Preliminary studies on the effect of the increased biodiversity on the population dynamics of Caliroa cerasi L. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), and its natural enemy Trichogramma minutum R. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in a sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchard in Virch (Southern Patagonia Argentina)

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Preliminary studies on the effect of the increased biodiversity on the population dynamics of Caliroa cerasi L. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), and its natural enemy Trichogramma minutum R. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in a sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchard in Virch (Southern Patagonia Argentina)

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La compétition et l’exploitation optimale des ressources chez les parasitoïdes

Les femelles parasitoïdes exploitant un agrégat d’hôtes doivent ajuster leurs comportements en fonction des facteurs environnementaux auxquels elles sont soumises, dont la présence de compétiteurs dans l’environnement. L’objectif de cette étude est de mesurer les impacts de la compétition sur les stratégies d’exploitation d’agrégats chez deux espèces de parasitoïdes non agressives. Les espèces Trichogramma pintoi et T. minutum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae), des parasitoïdes d’œufs de lépidoptères, furent utilisées et leurs temps de résidence dans l’agrégat, leurs mécanismes de prise de décision et le sexe des descendants alloués furent mesurés en l'absence de compétition et en situation de compétition directe et indirecte, intra- et interspécifique. Trichogramma pintoi privilégie une stratégie générale basée uniquement sur la qualité perçue de l’agrégat. À l’inverse, T. minutum privilégie une stratégie adaptée au type de la compétition (directe ou indirecte) et à la nature des compétiteurs (intra ou interspécifiques), sans égards à la qualité de l’agrégat. La distinction de ces deux stratégies amène des perspectives de recherche intéressantes sur les impacts de la compétition à l’échelle du paysage, et est d’un intérêt certain pour ceux voulant améliorer l’efficacité des programmes et des élevages de masse utilisés en lutte biologique.

Trichogramma pretiosum parasitism and dispersal capacity: a basis for developing biological control programs for soybean caterpillars

In order to succeed in biological control programs, not only is it crucial to understand the number of natural enemies to be released but also on how many sites per area this releasing must be performed. These variables might differ deeply among egg parasitoid species and crops worked. Therefore, these trials were carried out to evaluate the parasitism (%) in eggs of Anticarsia gemmatalis and Pseudoplusia includens after the release of different densities of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum. Field dispersal was also studied, in order to determine appropriate recommendations for the release of this parasitoid in soybean fields. The regression analysis between parasitism (%) and densities of the parasitoid indicated a quadratic effect for both A. gemmatalis and P. includens. The maximum parasitism within 24 h after the release was reached with densities of 25.6 and 51.2 parasitoids per host egg, respectively, for the two pests. Parasitism of T. pretiosum in eggs of P. includens decreased linearly as the distance of the pest eggs from the parasitoid release sites increased. For P. includens, the mean radius of T. pretiosum action and the area of parasitoid dispersal in the soybean crop were 8.01 m and 85.18 m(2), respectively. We conclude that for a successful biological control program of lepidopteran pests using T. pretiosum in soybean fields, a density of 25.6 parasitoids per host egg, divided into 117 sites per hectare, should be used.

Using Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for insect pest biological control in cotton crops: an Australian perspective.

Trichogramma Westwood egg parasitoids alone generally fail to suppress heliothine pests when released in established cotton-growing regions. Factors hindering their success include indiscriminate use of detrimental insecticides, compensation for minimal pest larval hatch due to their activity via reduced larval cannibalism or mortality in general, singly laid heliothine eggs avoiding detection and asynchronous development benefiting host over parasitoid. Yet, despite these limitations, relatively large Trichogramma pretiosum Riley populations pervade and effectively suppress Helicoverpa (Hardwick) pests in Australian Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner)-transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., crops, especially in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) of tropical northern Australia, where their impact on the potentially resistant pest species, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), is considered integral to the local insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy for continued, sustainable Bt-transgenic cotton production. When devoid of conventional insecticides, relatively warm and stable conditions of the early dry season in winter grown ORIA Bt-transgenic cotton crops are conducive to Trichogramma proliferation and biological control appears effective. Further, there is considerable scope to improve Trichogramma's biological control potential, in both the ORIA and established cotton-growing regions, via habitat manipulation. It is proposed that Trichogramma may prove equally effective in developing agricultural regions of monsoonal northern Australia, and that environmental constraints on Trichogramma survival, and those of other natural enemies, require due consideration prior to their successful application in biological control programs.

Determinación del ciclo biológico de Sitotroga cerealella olivier hospedero facticio de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, en la cría comercial del Centro de Investigación y Reproducción de Controladores Biológicos de la UNAN-León

En el Centro de Investigación y Reproducción de Controladores Biológicos (CIRCB) de la UNAN, León, se determinó el ciclo biológico de Sitotroga cerealella Olivier , con el objetivo de validar el protocolo de producción de Sitotroga en las nuevas condiciones de laboratorio. La producción masiva de Trichogramma comprende dos fases generales: obtención de huevos de Sitotroga cerealella Olivier, hospedero utilizado para la reproducción masiva; y, la parasitación de esos huevos por Trichogramma . Se han realizado estudios sobre la biología de Sitotroga para mejorar la producción y optimizar la cría de Trichogramma . Se colocaron huevos blancos recién ovipositados y granos de trigo (como sustrato), provenientes de la cría masiva. Estos fueron pu estos en 25 platos petri, a razón de 3:6 (granos: huevos) por plato, diariamente se observaron y anotaron todos los cambios desde huevo hasta pupa. Cuando los adultos emergieron se aislaron en parejas para determinar la postura de huevos, hasta su muerte. A una temperatura y humedad promedio de 29 ºC y 76%, respectivamente, el ciclo biológico de Sitotroga se cumplió en 35.34 días en promedio. La fase de huevo duró 6.2 ± 0.46, larva 16.06 ± 2.62, pupa 5.78 ± 1.29 y adulto 7.3 ± 3.42 días en promedio. La larva pasó por 4 instares larvales: el primero duró 3.57 ± 0.72 días, el segundo 3.43 ± 0.86 días, el tercero 3.28 ± 1.17días y, el cuarto instar y la prepupa duró 5.78 ± 1.57 días. Paralelamente se montó otro ensayo utilizando un marco de incubación de la cría masiva de Sitotroga. Se colocó un termómetro en su interior para medir el comportamiento de la temperatura interna en relación con la temperatura y humedad de la Sala de Incubación donde fue ubicado, manteniendo una relación directamente proporcional durante el ensayo. A los 22 días se traslado al interior de un gabinete de producción para extraer diariamente la producción de huevos y adultos de Sitotroga. Se extrajo un total de 24.22 g de huevos con un promedio de 0.64 g por día; se recolectaron 211g de adultos y 5.7g por día durante 38 días, el 80% de la producción de huevos se obtuvo en los primeros 22 días. Los adultos extraídos pasaron a marcos de oviposición para seguir recolectando huevos hasta su muerte. La temperatura y humedad de las salas de producción del insecto (Sala de Incubación, Sala de Emergencia de adultos y Sala de Oviposición) influyen sobre su desarrollo biológico, manteniendo una óptima producción en un rango entre 70 - 80% y 26 - 30ºC de humedad y temperatura respectivamente.

Suscetibilidade a inseticidas e parasitismo natural por Trichogramma sp. em Traça-do-tomateiro.

A traça-do-tomateiro é uma praga importante do tomate e inseticidas são freqüentemente empregados para o seu controle. Porém, devido ao impacto ambiental e a possibilidade de resistência aos produtos utilizados para o controle do inseto, o controle biológico com o uso de Trichogramma pode ser uma alternativa para eliminar os dois problemas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada em bioensaios de laboratório a eficiência da dose recomendada de inseticidas do grupo químico dos organofosforados, piretróides e benzoiluréia para o controle da traça-do-tomateiro. Foi também avaliada a ocorrência natural de Trichogramma sp. em áreas pulverizadas ou não pulverizadas com inseticidas. A ocorrência do parasitismo natural foi determinada por meio da coleta de folhas em campo contendo ovos de traça-do-tomateiro, a fim de determinar, em avaliações de laboratório, a percentagem de ovos parasitados. Os resultados mostraram que todos os inseticidas testados causaram uma mortalidade de larvas menor que 70%, o que sugere uma eficiência reduzida dos produtos. O parasitóide Trichogramma sp. ocorreu naturalmente em todas as áreas, mas a percentagem de parasitismo foi menor nas áreas pulverizadas. Outros estudos devem ser realizados a fim de avaliar o potencial dos parasitóides locais, provavelmente mais bem adaptados as condições locais, para o controle da traça-do-tomateiro. Se esses organismos forem efetivos, o uso de inseticidas em lavouras de tomate pode ser reduzido.

Controle biologico da lagarta do cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda utilizando o parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum.

2004

Efeito do Trichogramma pretiosum e sua associação com inseticidas e biofertilizante no controle da traça (Tuta absoluta) e da broca pequena (Neoleucinodes elegantalis) do tomateiro estaqueado sob irrigação por aspersão e gotejamento.

1999

Seletividade de agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura do tomateiro ao parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae).

Esta publicação tem como objetivo disponibilizar informações acerca da seletividade de alguns agrotóxicos recomendados e utilizados no controle de insetos-praga da cultura do tomateiro sobre o parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum, importante agente de controle biológico de lepidópteros-praga dessa cultura, de modo que se possam compatibilizar os métodos biológico e químico de controle de pragas na tomaticultura.

Monitoring a toxic bloom of Alexandrium minutum using novel microarray and multiplex surface plasmon resonance biosensor technology

Blooms of Alexandrium occur annually during the summer months in the North Channel of Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland. This study monitored an extensive bloom of the toxin producing Alexandrium minutum during the summer of 2011 with the use of the MIDTAL (Microarrays for the Detection of Toxic Algae) microarray and a prototype multiplex surface plasmon resonance (multi SPR) biosensor. Microarray signal intensities and toxin results from three testing platforms of the prototype multi SPR biosensor, commercial (CER) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were compared against light microscopy counts. The main aim was to demonstrate the use of these methodologies to support national monitoring agencies by providing a faster and more accurate means of identifying and quantifying the harmful phytoplankton community and their toxins in natural water samples. Both the microarray signals and multi SPR biosensor results followed a significant trend with light microscopy results and both techniques indicated detection limits of <4000 cells of A. minutum in natural seawater samples.

Fertility life table of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) on Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) eggs at different constant temperatures

Fertility life tables were developed for both Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi reared on Sitotroga cerealella eggs as an alternative host at five different temperatures. The egg parasitoids were first collected from Nipteria panacea eggs, a lepidopterous pest of avocado. Egg parasitoid females were individualized in small glass vials along with 40 eggs of the host during 24 h for parasitization. For evaluation of the parasitism capacity, a similar procedure was adopted, but cardboards with eggs were replaced every day. The net reproductive rate (Ro), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (lambda), and mean generation time (T) were estimated. Temperature affected all parameters for both Trichogramma species. The highest fecundity for both species was observed at 25degreesC. Extreme temperatures such as 15degreesC or 35degreesC negatively affect the development rate of both species.

Subdosages of Bacillus thuringiensis on Plutella xylostella) (Lepepidoptera: plutellidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae)

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the biological aspects of Plutella xylostella and Trichogramma pretiosum in eggs of the F2 generation of P. xylostella under the influence of Bacillus thuringiensis in laboratory conditions. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratorio de Biologia and Criacao de Insetos of Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias de Jaboticabal - UNESP reen collars contaminated with strains and commercial product based on B. thuringiensis in the laboratory. The eggs obtained from the F2 generation of P. xylostella evaluated the biological parameters of T. pretiosum. It was observed that some biological characteristics of P. xylostella showed changes by the treatment with B. thuringiensis. The viability of the larvae and pupae stages, pupae weight were the biological parameters more influenced by treatments, with values significantly reduced when compared to control. However, the larvae length and pupae stages and sex ratio were similar in all treatments, with no significant biological variations. Thus, this bacterium isolated from this behavior may provide greater exposure of larvae to other natural enemies as well as generation of adults less viable, which makes them potential programs in pest control, since the interaction of the methods of control is one of the main ways to enhance the biological control of insect pests. It was observed sublethal effects on P. xylostella biology, and B. thuringiensis negative influence on the parasitism capacity and emergency of T. pretiosum.

Parasitismo natural de ovos do curuquerê-do-algodoeiro por Trichogramma pretiosum em diferentes estágios fenológicos de variedades de algodoeiros em Ipameri, GO

The cotton can be damaged by many pests, standing out among them cotton leafworm, responsible for major losses in production, if not controlled properly. A group of natural enemies is the most studied of the family Trichogrammatidae, mainly species of the genus Trichogramma, because of its importance in biological control at the initial stage of development of their hosts. In order to study the natural egg parasitism of Alabama argillacea (Hubner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in different phenological stages of transgenic and conventional varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the region of Ipameri, GO, it was carried out this experiment from december 2007 to april 2008, in the UEG, State of Goias. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments consisting of the conventional varieties DeltaOPAL, FMX 966, FMX 993, FMX 910 and NuOPAL transgenic variety, in four replications. In the beginning of oviposition of the A. argillacea it was started the 27 old days plant and the parasitism increased as the availability of eggs of the host, regardless of variety. It was found that the varieties over the vegetative cycle did not show statistical differences on the preference for oviposition by the moth neither on the parasitism. The level of parasitism of eggs of A. argillacea by T. pretiosum varied depending on the density of eggs on plants, not in terms of varieties and phenological stages.

Dinâmica populacional de ovos e lagartas e parasitismo de ovos de Curuquerê-do-algodoeiro por Trichogramma pretiosum em cultivares convencionais e transgênica de algodoeiro

The introduction of new cotton cultivars in the Midwest region of Brazil resulted in a significant increase in productivity, but the use of inappropriate farming techniques brought many problems to field, as the higher incidence of pests, diseases and weeds. The aim of this work was to study the population dynamics of eggs and larvae of cotton leafworm and natural egg parasitism of the pest by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) at different phenological stages of conventional and transgenic cultivars (Bollgard I) of cotton was carried out this experiment from December 2007 to April 2008 in Ipameri, Goias State, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with five trataments and four replications. The treatments consisting of the conventional cotton cultivars DeltaOPAL, FMX 966, FMX 993, FMX 910 and the cultivar transgenic NuOPAL. Allabama argillacea Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) oviposited on all cultivars, not presented differences in relation to oviposition preference. Compared to the average number of eggs of A. argillacea parasitized by T. pretiosum, there were no differences between cultivars. In conventional cultivars, small, medium and large larvae occurred from 34 days after plant emergence until the end of the cycle, while in the transgenic cultivar were found only small caterpillars. Cultivar NuOPAL control cotton leafworm since the first larval stage, and does not interfere in egg parasitism by T. pretiosum compared with other cultivars.