Fundamentos da tributação; importância e características do imposto sobre a propriedade : e um estudo de caso sobre a equidade administrativa do IPTU no município de Caxias do Sul

Este estudo realiza uma revisão dos princípios que fundamentam os sistemas tributários e dos seus efeitos sobre a distribuição de renda e a eficiência da economia. Destaca a importância do imposto sobre a propriedade urbana para o financiamento dos governos locais. Analisa às características particulares do imposto e dedica atenção especial ao estudo de caso da equidade administrativa do Município de Caxias do Sul. A analise da distribuição da carga do IPTU é desenvolvida com base em um modelo de regressão linear. Os resultados indicam uma estrutura regressiva do imposto e que uma utilização adequada dos fatores de tributação podem contribuir para a modelagem de um sistema progressivo de tributação.

Avaliação de sistemas de informação : estudo do sistema de administração tributária da Prefeitura de Canoas/RS

O objetivo geral desta dissertação é avaliar se o sistema de informação ÁGATA, implantado em setembro de 2001 em substituição ao sistema CETIL, está aumentando a eficiência e a eficácia dos serviços da Administração Tributária da Secretaria da Fazenda na Prefeitura Municipal de Canoas/RS. Com o novo sistema de informação, a Secretaria da Fazenda tem expectativas de qualificar o desenvolvimento de atividades internas e o gerenciamento de suas informações e, consequentemente, melhorar o atendimento aos contribuintes. Dada a relevância dos sistemas de informação para as organizações, a avaliação desses sistemas é fundamental para caracterizar seu sucesso e garantir seu uso continuado. Destaca-se que o sistema em análise pertence ao setor público, que passa por forte pressão para melhorar a produção e a gestão de suas informações, sob argumento de ampliação de sua eficiência e eficácia, bem como sua transparência, principalmente com o advento da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. O referencial teórico e o método aplicado na avaliação do sistema ÁGATA passam por três pontos chaves: medição da satisfação do usuário final, análise qualitativa dos principais processos e verificação do cumprimento de fatores críticos de sucesso. Essas dimensões visam medir os impactos no usuário final, na operacionalidade e nos objetivos estratégicos da Secretaria Municipal da Fazenda de Canoas que, sob a visão da Controladoria, se constituem como determinantes na apuração do desempenho organizacional. Dessa forma, a pesquisa procura identificar os resultados efetivamente alcançados na implantação do novo sistema de informação em estudo.

IPTU ambiental: fundamentos jurídicos para sua aplicação

A degradação ambiental é um problema global, afetando as sociedades de modo profundo. As gerações presentes e futuras percebem que as mudanças imprimidas no meio ambiente produziram perda de qualidade de vida, ao ponto de ser revisto o modo de produção de bens e principalmente o modo como a sociedade se relaciona com o meio ambiente. O crescimento urbano é uma tendência igualmente global, entretanto, a qualidade de vida dos centros urbanos não acompanha seu crescimento, gerando uma série de problemas ambientais que devem ser enfrentados pelo Poder Público e pela sociedade como um todo. Os tributos ambientais vêm sendo adotados como instrumentos de intervenção na economia, com objetivo de produzir comportamentos ambientalmente favoráveis, seja por meio de incentivos, seja por meio de encargos sobre fatos que prejudicam o meio ambiente. Os Municípios, no Brasil, pela importância histórica que possuem e pela competência tributária definida constitucionalmente, tem à sua disposição o Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano, um tributo que pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de proteção ambiental. A Constituição Federal de 1988 prevê a utilização deste imposto como meio de proteção ambiental nos centros urbanos, sendo que ainda permite aos municípios a criação de impostos prediais que atendam às realidades locais, transformando esta exação em interessante ferramenta de proteção do meio ambiente.

Análisis de la constitucionalidad del poder tributario municipal contemplado en la actual Ley Orgánica de Régimen Municipal

Esta tesis se orienta al análisis del poder tributario municipal, su reconocimiento en el marco de la Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador que define sus límites y efectos. En este contexto, tiene como propósito evidenciar a la luz de la actual Ley Orgánica de Régimen Municipal, el ejercicio del poder tributario, sus implicaciones y eventuales desbordamientos que derivan en el cuestionamiento de la constitucionalidad de ciertas disposiciones de esta ley, como la de poder modificar mediante ordenanza impuestos municipales. Modificación que implica bajo el justificativo de estimular actividades productivas, culturales, educativas, deportivas y de beneficencia, la reducción de hasta un 95 por ciento de los valores a pagar por tales impuestos. Se analiza los principios de reserva de ley y de legalidad al tenor de las prescripciones constitucionales vigentes, complementado con un desarrollo doctrinario que refleja la postura de estos principios frente al ejercicio del poder tributario municipal y a los elementos del tributo. Se enfoca igualmente la teoría de estímulos tributarios, el proceso político-jurídico que plasmó las reformas a la Ley Orgánica de Régimen Municipal y, finalmente el análisis de la constitucionalidad o no de la norma de la LORM antes referida, en tanto se verifique si excede o no los límites del poder tributario municipal reconocidos por nuestra Carta Política.

Análisis sobre el posible efecto económico negativo en utilidades del sujeto pasivo, como consecuencia de un sistema tarifario débil del impuesto de patente municipal

La Constitución de la República del Ecuador estipula que el régimen tributario se regirá por los principios de generalidad, progresividad, eficiencia, simplicidad administrativa, irretroactividad, equidad, transparencia y suficiencia recaudatoria. El Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y Descentralización establece la obligación de obtener la patente municipal o metropolitana y al pago anual del impuesto, a las personas naturales, jurídicas, sociedades, nacionales o extranjeras, domiciliadas o con establecimiento en la respectiva jurisdicción municipal o metropolitana, que ejerzan permanentemente actividades comerciales, industriales, financieras, inmobiliarias y profesionales, se determina mediante ordenanza y en función del patrimonio de los sujetos pasivos dentro del cantón. Bajo este esquema jurídico, el objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es realizar un análisis sobre el posible efecto económico negativo en las utilidades del sujeto pasivo, como consecuencia de un sistema tarifario débil del impuesto de patente municipal, originado porque el modelo de descentralización ocasiona que no exista una política única que regule este tributo a escala nacional, por lo que la normativa establecida en ciudades como Quito, Guayaquil y Cuenca, puede causar en los contribuyentes cierto nivel de desconcierto y contrariedad debido a que se encuentran sometidos en cada cantón a la ordenanza respectiva para cumplir con sus compromisos tributarios. El estudio se encuentra dividido en tres capítulos el primero de los cuáles aborda aspectos normativos para la inmersión en el estudio del tema abordado; en el segundo acápite se establece un estudio comparativo entre los cantones Quito, Guayaquil y Cuenca en cuanto a capacidad contributiva y legalidad de cada uno de ellos, para finalizar con un análisis comparativo que sustentará el trabajo investigativo.

Diseño de un programa administrativo para la recuperación de la mora tributaria en la Alcaldía municipal de San Sebastián, departamento de San Vicente.

Actualmente la Alcaldía Municipal de San Sebastián, Departamento de San Vicente, como otras alcaldías posee debilidades en el área administrativa; con dicha investigación se detectó uno de los principales problemas que enfrenta hoy en día la institución, que es la recuperación de lo adeudado por los contribuyentes en concepto de tributos municipales, razón por la cual es le objetivo para realizar el presente trabajo de investigación titulado “Diseño de un Programa Administrativo para la Recuperación de la Mora Tributaria en la Alcaldía Municipal de San Sebastián, Departamento de San Vicente”. Dicho programa contribuirá a incrementar los ingresos de dicha entidad y a su vez fortalecer el proceso administrativo de la municipalidad; a través de herramientas administrativas que guíen el desarrollo de las actividades y que contribuya a que la gestión municipal sea eficaz y eficiente. La metodología que se utilizó durante la investigación fue mediante información bibliográfica relacionada con las alcaldías, las funciones que realizan, como se sostienen y la base legal que las rige; así como información proporcionada por el Auditor interno de la alcaldía y jefes de las unidades que intervienen en el cobro de los tributos municipales, información que sirvió de base para el desarrollo de la investigación. La investigación de campo se realizó por medio de dos tipos de encuestas las cuales fueron diseñadas para los contribuyentes del municipio y empleados de la alcaldía. Mediante la investigación se estableció que la alcaldía no cuenta con un programa administrativo que les facilite la recuperación de la mora tributaria que adeudan los contribuyentes por los servicios que han recibido de dicha institución; además se determinaron las causas por las cuales los contribuyentes no cancelan los tributos municipales oportunamente, siendo las más importantes: La falta de recursos económicos, razones políticas, la falta de interés para cancelar y falta de un servicio de cobro por parte de la alcaldía; tomando en cuenta que el monto de la deuda tributaria es cuantiosamente alto, se considera que la recuperación es factible ya que los contribuyentes están dispuestos a cancelar la deuda si se les brinda facilidades para efectuar el pago mediante cuotas. Por lo que la propuesta de solución se enfoca a mejorar el proceso de recuperación de la mora tributaria a través de: El establecimiento de objetivos, estrategias y políticas encaminadas a mejorar el procedimiento de recuperación de la mora tributaria. Procedimientos de cobro para la recuperación de la mora tributaria, haciendo del conocimiento lo importante que es cancelar los tributo municipales a tiempo. La implementación de instrumentos para el cobro de los tributos. Considerando realizar el cobro de forma eficiente de tal manera que se evite que el contribuyente caiga en mora, siendo los instrumentos de cobro más importantes: Notificación personal, notificación por esquela, notificación por edicto, cartas de cobranza, visitas personales y llamadas telefónicas. Utilización de una red informática que ayude a mejorar los procesos y que permita obtener informes inmediatos sobre el comportamiento del cobro, información que servirá de base para la toma de decisiones del consejo municipal y todas las autoridades competentes.

Measuring performance of municipal real estate : softening the impact of financial crisis to local governments

Asset management in local government is an emerging discipline and over a decade has become a crucial aspect towards a more efficient and effective organisation. One crucial feature in the public asset management is performance measurement toward the public real estates. This measurement critically at the important component of public wealth and seeks to apply a standard of economic efficiency and effective organisational management especially in such global financial crisis condition. This paper aims to identify global economic crisis effect and proposes alternative solution for local governments to softening the impact of the crisis to the local governments organisation. This study found that the most suitable solution for local government to solve the global economic crisis in Indonesia is application of performance measurement in its asset management. Thus, it is important to develop performance measurement system in local government asset management process. This study provides suggestions from published documents and literatures. The paper also discusses the elements of public real estate performance measurement. The measurement of performance has become an essential component of the strategic thinking of assets owners and managers. Without having a formal measurement system for performance, it is difficult to plan, control and improve local government real estate management system. A close look at best practices in public sectors reveals that in most cases these practices were transferred from private sector reals estate management under the direction of real estate experts retained by government. One of the most significant advances in government property performance measurement resulted from recognition that the methodology used by private sector, non real estate corporations for managing their real property offered a valuable prototype for local governments. In general, there are two approaches most frequently used to measure performance of public organisations. Those are subjective and objective measures. Finally, findings from this study provides useful input for the local government policy makers, scholars and asset management practitioners to establish a public real estate performance measurement system toward more efficient and effective local governments in managing their assets as well as increasing public services quality in order to soften the impact of global financial crisis.

Gender and municipal politics : problems, perspectives and possibilities

Scholars of local government have repeatedly lamented the lack of literature on the subject (e.g., Mowbray 1997; Pini, Previte, Haslam & McKenzie 2007). As Dollery, Marshall and Worthington (2003: 1) have commented, local government has often been the ‘poor cousin of its more exalted relatives in terms of the attention it attracts from the research community.’ The exalted relatives Dollery et al. (2003) refer to are national political environments, where women’s participation has elicited significant attention. However, the dearth of research on the specific subject of women’s representation in local government is rarely acknowledged (Neyland & Tucker 1996; Whip & Fletcher 1999). This edited book attempts to redress this situation. Each chapter applies an explicit gender analysis to their specific topic of focus, making ‘gender visible in social phenomenon; [and] asking if, how, and why social processes, standards, and opportunities differ systematically for women and men’ (Howard, Risman & Sprague 2003: 1). These analyses in the local government context are critical for understanding the extent and nature of balanced representation at all levels of government. Furthermore, some women start their elective careers serving on school boards, city or town councils or as mayors, before progressing to state and national legislative offices. Hence, the experiences of women in local government illustrate broader notions of democracy and may for some individual women, shape their opportunities further along the political pipeline.

Characteristics of nontuberculous mycobacteria from a municipal water distribution system and their relevance to human infections

This thesis documented pathogenic species of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the Brisbane water distribution system. When water and shower aerosol strains were compared with human strains of mycobacteria, the study found that the likelihood of acquiring infection from municipal water was specific for four main species. The method for isolation of mycobacteria from water was refined, followed by sampling from 220 sites across Brisbane. A variety of species (incl 15 pathogens) were identified and genotypically compared to human strains. For M. abscessus and M. lentiflavum, water strains clustered with human strains. Pathogenic strains of M. kansasii were found, though non-pathogenic strains dominated. Waterborne strains of M. fortuitum differed to human strains. Extensive home sampling of 20 patients with NTM disease, supported the theory that the risk of acquiring NTM from water or shower aerosols appears species specific for M. avium, M. kansasii, M. lentiflavum and M. abscessus.

Mycobacterium abscessus isolated from municipal water : a potential source of human infection

Background Mycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterium responsible for progressive pulmonary disease, soft tissue and wound infections. The incidence of disease due to M. abscessus has been increasing in Queensland. In a study of Brisbane drinking water, M. abscessus was isolated from ten different locations. The aim of this study was to compare genotypically the M. abscessus isolates obtained from water to those obtained from human clinical specimens. Methods Between 2007 and 2009, eleven isolates confirmed as M. abscessus were recovered from potable water, one strain was isolated from a rainwater tank and another from a swimming pool and two from domestic taps. Seventy-four clinical isolates referred during the same time period were available for comparison using rep-PCR strain typing (Diversilab). Results The drinking water isolates formed two clusters with ≥97% genetic similarity (Water patterns 1 and 2). The tankwater isolate (WP4), one municipal water isolate (WP3) and the pool isolate (WP5) were distinctly different. Patient isolates formed clusters with all of the water isolates except for WP3. Further patient isolates were unrelated to the water isolates. Conclusion The high degree of similarity between strains of M. abscessus from potable water and strains causing infection in humans from the same geographical area, strengthens the possibility that drinking water may be the source of infection in these patients.

Factors associated with the isolation of Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) from a large municipal water system in Brisbane, Australia

Background Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are normal inhabitants of a variety of environmental reservoirs including natural and municipal water. The aim of this study was to document the variety of species of NTM in potable water in Brisbane, QLD, with a specific interest in the main pathogens responsible for disease in this region and to explore factors associated with the isolation of NTM. One-litre water samples were collected from 189 routine collection sites in summer and 195 sites in winter. Samples were split, with half decontaminated with CPC 0.005%, then concentrated by filtration and cultured on 7H11 plates in MGIT tubes (winter only). Results Mycobacteria were grown from 40.21% sites in Summer (76/189) and 82.05% sites in winter (160/195). The winter samples yielded the greatest number and variety of mycobacteria as there was a high degree of subculture overgrowth and contamination in summer. Of those samples that did yield mycobacteria in summer, the variety of species differed from those isolated in winter. The inclusion of liquid media increased the yield for some species of NTM. Species that have been documented to cause disease in humans residing in Brisbane that were also found in water include M. gordonae, M. kansasii, M. abscessus, M. chelonae, M. fortuitum complex, M. intracellulare, M. avium complex, M. flavescens, M. interjectum, M. lentiflavum, M. mucogenicum, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M. terrae. M. kansasii was frequently isolated, but M. avium and M. intracellulare (the main pathogens responsible for disease is QLD) were isolated infrequently. Distance of sampling site from treatment plant in summer was associated with isolation of NTM. Pathogenic NTM (defined as those known to cause disease in QLD) were more likely to be identified from sites with narrower diameter pipes, predominantly distribution sample points, and from sites with asbestos cement or modified PVC pipes. Conclusions NTM responsible for human disease can be found in large urban water distribution systems in Australia. Based on our findings, additional point chlorination, maintenance of more constant pressure gradients in the system, and the utilisation of particular pipe materials should be considered.

Heterogeneity of clinical and environmental isolates of Mycobacterium fortuitum using repetitive element sequence-based PCR: municipal water an unlikely source of community-acquired infections

M. fortuitum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium associated with community-acquired and nosocomial wound, soft tissue, and pulmonary infections. It has been postulated that water has been the source of infection especially in the hospital setting. The aim of this study was to determine if municipal water may be the source of community-acquired or nosocomial infections in the Brisbane area. Between 2007 and 2009, 20 strains of M. fortuitum were recovered from municipal water and 53 patients’ isolates were submitted to the reference laboratory. A wide variation in strain types was identified using repetitive element sequence-based PCR, with 13 clusters of ≥2 indistinguishable isolates, and 28 patterns consisting of individual isolates. The clusters could be grouped into seven similar groups (>95% similarity). Municipal water and clinical isolates collected during the same time period and from the same geographical area consisted of different strain types, making municipal water an unlikely source of sporadic human infection.

Studies of Brisbane municipal water quality using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics

This research established innovative methods and a predictive model to evaluate water quality using the trace element and heavy metal concentrations of drinking water from the greater Brisbane area. Significantly, the combined use of Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics can be used worldwide to provide comprehensive, rapid and affordable analyses of elements in drinking water that can have a considerable impact on human health.