被恢复促使有机质积累,从而改善了土壤结构状况,提高了土壤土壤贮水能力、贮水量和贮水效率。可以认为土壤有机质积累是土壤水库功能提高的直接动力。
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对典型草原云雾山保护区退耕6 a,11 a(放牧8 a)和16 a的3个退耕地和4个封育草地(百里香群落、铁杆蒿群落、大针茅群落和长芒草群落)对照坡耕地表层土壤的水分特征曲线数学模型、持水参数和比水容量进行了测定。结果表明,封育草地的持水和供水性能要大于退耕地和坡耕地,放牧对退耕11 a的持水和供水性能有较大影响。云雾山自然保护区坡地退耕和草地封育后,样地土壤的持水能力大小顺序为封育长芒草群落>大针茅群落>百里香群落>铁杆蒿群落>退耕16 a>退耕6 a>坡耕地>退耕11 a(放牧8 a)。供水能力大小顺序为封育长芒草群落>百里香群落>铁杆蒿群落>大针茅群落>退耕16 a>退耕6 a>退耕11 a(放牧8 a)>坡耕地。这说明土壤持水和供水性能随着退耕年限的增加和封育草地的正向植被演替均逐渐增强的趋势。坡地退耕和草地封育能够通过改善土壤的水分物理性质提高土壤的蓄水持水性能和抗侵蚀能力。
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坡地土壤降雨入渗、径流和侵蚀过程与土壤结构密切相关。试验样地为宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区的坡耕地、退耕6a、退耕11a(前8a放牧,后3a禁牧)和退耕16a坡地,室内测定土壤结构指标,野外采用基于径流-入流-产流方法的新型降雨仪器在17、43和56mm/h雨强下观测坡地土壤的入渗性能,分析土壤结构特征对入渗的影响。对土壤结构的稳定性指标、孔隙性指标和分形维数指标进行分析,结果表明,随着退耕年限的延长,土壤团聚体稳定性增强,土壤结构孔隙状况得到明显改善。模拟降雨结果显示,随着雨强的增大,退耕地的土壤入渗率增加,但坡耕地反而降低。退耕11a样地受放牧牲畜践踏影响,入渗性能最差。通过逐步回归分析可知,在17mm/h和56mm/h雨强下,影响土壤稳定入渗率的土壤结构因子主要是容重和有机碳含量,而在43mm/h雨强下主要是毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度。土壤有机碳含量和孔隙状况的差异致使土壤结构特征不同,从而对入渗性能和过程产生明显的影响。
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根据不同的生物气候状况 ,可将黄土高原分成五个生物气候区 :暖温带湿润半湿润森林区、暖温带半湿润半干旱森林草原区、中温带半干旱典型草原区、中温带干旱半干旱荒漠草原区以及中温带干旱草原化荒漠区。紧密结合上述生物气候区域特征 ,将生态学的有关原理引入到该区的治理与生态恢复中 ,提出了治理黄土高原的新模式 :正确实施生物措施 ,人工模拟天然生态系统。该区的生态恢复应从系统的角度考虑 ,并严格遵守生态学的有关规律在不同的生物气候区构建与该区大环境一致的不同的生态系统 ,改变过去那种在黄土高原全面造林而又成效不佳的做法
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The remote sensing based Production Efficiency Models (PEMs), springs from the concept of "Light Use Efficiency" and has been applied more and more in estimating terrestrial Net Primary Productivity (NPP) regionally and globally. However, global NPP estimates vary greatly among different models in different data sources and handling methods. Because direct observation or measurement of NPP is unavailable at global scale, the precision and reliability of the models cannot be guaranteed. Though, there are ways to improve the accuracy of the models from input parameters. In this study, five remote sensing based PEMs have been compared: CASA, GLO-PEM, TURC, SDBM and VPM. We divided input parameters into three categories, and analyzed the uncertainty of (1) vegetation distribution, (2) fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (fPAR) and (3) light use efficiency (e). Ground measurements of Hulunbeier typical grassland and meteorology measurements were introduced for accuracy evaluation. Results show that a real-time, more accurate vegetation distribution could significantly affect the accuracy of the models, since it's applied directly or indirectly in all models and affects other parameters simultaneously. Higher spatial and spectral resolution remote sensing data may reduce uncertainty of fPAR up to 51.3%, which is essential to improve model accuracy.
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A number of proxy records of paleoenvironment using stable isotopes could show the history of past environmental changes. These archives include peat and lake sediments, loess-paleosot sequence, fossil mammals and stalagmite, and so on. The stable isotopic composition of carbonate and organic matter and frequency magnetic susceptibility from Tianshuigou and Yuanlei loess-palesol sequence can be used to give estimates of the paleoenvironmental history of Dali, and even of the whole Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 250ka. Features of the High Temperature and Large Precipitation Event in the Tibet Plateau and its adjacent area during 40~30kaBP had been studied by Professor Shi Y. In this dissertation, its impact on Chinese Loess Plateau has been discussed again. Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios, magnetic susceptibility and frequency magnetic susceptibility in Tianshuigou and Yuanlei profiles show that the Event in this area is not so stronger as the Tibet Plateau. The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in Tianshuigou, Yuanlei, dingcun and Jingcun loess-palesol sequences are indicative of major changes in the paleovagetation between terrace and plain of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Water is one of the most important factors adjusting the relative biomass of C4 plant in terrestrial ecosystems. Stable carbon isotope ratio of vertebrate tooth enamel is used increasingly to reconstruct environmental and ecological information modern and ancient ecosystems. The SI3C value of tooth enamel bioapatites can distinguish between browsers and grazers. Data from typical grassland of Inter Mongolia, the Alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Yaluzangbu Great Canyon indicate that diets of mammals could record the relative biomass of C4 plant only in the C4 dominated ecosystem. In a C3 dominated ecosystem, diet of mammals would include more C3 plants than vegetation. According to Professor Cerling, proxy records from North and South America, Africa and Pakistan show that at the end of the Miocene (between 8Ma to 6 Ma) there was a global expansion of CA biomass, probably when atmospheric CO2 levels declined. Thus, "C4 world" and "CO2 starvation" are put forward. In this dissertation, carbon isotopes of fossil tooth such as Equus sanmeniensis and Hipparion chiai from Linxia, China reveal that there is a C3 dominated ecosystem in the late Miocene. Diets of ancient mammals in Linxia are not evidence of global expansion of C4 biomass.
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Erfolgskontrollen für Agrarumweltprogramme bezogen sich bisher meistens auf einzelne Flächen oder auf programmbezogene, großräumige Evaluationen. Es wurde jedoch kaum untersucht, wie sich die Maßnahmen auf die Entwicklung einzelner Naturräume auswirken. Auch gab es keine Studien, welche die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Beweggründen der Landnutzer auf der ei-nen- sowie Landnutzung und Vegetation auf der anderen Seite interpretierten. Die Dissertation Wirkungen von Extensivierungs- und Vertragsnaturschutzprogrammen auf die Entwick-lung einer »gerade noch aktuellen Agrarlandschaft« hat diese Lücke geschlossen. Sie erklärt, welche Bedeutung die hessischen Programme HELP und HEKUL für den hohen Anteil naturschutzfachlich wertvollen Grünlands im Rommeroder Hügel-land westlich des Meißner haben. Untersuchungsgegenstand waren die Grünlandvegetation und die landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe mit ihren Menschen und deren Beweggründen. Diese Inhalte er-forderten eine Vorgehensweise, die sowohl sozialwissenschaftliche als auch naturwissenschaftliche Methoden einbindet, um Bezüge zwischen Betrieben und Grünlandvegetation zu er-kennen. Umfangreiche pflanzensoziologische Untersuchungen und Interviews der Betriebsleiter waren Grundlage für eine Schlagdatenbank und weitergehende Auswertungen. Die Interpretation vegetationskundlicher Erhebungen im Kontext betrieblicher Entscheidungen und Beweggründe erforderte es, althergebrachte Ansätze in neuer Form zu verknüpfen. Die Bewertung der Programmwirkungen stützte sich auf die Schlagdatenbank und auf vier Szena-rien zur zukünftigen Gebietsentwicklung bei unterschiedlichen Programmfortschreibungen. Zur Darstellung von Erhebungen und Ergebnissen entstand eine Vielzahl thematischer Karten. Der überdurchschnittlich hohe Anteil naturschutzfachlich bedeutsamer Grünlandtypen auf den Programmflächen und die Interpretation der Szenarien belegten eine hohe Wirksamkeit von HELP und HEKUL im Gebiet. Nicht nur auf den Vertragsnaturschutzflächen des HELP, sondern auch auf dem HEKUL-Grünland sind naturschutzfachlich bedeutende Vegetationstypen überproportional vertreten. Die vier Szenarien ließen erkennen, dass eine Beschränkung des HELP auf Schutzgebiete, eine Abschaffung der HEKUL-Grünlandextensivierung oder gar eine ersatzlose Strei-chung beider Programme zu erheblichen Verschlechterungen der naturschutzfachlichen Situation führen würde. Gleichzeitig war festzustellen, dass es ohne die landwirtschaftlich schwierigen natur-räumlichen Verhältnisse sowie eine eher großteilige Agrarstruktur mit überdurchschnittlich flächen-starken und wirtschaftlich stabilen Vollerwerbsbetrieben keine so deutlichen Programmwirkungen gegeben hätte. Auch die Tatsache, dass viele Landwirte eine intensive Landwirtschaft aus innerer Überzeugung ablehnen und mit einer erheblich geringeren Stickstoffintensität wirtschaften als es HEKUL verlangt, wirkte verstärkend. Die große Bedeutung individueller Beweggründe einzelner Betriebsleiter wurde auch in den engen Beziehungen einzelner Grünland-Pflanzengesellschaften zu bestimmten Betriebstypen und sogar einzelnen Höfen sichtbar, deren Beschreibung und Interpretation wichtige Erkenntnisse zu den so-zioökonomischen Voraussetzungen verschiedener Vegetationstypen lieferte. Für die zukünftige Entwicklung der hessischen Agrarumweltförderung empfiehlt die Dissertation eine Einführung und bevorzugte Anwendung ergebnisorientierter Honorierungsverfahren, eine bessere Berücksichtigung des gering gedüngten Grünlands über eine differenzierte Förderung sehr extensiver Düngeregime, eine stärkere Modularisierung des Gesamtprogramms und eine Durchführung aller Maßnahmen im Vertragsverfahren. Die betriebszweigbezogene Grünlandextensivierung sollte zukünftig in Kulissen angeboten werden, in denen ein verstärktes Wechseln von Betrieben in die Mindestpflege nach DirektZahlVerpflV zu erwarten ist.
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In this study, we conducted eddy covariance (EC) measurements of water vapor exchange over a typical steppe in a semi-arid area of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. Measurement sites were located within a 25-year-old enclosure with a relatively low leaf area index (similar to 1. 5 m(2) m(-2)) and dominated by Leymus chinensis. Energy balance closure was (H + LE) = 17.09 + 0.69 x (Rn - G) (W/m(2); r(2) = 0.95, n = 6596). Precipitation during the two growing seasons of the study period was similar to the long-term average. The peak evapotranspiration in 2004 was 4 mm d(-1), and 3.5 mm d(-1) in 2003. The maximum latent heat flux was higher than the sensible heat flux, and the sensible heat flux dominated the energy budget at midday during the entire growing season in 2003; latent heat flux was the main consumption component for net radiation during the 2004 growing season. During periods of frozen soil in 2003 and 2004, the sensible heat flux was the primary consumption component for net radiation. The soil heat flux component was similar in 2003 and 2004. The decoupling coefficient (between 0.5 and 0.1) indicates that evapotranspiration was strongly controlled by saturation water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in this grassland. The results of this research suggest that energy exchange and evapotranspiration were controlled by the phenology of the vegetation and soil water content. In addition, the amount and frequency of rainfall significantly affect energy exchange and evapotranspiration upon the Inner Mongolia plateau. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Grassland bird species continue to decline steeply across North America. Road-based surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) are often used to estimate trends and population sizes and to build species distribution models for grassland birds, although roadside survey counts may introduce bias in estimates because of differences in habitats along roadsides and in off-road surveys. We tested for differences in land cover composition and in the avian community on 21 roadside-based survey routes and in an equal number of adjacent off-road walking routes in the grasslands of southern Alberta, Canada. Off-road routes (n = 225 point counts) had more native grassland and short shrubs and less fallow land and road area than the roadside routes (n = 225 point counts). Consequently, 17 of the 39 bird species differed between the two route types in frequency of occurrence and relative abundance, measured using an indicator species analysis. Six species, including five obligate grassland species, were more prevalent at off-road sites; they included four species listed under the Canadian federal Species At Risk Act or listed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada: Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii), Baird’s Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), the Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus), and McCown’s Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii). The six species were as much as four times more abundant on off-road sites. Species more prevalent along roadside routes included common species and those typical of farmland and other human-modified habitats, e.g., the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), the Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia), and the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). Differences in avian community composition between roadside and off-road surveys suggest that the use of BBS data when generating population estimates or distribution models may overestimate certain common species and underestimate others of conservation concern. Our results highlight the need to develop appropriate corrections for bias in estimates derived from roadside sampling, and the need to design surveys that sample bird communities across a more representative cross-section of the landscape, both near and far from roads.
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The main inputs, outputs and transfers of potassium (K) in soils and swards under typical south west England conditions were determined during 1999/00 and 2000/01 to establish soil and field gate K budgets under different fertilizer nitrogen (N) (0 and 280 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) and drainage (undrained and drained) treatments. Plots receiving fertilizer N also received farmyard manure (FYM). Potassium soil budgets ranged, on average for the two years, from -5 (+N, drained) to +9 (no N and undrained) kg K ha(-1) yr(-1) and field gate budgets from +23 (+N, drained) to +89 (+N, undrained). The main inputs and outputs to the soil K budgets were fertilizer application (65%) and plant uptake (93%). Animals had a minor effect on K export but a major impact on K recycling. Nitrogen fertilizer application and drainage increased K uptake by the grass and, with it, the efficiency of K used. It also depleted easily available soil K, which could be associated with smaller K losses by leaching.