1000 resultados para Turkevich method


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The Turkevich method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles, using sodium citrate as the reducing agent, is renowned for its ability to produce biocompatible colloids with mean size >10 nm. Here we show that monodisperse gold nanoparticles in the 5-10 nm size range can be synthesized by simply reversing the order of addition of reactants, i.e. adding chloroauric acid to citrate solution. Kinetic studies and electron microscopic characterization revealed that the reactivity of chloroauric acid, initial molar ratio of citrate to chloroauric acid (MR), and reaction mixture pH play an important role in producing monodisperse gold nanoparticles. Reversing the order of addition also enhanced the stabilization of nanoparticles at high MR values. Remarkably, the system exhibits a `memory' of the order of addition, even when the timescale of mixing is much shorter than the timescale of synthesis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Graças aos desenvolvimentos na área da síntese de nanomaterais e às potentes técnicas de caracterização à nanoescala conseguimos hoje visualizar uma nanopartícula (NP) como um dispositivo de elevado potencial terapêutico. A melhoria da sua efectividade terapêutica requer no entanto o aprofundamento e sistematização de conhecimentos, ainda muito incipientes, sobre toxicidade, selectividade, efeitos colaterais e sua dependência das próprias características físico-químicas da NP em análise. O presente trabalho, elegendo como alvo de estudo uma substância considerada biocompatível e não tóxica, a hidroxiapatite (Hap), pretende dar um contributo para esta área do conhecimento. Definiram-se como metas orientadoras deste trabalho (i) estudar a síntese de nanoparticulas de Hap (Hap NP), e a modificação das características físico-químicas e morfológicas das mesmas através da manipulação das condições de síntese; (ii) estudar a funcionalização das Hap NP com nanoestruturas de ouro e com ácido fólico, para lhes conferir capacidades acrescidas de imagiologia e terapêuticas, particularmente interessantes em aplicações como o tratamento do cancro (iii) estudar a resposta celular a materiais nanométricos, com propriedades físico-químicas diversificadas. No que se refere à síntese de Hap NP, comparam-se dois métodos de síntese química distintos, a precipitação química a temperatura fisiológica (WCS) e a síntese hidrotérmica (HS), em meios aditivados com ião citrato. A síntese WCS originou partículas de tamanho nanométrico, com uma morfologia de agulha, pouco cristalinas e elevada área superficial especifica. A síntese HS à temperatura de 180ºC permitiu obter partículas de dimensões também nanométricas mas com área específica inferior, com morfologia de bastonete prismático com secção recta hexagonal e elevada cristalinidade. Com o objectivo de aprofundar o papel de algumas variáveis experimentais na definição das características finais das partículas de hidroxiapatite, designadamente o papel do ião citrato (Cit), variou-se a razão molar [Cit/Ca] da solução reagente e o tempo de síntese. Demonstrou-se que o ião citrato e outras espécies químicas resultantes da sua decomposição nas condições térmicas (180ºC) de síntese tem um papel preponderante na velocidade de nucleação e de crescimento dessas mesmas partículas e por conseguinte nas características físico-químicas das mesmas. Elevadas razões [Cit/Ca] originam partículas de dimensão micrométrica cuja morfologia é discutida no contexto do crescimento com agregação. Com o objectivo de avaliar a citotoxicidade in vitro das nanopartículas sintetizadas procedeu-se à esterilização das mesmas. O método de esterilização escolhido foi a autoclavagem a 121º C. Avaliou-se o impacto do processo de esterilização nas características das partículas, verificando-se contrariamente às partículas WCS, que as partículas HS não sofrem alterações significativas de morfologia, o que se coaduna com as condições de síntese das mesmas, que são mais severas do que as de esterilização. As partículas WCS sofrem processos de dissolução e recristalização que se reflectem em alterações significativas de morfologia. Este estudo demonstrou que a etapa de esterilização de nanopartículas para aplicações biomédicas, por autoclavagem, pode alterar substancialmente as propriedades das mesmas, sendo pois criticamente importante caracterizar os materiais após esterilização. Os estudos citotoxicológicos para dois tipos de partículas esterilizadas (HSster e WCSster) revelaram que ambas apresentam baixa toxicidade e possuem potencial para a modelação do comportamento de células osteoblásticas. Tendo em vista a funcionalização da superfície das Hap NP para multifunções de diagnóstico e terapia exploraram-se condições experimentais que viabilizassem o acoplamento de nanopartículas de ouro à superfície das nanopartículas de Hidroxiapatite (Hap-AuNP). Tirando partido da presença de grupos carboxílicos adsorvidos na superfície das nanopartículas de Hap foi possível precipitar partículas nanométricas de ouro (1,5 a 2,5 nm) na superfície das mesmas adaptando o método descrito por Turkevich. No presente trabalho as nanopartículas de Hap funcionaram assim como um template redutor do ouro iónico de solução, propiciando localmente, na superfície das próprias nanopartículas de Hap, a sua redução a ouro metálico. A nucleação do ouro é assim contextualizada pelo papel redutor das espécies químicas adsorvidas, designadamente os grupos carboxílicos derivados de grupos citratos que presidiram à síntese das próprias nanopartículas de Hap. Estudou-se também a funcionalização das Hap NP com ácido fólico (FA), uma molécula biologicamente interessante por ser de fácil reconhecimento pelos receptores existentes em células cancerígenas. Os resultados confirmaram a ligação do ácido fólico à superfície das diferentes partículas produzidas HS e Hap-AuNPs. Graças às propriedades ópticas do ouro nanométrico (efeito plasmão) avaliadas por espectroscopia vis-UV e às potencialidades de hipertermia local por conversão fototérmica, as nanoestruturas Hap-AuNPs produzidas apresentam-se com elevado interesse enquanto nanodispositivos capazes de integrar funções de quimio e terapia térmica do cancro e imagiologia. O estudo da resposta celular aos diversos materiais sintetizados no presente trabalho foi alvo de análise na tentativa de se caracterizar a toxicidade dos mesmos bem como avaliar o seu desempenho em aplicações terapêuticas. Demonstrou-se que as Hap NP não afectam a proliferação das células para concentrações até 500 g/ml, observando-se um aumento na expressão genética da BMP-2 e da fosfatase alcalina. Verificou-se também que as Hap NP são susceptíveis de internalização por células osteoblásticas MG63, apresentando uma velocidade de dissolução intracelular relativamente reduzida. A resposta celular às Hap-AuNP confirmou a não citotoxicidade destas partículas e revelou que a presença do ouro na superfície das Hap NP aumenta a taxa proliferação celular, bem como a expressão de parâmetros osteogénicos. No seu conjunto os resultados sugerem que os vários tipos de partículas sintetizadas no presente estudo apresentam também comportamentos interessantes para aplicações em engenharia de tecido ósseo.

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Nanophotonics can be regarded as a fusion of nanotechnology and photonics and it is an emerging field providing researchers opportunities in fundamental science and new technologies. In recent times many new methodsand techniques have been developed to prepare materials at nanoscale dimensions. Most of these materials exhibit unique and interesting optical properties and behavior. Many of these have been found to be very useful to develop new devices and systems such as tracers in biological systems, optical limiters, light emitters and energy harvesters. This thesis presents a summary of the work done by the author in the field by choosing a few semiconductor systems to prepare nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Results of the study of linear and nonlinear optical properties of materials thus synthesized are also presented in the various chapters of this thesis. CdS is the material chosen here and the methods and the studies of the detailed investigation are presented in this thesis related to the optical properties of CdS nanoparticles and its composites. Preparation and characterization methods and experimental techniques adopted for the investigations were illustrated in chapter 2 of this thesis. Chapter 3 discusses the preparation of CdS, TiO2 and Au nanoparticles. We observed that the fluorescence behaviour of the CdS nanoparticles, prepared by precipitation technique, depends on excitation wavelength. It was found that the peak emission wavelength can be shifted by as much as 147nm by varyingthe excitation wavelengths and the reason for this phenomenon is the selective excitation of the surface states in the nanoparticles. This provided certain amount of tunability for the emission which results from surface states.TiO2 nanoparticle colloids were prepared by hydrothermal method. The optical absorption study showed a blue shift of absorption edge, indicating quantum confinement effect. The large spectral range investigated allows observing simultaneously direct and indirect band gap optical recombination. The emission studies carried out show four peaks, which are found to be generated from excitonic as well as surface state transitions. It was found that the emission wavelengths of these colloidal nanoparticles and annealed nanoparticles showed two category of surface state emission in addition to the excitonic emission. Au nanoparticles prepared by Turkevich method showed nanoparticles of size below 5nm using plasmonic absorption calculation. It was also found that there was almost no variation in size as the concentration of precursor was changed from 0.2mM to 0.4mM.We have observed SHG from CdS nanostructured thin film prepared onglass substrate by chemical bath deposition technique. The results point out that studied sample has in-plane isotropy. The relative values of tensor components of the second-order susceptibility were determined to be 1, zzz 0.14, xxz and 0.07. zxx These values suggest that the nanocrystals are oriented along the normal direction. However, the origin of such orientation remains unknown at present. Thus CdS is a promising nonlinear optical material for photonic applications, particularly for integrated photonic devices. CdS Au nanocomposite particles were prepared by mixing CdS nanoparticles with Au colloidal nanoparticles. Optical absorption study of these nanoparticles in PVA solution suggests that absorption tail was red shifted compared to CdS nanoparticles. TEM and EDS analysis suggested that the amount of Au nanoparticles present on CdS nanoparticles is very small. Fluorescence emission is unaffected indicating the presence of low level of Au nanoparticles. CdS:Au PVA and CdS PVA nanocomposite films were fabricated and optically characterized. The results showed a red-shift for CdS:Au PVA film for absorption tail compared to CdS PVA film. Nonlinear optical analysis showed a huge nonlinear optical absorption for CdS:Au PVA nanocomposite and CdS:PVA films. Also an enhancement in nonlinear optical absorption is found for CdS:Au PVA thin film compared to the CdS PVA thin film. This enhancement is due to the combined effect of plasmonic as well as excitonic contribution at high input intensity. Samples of CdS doped with TiO2 were also prepared and the linear optical absorption spectra of these nanocompositeparticles clearly indicated the influence of TiO2 nanoparticles. TEM and EDS studies have confirmed the presence of TiO2 on CdS nanoparticles. Fluorescence studies showed that there is an increase in emission peak around 532nm for CdS nanoparticles. Nonlinear optical analysis of CdS:TiO2 PVA nanocomposite films indicated a large nonlinear optical absorption compared to that of CdS:PVA nanocomposite film. The values of nonlinear optical absorption suggests that these nanocomposite particles can be employed for optical limiting applications. CdSe-CdS and CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs with varying shell size were characterized using UV–VIS spectroscopy. Optical absorption and TEM analysis of these QDs suggested a particle size around 5 nm. It is clearly shown that the surface coating influences the optical properties of QDs in terms of their size. Fluorescence studies reveal the presence of trap states in CdSe-CdS and CdSe- ZnS QDs. Trap states showed an increase as a shell for CdS is introduced and increasing the shell size of CdS beyond a certain value leads to a decrease in the trap state emission. There is no sizeable nonlinear optical absorption observed. In the case of CdSe- ZnS QDs, the trap state emission gets enhanced with the increase in ZnS shell thickness. The enhancement of emission from trap states transition due to the increase in thickness of ZnS shell gives a clear indication of distortion occurring in the spherical symmetry of CdSe quantum dots. Consequently the nonlinear optical absorption of CdSe-ZnS QDs gets increased and the optical limiting threshold is decreased as the shell thickness is increased in respect of CdSe QDs. In comparison with CdSe-CdS QDs, CdSe-ZnS QDs possess much better optical properties and thereby CdSe-ZnS is a strong candidate for nonlinear as well as linear optical applications.

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Composites with antimicrobial activity are of great interest nowadays and the development of titanium dioxide with these functional properties presents interest in academic and industrial sectors.An approach to develop PE composite containing silver microparticles to have an antimicrobial effect is presented. To obtain such antimicrobial composites, LDPE/EVA were processed with Ag particles on TiO2 particles as inorganic carrier substance. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (P-25) were covered with silver particles using Turkevich Method or citrate reduction method. The Ag/TiO2 particles were dispersed at concentration of 0,8 wt% and 1% wt% in LDPE/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)-(50% w/w) at the melt state in a Haake torque Rheometer. Silver microparticles were characterized with UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The composites thus prepared were characterized through XRD, Ares Rheometer, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and JIS Z 2801 antimicrobial tests to study the effects of the addition of particles on rheological properties, morphological behavior and antimicrobial properties. The results showed that incorporation of silver/titanium dioxide particles on composites obtained systems with differents dispersions. The Ag/TiO2 particles showed uniform distribution of Ag on TiO2 particles as observed by SEM-EDX and antimicrobial tests according to JIS Z 2801 shows excellent antimicrobial properties.

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The Turkevich-Frens synthesis starting conditions are expanded, ranging the gold salt concentrations up to 2 mM and citrate/gold(III) molar ratios up to 18:1. For each concentration of the initial gold salt solution, the citrate/gold(III) molar ratios are systematically varied from 2:1 to 18:1 and both the size and size distribution of the resulting gold nanoparticles are compared. This study reveals a different nanoparticle size evolution for gold salt solutions ranging below 0.8 mM compared to the case of gold salt solutions above 0.8 mM. In the case of Au3+]<0.8 mM, both the size and size distribution vary substantially with the citrate/gold(III) ratio, both displaying plateaux that evolve inversely to Au3+] at larger ratios. Conversely, for Au3+]>= 0.8 mM, the size and size distribution of the synthesized gold nanoparticles continuously rise as the citrate/gold(III) ratio is increased. A starting gold salt concentration of 0.6 mM leads to the formation of the most monodisperse gold nanoparticles (polydispersity index<0.1) for a wide range of citrate/gold(III) molar ratios (from 4:1 to 18:1). Via a model for the formation of gold nanoparticles by the citrate method, the experimental trends in size could be qualitatively predicted:the simulations showed that the destabilizing effect of increased electrolyte concentration at high initial Au3+] is compensated by a slight increase in zeta potential of gold nanoparticles to produce concentrated dispersion of gold nanoparticles of small sizes.

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Properties of nanoparticles are size dependent, and a model to predict particle size is of importance. Gold nanoparticles are commonly synthesized by reducing tetrachloroauric acid with trisodium citrate, a method pioneered by Turkevich et al (Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55). Data from several investigators that used this method show that when the ratio of initial concentrations of citrate to gold is varied from 0.4 to similar to 2, the final mean size of the particles formed varies by a factor of 7, while subsequent increases in the ratio hardly have any effect on the size. In this paper, a model is developed to explain this widely varying dependence. The steps that lead to the formation of particles are as follows: reduction of Au3+ in solution, disproportionation of Au+ to gold atoms and their nucleation, growth by disproportionation on particle surface, and coagulation. Oxidation of citrate results in the formation of dicarboxy acetone, which aids nucleation but also decomposes into side products. A detailed kinetic model is developed on the basis of these steps and is combined with population balance to predict particle-size distribution. The model shows that, unlike the usual balance between nucleation and growth that determines the particle size, it is the balance between rate of nucleation and degradation of dicarboxy acetone that determines the particle size in the citrate process. It is this feature that is able to explain the unusual dependence of the mean particle size on the ratio of citrate to gold salt concentration. It is also found that coagulation plays an important role in determining the particle size at high concentrations of citrate.

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Fleck and Johnson (Int. J. Mech. Sci. 29 (1987) 507) and Fleck et al. (Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 206 (1992) 119) have developed foil rolling models which allow for large deformations in the roll profile, including the possibility that the rolls flatten completely. However, these models require computationally expensive iterative solution techniques. A new approach to the approximate solution of the Fleck et al. (1992) Influence Function Model has been developed using both analytic and approximation techniques. The numerical difficulties arising from solving an integral equation in the flattened region have been reduced by applying an Inverse Hilbert Transform to get an analytic expression for the pressure. The method described in this paper is applicable to cases where there is or there is not a flat region.

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