New evidence for the antiquity of the intestinal parasite Trichuris (whipworm) in Europe

The whipworm, Trichuris trichiura L., is one of the most common human intestinal parasites worldwide, yet little is known of its origin and global spread. Archaeological records for this nematode have all been of Neolithic or later date, suggesting a possible association between the spread of pastoral farming and human acquisition of whipworm. This paper reports the discovery of eggs of the genus Trichuris in late Mesolithic deposits from south Wales, indicating that whipworm was present in Europe before the arrival of agriculture. This raises the possibility that human infection by Trichuris arose through contact with wild animals in parts of the landscape frequented by both human and animal groups.

Health education and the control of intestinal worm infections in China : a new vision

Background: The transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is associated with poverty, poor hygiene behaviour, lack of clean water and inadequate waste disposal and sanitation. Periodic administration of benzimidazole drugs is the mainstay for global STH control but it does not prevent re-infection, and is unlikely to interrupt transmission as a stand-alone intervention. Findings: We reported recently on the development and successful testing in Hunan province, PR China, of a health education package to prevent STH infections in Han Chinese primary school students. We have recently commenced a new trial of the package in the ethnically diverse Xishuangbanna autonomous prefecture in Yunnan province and the approach is also being tested in West Africa, with further expansion into the Philippines in 2015. Conclusions: The work in China illustrates well the direct impact that health education can have in improving knowledge and awareness, and in changing hygiene behaviour. Further, it can provide insight into the public health outcomes of a multi-component integrated control program, where health education prevents re-infection and periodic drug treatment reduces prevalence and morbidity.

Risk Factors for Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections in Schoolchildren from Rural Communities in Honduras

Background: Honduras is endemic for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. However, knowledge gaps remain in terms of risk factors involved in STH transmission and infection intensity. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and intensity of STH infections in schoolchildren living in rural Honduras. Additionally, to investigate risk factors associated with STH infections. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among Honduran rural schoolchildren, in 2011. Demographic and epidemiological data were obtained and STH infections were determined using Kato-Katz method. Results: A total of 320 children completed the study. Overall and specific prevalences for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms were 72.5%, 30%, 67% and 16%, respectively. Several risk factors associated with STH transmission and infection intensity were identified at the individual and familial level as well as at the schools. Conclusions: Improving hygienic conditions and providing semi-annual deworming treatment are feasible interventions that could enhance undergoing STH control activities.

Soil-Transmitted Helminths, Poverty, and Malnutrition in Honduran Children Living in Remote Rural Communities

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are endemic in Honduras, but their prevalence according to the levels of poverty in the population has not been examined. The present cross-sectional study is aimed to determine the role of different levels of poverty in STH prevalence and infection intensity as well as the potential associations of STH infections with malnutrition and anemia. Research participants were children attending a medical brigade serving remote communities in Northern Honduras in June 2014. Demographic data were obtained, and poverty levels were determined using the unsatisfied basic needs method. STH infections were investigated by the Kato-Katz method; hemoglobin concentrations were determined with the HemoCue system; and stunting, thinness, and underweight were determined by anthropometry. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Among 130 children who participated in this study, a high prevalence (69.2%) of parasitism was found and the poorest children were significantly more infected than those living in less poor communities (79.6% vs. 61.8%; P = 0.030). Prevalence rates of Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworms were 69.2%, 12.3%, and 3.85%, respectively. In total, 69% of children had anemia and 30% were stunted. Households’ earthen floor and lack of latrines were associated with infection. Greater efforts should be made to reduce STH prevalence and improve overall childhood health, in particular, among the poorest children lacking the basic necessities of life.

IgA sérica, secretora, IgE total e estado nutricional em crianças com infecções por enteroparasitas

Infections for intestinal parasites are one of the main morbidade causes in humans and, its relationships with socioeconomic levels and hygiene conditions in countries in development are already very established. Many works, even so, they are being accomplished to elucidate the complex interactions among nutrition, these infections and answer imunológica, because it is seen that malnutrition commits the immunity increasing the susceptibilidade for infectious diseases and these for its time can harm the state human nutricional. It is known that sponge helmínticos they stimulate synthesis of IgE so much policlonal as specific for the same ones and that IgA secretora, main imunoglobulina of defense of the mucous ones, can act against protozoa as the Giardia lamblia and against helmintos as Trichuris tichiura and Strongyloides stercorales. Some studies show that the malnutrition energy protéica influences in the production of these answers, but some authors show results divergentes. In this work it was evaluated the levels of total IgE, IgA sérica and secretora, contagem of sanguine eosinófilos, levels of proteins séricas and state nutricional, in 103 children of low socioeconomic level, to discover a correlation between those and infection for enteroparasitas. They participated in the study children of both sexes, with age of 3 to 6 years, visitors of the same creche and residents in a neighborhood with precarious hygiene conditions and basic saneamento, in the city of Christmas. The obtained results showed that the faulty environmental and socioeconomic conditions favored to a high infection frequency for enteroparasitas, mainly Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides between the helmintos and Endolimax sleep and Giárdia lamblia among the protozoa. Light malnutrition without deficit protéico was observed in 30% of the children, which didn't also present significant deficiencies of IgA sérica and secretora. The sponged children

Correlação entre condições de saneamento básico e parasitoses intestinais na população de Assis, Estado de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Classic and molecular study of Giardia duodenalis in children from a daycare center in the region of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Reductions in the Prevalence and Incidence of Geohelminth Infections following a City-wide Sanitation Program in a Brazilian Urban Centre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Prevention of soil-transmitted helminth infection

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) form one of the most important groups of infectious agents and are the cause of serious global health problems. The most important STHs are roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworms (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale); on a global level, more than a billion people have been infected by at least one species of this group of pathogens. This review explores the general concepts of transmission dynamics and the environment and intensity of infection and morbidity of STHs. The global strategy for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis is based on (i) regular anthelminthic treatment, (ii) health education, (iii) sanitation and personal hygiene and (iv) other means of prevention with vaccines and remote sensoring. The reasons for the development of a control strategy based on population intervention rather than on individual treatment are discussed, as well as the costs of the prevention of STHs, although these cannot always be calculated because interventions in health education are difficult to measure. An efficient sanitation infrastructure can reduce the morbidity of STHs and eliminates the underlying cause of most poverty-related diseases and thus supports the economic development of a country.

Epidemiologia das parasitoses intestinais e caracterização genotípica de isolados de Giardia duodenalis de escolares do município de Pratânia, estado de São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Parasitismo intestinal: estudo epidemiológico em dois grupos sócio-econômicos distintos de uma população infantil de Porto Velho-RO

As infecções parasitárias apresentam-se de forma endêmica em diversas áreas do Brasil. A investigação estimou a prevalência de enteroparasitas em 200 crianças de 2 a 13 anos pertencentes a duas classes sócio-econômicas distintas, média e baixa, no período de abril a junho de 2001, na cidade de Porto Velho, RO. E também analisou os fatores contextuais de risco de maior importância epidemiológica. As amostras de fezes foram examinadas pelos métodos Direto e Sedimentação Espontânea. A população de nível sócio-econômico médio (A) composta por 100 indivíduos, apresentou um índice de positividade de 18%, sendo o parasita mais prevalente, Giardia lamblia (52,4%), seguido por Ascaris lumbricoides (19,0%), Trichuris trichiura (14,3%), Enterobius vermicularis (4,8%), Hymenolepis nana (4,8%) e Endolimax nana (4,8%). No grupo de nível sócio-econômico baixo (B), a positividade atingiu 56% dos indivíduos, sendo também Giardia lamblia (28,9%) o mais prevalente, seguido por Entamoeba calí (22,7%), A. lumbricoides (14,4%), T. Trichiura (8,3%), E. vermicularis (7,2%), H. nana (4,1%), E. nana (4,1%), E. histolytica (4,1%), Ancylostomidae (3,1%) e leveduras (3,1%). A ocorrência de mais de um parasito por indivíduo foi maior no grupo B (46,4%), sendo que o parasitismo foi mais prevalente entre as crianças com sintomas gastrintestinais em ambos os grupos A e B. As parasitoses intestinais afetaram igualmente meninos e meninas; negroides e caucasóides e ocorreram igualmente nas duas faixas etárias de crianças menores e maiores de cinco anos, contudo as crianças com menos de cinco anos de grupo A apresentaram predomínio de infecção por protozoários da espécie G. lamblia. A baixa renda salarial e residências com numero elevado de pessoas coabitando e sem rede de abastecimento de água se constituíram em fatores de risco socioeconômicos que favorecem a elevada prevalência das parasitoses intestinais. As condições de anemia e estado nutricional também foram avaliadas e não mostraram associação significantes com enteroparasitoses, nos diferentes grupos sócio-econômicos. Logo, a elevada prevalência de crianças, em especial de baixo nível sócio-econômico, com parasitismo intestinal, anemia e com desnutrição aguda moderada, refletem as precárias condições de saúde pública na cidade de Porto Velho-RO.

Diagnóstico coproparasitológico e avaliação dos fatores de risco para infecção parasitária intestinal em uma comunidade ribeirinha do município de Belém-Pará, Brasil

As parasitoses intestinais estão entre as doenças mais freqüentes que acometem o homem, principalmente nos países mais pobres, onde as condições higiênico-sanitárias são muito precárias. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a prevalência e identificar os fatores de risco para enteroparasitoses, na comunidade ribeirinha da Ilha de Jutuba, localizada no município de Belém-Pa. Foram examinadas 109 amostras de fezes pelos métodos direto e de sedimentação espontânea em água potável. A prevalência de enteroparasitose encontrada foi de 77,98% (85/109). O protozoário mais prevalente foi a Entamoeba histolytica (49,41%) e entre os helmintos destacaram-se os ancilostomideos (40,0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (29,41%) e Trichuris trichiura (24,71%). Não foram encontradas diferenças, estatisticamente, significativas entre parasitismo e sexo. A correlação entre o parasitismo por Giárdia lamblia e idade apresentou significância estatística (p<0,05) na faixa etária infantil. Entre os fatores de risco para doença parasitária na Ilha consideramos o baixo nível sócio-econômico, a falta de saneamento básico, o consumo de água direto do rio e o consumo de açaí in natura. A correlação entre o consumo de água não tratada e parasitose intestinal não mostrou significância estatística. A razão de chances (Oddes Ratio) calculada mostrou que os indivíduos que consomem açaí têm quatro vezes mais chances de adquirir parasitose intestinal do que os que não consomem. Conclui-se que para redução significativa na morbidade das doenças parasitárias na Ilha de Jutuba é fundamental a ação do poder público e levar à comunidade noções básicas de higiene e de educação sanitária, pois os fatores pertinentes no sentido de reduzir a prevalência de parasitoses intestinais envolvem, além de medidas de saneamento básico, o conhecimento da comunidade sobre o assunto.

Parasitismo intestinal em uma aldeia indígena Parakanã, sudeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil

O trabalho visa estudar a ocorrência e os aspectos epidemiológicos do parasitismo intestinal na aldeia Paranatinga da tribo indígena Parakanã, Amazônia Oriental Brasileira. Foram realizados dois inquéritos coproparasitológicos, em abril de 1992 e em fevereiro de 1995. Os métodos utilizados na identificação dos agentes parasitários foram os de Hoffman e exame direto, dois métodos simples, facilmente exeqüíveis em aldeias indígenas. Da amostra de 126 índios em abril de 1992 (população de 215 índios), 101 (80,2%) encontravam-se parasitados por pelo menos um enteroparasita. Ancilostomídeos foram encontrados em 33,3%, A. lumbricoides, em 42,8%, T. trichiura, em 0,8%, e S. stercoralis, em 5,6%. Em relação aos protozoários, E. histolytica foi encontrada em 65,0% e G. lamblia, em 46,8%. No inquérito de fevereiro de 1995, apesar do aumento da prevalência total em comparação com o de abril de 1992 (p = 0,04), houve diminuição das prevalências de ancilostomídeos, E. histolytica, G. lamblia, e ausência de S. stercoralis (p<0,05). A despeito das ações de saúde e saneamento empreendidas nas aldeias Parakanã, a prevalência de enteroparasitas ainda se encontra elevada na aldeia Paranatinga, sugerindo que as medidas de atenção primária e secundária devem ser imediatamente incrementadas.

Prevalência das enteroparasitoses em escolares após Programa de Saneamento Ambiental (Bahia Azul) realizado em Salvador, BA

Introduction: The intestinal parasites continue to represent a significant public health problem, due to the large number of infected people and the various organic changes that can cause. The intestinal parasites become more prevalent in villages with high population density absence or inadequacy of sanitation and adequate, and personal hygiene practices and inadequate housing. Objective: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Giardia duodenalis in children of school age (7-14 years) living in the city of Salvador, Bahia, which were part of the Environmental Sanitation Program (Bahia Azul) covering eight different sewage basins in the years 1997/1998 and 2003/2004. Methods: Data were collected pre-coded questionnaire administered to the parents of students, collecting information socioeconomic, environmental and housing conditions. Stool samples were analyzed for each school in the Laboratory of Parasitology of the ISC, UFBA. The database was built and analyzed by Epi Info program (version 3.5.1/2008) were built where overall prevalence rate and Basin depletion of parasites. We compared the overall prevalence rates (at least one parasite) before and after the intervention health, as well as species of parasite. Results: The overall prevalence before the intervention was 56,2% (N = 729) and 42,5% after the intervention (N = 890), down -24,5%. The prevalence observed for each species A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and G. duodenalis before intervention was respectively 31,4%, 35,8% and 9,9% respectively after the intervention and 24,4%, 28,8% and 6,0%. In relation to variations in prevalence were found to decrease A. lumbricoides, T. Trichiura and G. duodenalis respectively -22,4%, -19,7% and -39,7%. When the results were compared by Basin exhaustion, it was observed that the greatest variation with reduction occurred among students Basin M. Camurujipe to at least one parasite (-51,4%), ...