Desidratação de lodos de estação de tratamento de água

As estações de tratamento de água (ETAs), que utilizam sulfato de alumínio férrico e possuem sistema de extinção para a cal, geram dois principais resíduos: o lodo de ETA, retido nos decantadores durante a etapa de clarificação da água, constituído principalmente por hidróxidos de alumínio, argilas, siltes, areia fina, material húmico e microrganismos e o resíduo de cal, impureza insolúvel removida do processo de extinção da cal virgem, constituído principalmente de carbonato e hidróxido de cálcio. A pesquisa realizada no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas da UFRGS, em conjunto com o Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgotos (DMAE), avaliou se a adição de resíduo de cal ao lodo de ETA acelera o desaguamento do mesmo. Paralelamente, também foi avaliada a eficiência de uma modificação estrutural nos leitos de secagem convencionais, utilizando-se tijolos cerâmicos na base do mesmo, com o objetivo de avaliar se a capilaridade dos tijolos auxilia o desaguamento do lodo. Uma vez que a quantidade de água presente no lodo da ETA diminua, a utilização deste resíduo na indústria talvez seja economicamente viável. No primeiro experimento foram montados 12 (doze) leitos de secagem, seis convencionais e seis modificados. Foi analisado o teor de umidade nos leitos em função do tempo, bem como monitorado o teor de umidade relativa do ar O segundo experimento foi realizado em escala de bancada, utilizando-se 18 (dezoito) leitos de secagem forrados internamente com manta geotêxtil do tipo bidim (OP-20). Os leitos possuíam um dreno de fundo, para captura do líquido percolado. O experimento foi conduzido em triplicata, nas proporções de 0,0%; 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5%, 10,0% e 100,0% em peso de resíduo de cal. Foi monitorado o volume de percolado em função do tempo para cada leito. Também foi analisado o pH e a umidade inicial e final dos leitos, bem como o pH e a turbidez do líquido percolado. No resíduo sólido remanescente nos leitos de secagem foi realizada análise de fluorescência de RX. No experimento de modificação estrutural da base dos leitos com uso de tijolos, não foi observada nenhuma melhora no desaguamento do lodo. Acredita-se que os poros capilares dos tijolos saturaram no início do experimento, perdendo seu poder de sucção. No segundo experimento, foi observada uma melhora muito significativa em relação ao volume de líquido percolado em função do tempo, comprovando que a adição de resíduo de cal ao lodo favoreceu a rápida desidratação do mesmo (chegando a ser 40 vezes maior) A relação ótima foi verificada nos leitos que continham 5,0 % em massa de resíduo de cal. Todos os leitos que sofreram a adição de resíduo de cal aumentaram bruscamente o pH e solubilizaram o íon alumínio; porém aprisionaram os íons ferro e magnésio. Tanto a análise de fluorescência de raio X do lodo puro, bem como da mistura com resíduo de cal, remanescentes nos leitos de secagem, identificaram a presença de óxidos de cálcio, alumínio, ferro e sílica. Isso indica que estes resíduos (lodo ou lodo mais cal) podem ser incorporado à matéria-prima do cimento. Ter-se-ia, desta forma, um destino ecologicamente correto para os lodos de ETAs, que deixaria de ser lançado em corpos d’água. A incorporação do lodo de ETA ao cimento traria como principal vantagem o aumento da vida útil das jazidas de argila e de calcáreo, reduzindo a destruição da paisagem, flora e fauna.

Avaliação de indicadores da condição hídrica em milho sob diferentes níveis de água, em semeadura direta e convencional

O déficit hídrico atinge freqüentemente a cultura de milho cultivada no período de primavera-verão. A utilização do sistema de semeadura direta pode ser uma tecnologia importante para minimizar os efeitos do déficit hídrico, por disponibilizar mais água às plantas. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar indicadores da condição hídrica das plantas de milho cultivadas sob sistema de semeadura direta (SD) e convencional (SC). Desenvolveu-se um experimento numa área de aproximadamente 0,5 ha, metade cultivada em SD e metade em SC. Na divisão entre os sistemas foi posta a linha dos aspersores que possibilitou a disposição de níveis de água: máxima irrigação (I2), 41% da capacidade de campo (I1) e sem irrigação (I0). Mediu-se o potencial matricial da água no solo e os indicadores da condição hídrica da planta: potencial mínimo da água na folha, potencial de pressão, potencial osmótico hidratado e não hidratado, ajuste osmótico e condutância foliar máxima e mínima. Observou-se maiores valores de potencial mínimo de água na folha em plantas cultivadas sob SD, em razão do maior potencial matricial da água no solo neste sistema. O potencial de pressão e o osmótico hidratado diminuíram em razão do déficit hídrico, o que determinou a ocorrência de ajuste osmótico em ambos os sistemas, sendo este mais intenso em SC. A condutância foliar relacionou-se exponencialmente com o potencial mínimo da água na folha. Tanto o potencial mínimo da água na folha quanto a condutância foliar apresentaram sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico, podendo ser utilizados como indicadores da condição hídrica das plantas de milho em ambos os sistemas de manejo.

Avaliação do coagulante orgânico Veta Organic utilizado em uma estação de tratamento de água para abastecimento público

O presente trabalho, desenvolvido na estação de tratamento de água de Novo Hamburgo, avalia uma alternativa aos tradicionais coagulantes metálicos. Esta alternativa é um coagulante orgânico de origem vegetal produzido na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Este coagulante a base de tanino extraído da acácia negra tem o nome comercial de Veta organic. Foi verificada, além da qualidade da água tratada, do custo do tratamento e do impacto ambiental gerado durante o processo de potabilização da água, a operacionalidade da ETA com o coagulante. Foram pesquisados os fenômenos físico-químicos que ocorrem na coagulação. Foram feitas análises dos principais resíduos do tratamento (água de lavagem dos filtros e lodo dos decantadores), definindo alguns parâmetros para sua disposição no solo. A caracterização dos efluentes do tratamento confirmou alguns preceitos da literatura, como a relação DBO/DQO e o alto teor de umidade. Outros parâmetros apresentaram valores divergentes dos publicados em outros trabalhos, sendo, provavelmente, o principal motivo a substituição do coagulante. Foi traçado um comparativo com o sulfato de alumínio, determinando vantagens e desvantagens da substituição do sulfato de alumínio pelo Veta organic. Este comparativo considerou aspectos relacionados à operação e manutenção da ETA, segurança e salubridade dos envolvidos com o processo de tratamento, qualidade e quantidade da água tratada, volume e contaminação dos resíduos do tratamento, custo para tratar um metro cúbico de água e adequação às leis, normas e portarias referentes a abastecimento público de água e poluição por despejos industriais. Os resultados deste trabalho permitiram verificar a redução na concentração de alumínio na água tratada e nos resíduos oriundos do tratamento com Veta organic em relação ao tratamento com sulfato de alumínio. Também, constatou-se a redução no volume de lodo gerado nos decantadores com o uso do Veta organic se comparado com os valores para quantidade de produção de lodo com sulfato de alumínio definidos em literatura. Foi determinado o aumento no custo do tratamento na ETA-NH com a introdução do novo coagulante. Além disso, foram feitas sugestões referentes à operação da estação que podem aumentar a eficiência do tratamento com o Veta organic, tendo sido abordadas questões relativas ao processo de tratamento, verificadas durante o trabalho de campo, com uso deste produto. A alteração mais importante na operação da ETA e que trouxe mais benefícios no tratamento com Veta organic foi a utilização de ar na retrolavagem dos filtros, tendo sido verificada a redução da cor e turbidez da água de lavagem dos filtros, com o auxílio do ar na lavagem, até valores estáveis.

Adsorção de cobre e cromo utilizando fibra de sisal visando o tratamento da água produzida pela indústria petrolífera

Currently, the oil industry is the biggest cause of environmental pollution. The objective was to reduce the concentration of copper and chromium in the water produced by the oil industry. It was used as adsorbent natural sisal fiber Agave sp treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. All vegetable fibers have physical and morphological properties that enablies the adsorption of pollutants. The basic composition of sisal is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The features are typically found in the characterization of vegetable fibers, except the surface area that was practically zero. In the first stage of adsorption, it was evaluated the effect of temperature and time skeeking to optimize the execution of the factorial design. The results showed that the most feasible fiber was the one treated with acid in five hours (30°C). The second phase was a factorial design, using acid and five hours, this time was it determined in the first phase. The tests were conducted following the experimental design and the results were analyzed by statistical methods in order to optimize the main parameters that influence the process: pH, concentration (mol / L) and fiber mass/ metal solution volume. The volume / mass ratio factor showed significant interference in the adsorption process of chromium and copper. The results obtained after optimization showed that the highest percentages of extraction (98%) were obtained on the following operating conditions: pH: 5-6, Concentration: 100 ppm and mass/ volume: 1 gram of fiber/50mL solution. The results showed that the adsorption process was efficient to remove chromium and copper using sisal fibers, however, requiring further studies to optimize the process.

Tratamento eletroquímico de efluente proveniente de caixas separadoras de água e óleo de postos revendedores de combustíveis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Projeto, construção e análise de um prototipo vibracional em escala de bancada aplicável ao tratamento de água de produção de petróleo bruto, mediante inovadora operação híbrida de adsorção e auto-flotação

A self-flotator vibrational prototype electromechanical drive for treatment of oil and water emulsion or like emulsion is presented and evaluated. Oil production and refining to obtain derivatives is carried out under arrangements technically referred to as on-shore and off-shore, ie, on the continent and in the sea. In Brazil 80 % of the petroleum production is taken at sea and area of deployment and it cost scale are worrisome. It is associated, oily water production on a large scale, carrier 95% of the potential pollutant of activity whose final destination is the environment medium, terrestrial or maritime. Although diversified set of techniques and water treatment systems are in use or research, we propose an innovative system that operates in a sustainable way without chemical additives, for the good of the ecosystem. Labyrinth adsor-bent is used in metal spirals, and laboratory scale flow. Equipment and process patents are claimed. Treatments were performed at different flow rates and bands often monitored with control systems, some built, other bought for this purpose. Measurements of the levels of oil and grease (OGC) of efluents treaty remained within the range of legal framework under test conditions. Adsorbents were weighed before and after treatment for obtaining oil impregna-tion, the performance goal of vibratory action and treatment as a whole. Treatment technolo-gies in course are referenced, to compare performance, qualitatively and quantitatively. The vibration energy consumption is faced with and without conventional flotation and self-flotation. There are good prospects for the proposed, especially in reducing the residence time, by capillary action system. The impregnation dimensionless parameter was created and confronted with consecrated dimensionless parameters, on the vibrational version, such as Weber number and Froude number in quadratic form, referred to as vibrational criticality. Re-sults suggest limits to the vibration intensity

Variáveis biométricas da cana-de-açúcar fertilizada com resíduos orgânico e industrial e irrigada com água servida e potável

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Tratamento de materiais contaminados com bifenilas policloradas (PCBS) via extração convencional e fluído supercrítico

The decontamination of the materials has been subject of some studies. One of the factors that it increases the pollution is the lack of responsibility in the discarding of toxic trash, as for example the presence of PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) in the environment. In the Brazilian regulations, the material contaminated with PCB in concentrations higher than 50 ppm must be stored in special places or destroyed, usually by incineration in plasma furnace with dual steps. Due to high cost of the procedure, new methodologies of PCBs removal has been studied. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental methodology and analytical methodology for quantification of removal of PCBs through out the processes of extractions using supercritical fluid and Soxhlet method, also technical efficiency of the two processes of extraction, in the treatment of contaminated materials with PCBs. The materials studied were soils and wood, both were simulated contamination with concentration of 6.000, 33.000 and 60.000 mg of PCB/ kg of materials. Soxhlet extractions were performed using 100 ml of hexane, and temperature of 180 ºC. Extractions by fluid supercritical were performed at conditions of 200 bar, 70°C, and supercritical CO2 flow-rate of 3 g/min for 1-3 hours. The extracts obtained were quantified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The conventional extractions were made according to factorial experimental planning technique 22, with aim of study the influence of two variables of process extraction for the Soxhlet method: contaminant concentration and extraction time for obtain a maximum removal of PCB in the materials. The extractions for Soxhlet method were efficient for extraction of PCBs in soil and wood in both solvent studied (hexane and ethanol). In the experimental extraction in soils, the better efficient of removal of PCBs using ethanol as solvent was 81.3% than 95% for the extraction using hexane as solvent, for equal time of extraction. The results of the extraction with wood showed statistically it that there is not difference between the extractions in both solvent studied. The supercritical fluid extraction in the conditions studied showed better efficiency in the extraction of PCBs in the wood matrix than in soil, for two hours extractions the obtain percentual of 43.9 ± 0.5 % for the total of PCBs extracted in the soils against 95.1 ± 0,5% for the total of PCBs extracted in the wood. The results demonstrated that the extractions were satisfactory for both technical studied

Planejamento experimental aplicada a um novo separador líquido-líquido utilizado no tratamento de águas residuais contaminadas com petróleo

The present work had as objective to apply an experimental planning aiming at to improve the efficiency of separation of a new type of mixer-settler applied to treat waste water contaminated with oil. An unity in scale of laboratory, was installed in the Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering of UFRN. It was constructed in partnership with Petrobras S.A. This called device Misturador-Decantador a Inversão de Fases (MDIF) , possess features of conventional mixer-settler and spray column type. The equipment is composed of three main parts: mixing chamber; chamber of decantation and chamber of separation. The efficiency of separation is evaluated analyzing the oil concentrations in water in the feed and the output of the device. For the analysis one used the gravimetric method of oil and greases analysis (TOG). The system in study is a water of formation emulsified with oil. The used extractant is a mixture of Turpentine spirit hydro-carbons, supplied for Petrobras. It was applied, for otimization of the efficiency of separation of the equipment, an experimental planning of the composite central type, having as factorial portion fractionary factorial planning 2 5-2, with the magnifying of the type star and five replications in the central point. In this work, the following independents variables were studied: contents of oil in the feed of the device; volumetric ratio (O/A); total flowrate ; agitation in the mixing chamber and height of the organic bed. Minimum and maximum limits for the studied variables had been fixed according previous works. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, revealed statistically significant and useful results for predictions ends. The variance analysis also presented the distribution of the error as a normal distribution and was observed that as the dispersions do not depend on the levels of the factors, the independence assumption can be verified. The variation around the average is explained by 98.98%, or either, equal to the maximum value, being the smoothing of the model in relation to the experimental points of 0,98981. The results present a strong interaction between the variable oil contents in the feed and agitation in the mixing chamber, having great and positive influence in the separation efficiency. Another variable that presented a great positive influence was the height of the organic bed. The best results of separation efficiency had been obtained for high flowrates when associates the high oil concentrations and high agitation. The results of the present work had shown excellent agreement with the results carried out through previous works with the mixer-settler of phase inversion

Aplicação da água residuária das salinas no tratamento de efluente têxtil

The treatment of colored and alkaline effluent has been a challenge to the textile industry. An alternative to remove the colors of those effluents is applying magnesium chloride as a coagulant agent. The magnesium ion, in high pH, hydrolyzes itself, forming the magnesium hydroxide which has a large adsorptive area and positive electrostatic charges able to act as an efficient coagulant. The bittern wastewater from the salt industries has been studied as a potential font of this magnesium ion. Nowadays, this bittern wastewater is evicted into the sea, without any treatment or other use. This thesis has evaluated the potential of applying the wastewater from the salt industries in the treatment of dyeing effluent containing indigo dye and alkaline pH. All the experiments were made in jar tests simulating the chemical coagulation, flocculation and decantation steps ranging the pH and the concentration of magnesium ion. Were obtained removals between 96% and 76% for turbidity, apparent color, and true color, respectively, using 200mg/L Mg2+. The reduction of costs with acid, when were used the salt industries wastewater, comparing with Al2(SO4)3, was 62%. For the degradation of organic matter remaining in the clarified, around 900 mg/L, was applyed the advanced process of oxidation: photo-Fenton. The preliminary results showed 57% reduction in DOC. According to the results obtained, the salt industries wastewater can be applied, as coagulant, in the physical-chemical treatment of the denim dyeing wastewater, so it is not necessary a previous adjust of pH, efficiently and economically

Estudo de técnicas para o tratamento alternativo de efluentes oleosos oriundos da industrialização da castanha de caju

An evaluation project was conducted on the technique of treatment for effluent oil which is the deriving process to improve cashews. During the evaluation the following techniques were developed: advanced processes of humid oxidation, oxidative processes, processes of biological treatment and processes of adsorption. The assays had been carried through in kinetic models, with an evaluation of the quality of the process by means of determining the chemical demand of oxygen (defined as a technique of control by means of comparative study between the available techniques). The results demonstrated that the natural biodegradation of the effluent ones is limited, as result using the present natural flora in the effluent one revealed impracticable for an application in the industrial systems, independent of the evaluation environment (with or without the oxygen presence). The job of specific microorganisms for the oily composite degradation developed the viability technique of this route, the acceptable levels of inclusion in effluent system of treatment of the improvement of the cashew being highly good with reasonable levels of removal of CDO. However, the use combined with other techniques of daily pay-treatment for these effluent ones revealed to still be more efficient for the context of the treatment of effluent and discarding in receiving bodies in acceptable standards for resolution CONAMA 357/2005. While the significant generation of solid residues the process of adsorption with agroindustrial residues (in special the chitosan) is a technical viable alternative, however, when applied only for the treatment of the effluent ones for discarding in bodies of water, the economic viability is harmed and minimized ambient profits. Though, it was proven that if used for ends of I reuse, the viability is equalized and justifies the investments. There was a study of the photochemistry process which have are applicable to the treatment of the effluent ones, having resulted more satisfactory than those gotten for the UV-Peroxide techniques. There was different result on the one waited for the use of catalyses used in the process of Photo. The catalyses contained the mixing oxide base of Cerium and Manganese, incorporated of Potassium promoters this had presented the best results in the decomposition of the involved pollutants. Having itself an agreed form the gotten photochemistry daily paytreatment resulted, then after disinfection with chlorine the characteristics next the portability to the water were guarantee. The job of the humid oxidation presented significant results in the removal of pollutants; however, its high cost alone is made possible for job in projects of reuses, areas of low scarcity and of raised costs with the capitation/acquisition of the water, in special, for use for industrial and potable use. The route with better economic conditions and techniques for the job in the treatment of the effluent ones of the improvement of the cashew possesses the sequence to follow: conventional process of separation water-oil, photochemistry process and finally, the complementary biological treatment

Tratamento de água de produção de petróleo visando o aproveitamento na obtenção de barrilha

The petroleum production is associated to the produced water, which has dispersed and dissolved materials that damage not only the environment, but also the petroleum processing units. This study aims at the treatment of produced water focusing mainly on the removal of metals and oil and using this treated water as raw material for the production of sodium carbonate. Initially, it was addressed the removal of the following divalent metals: calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, copper, iron, and cadmium. For this purpose, surfactants derived from vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, were used. The investigation showed that there is a stoichiometric relationship between the metals removed from the produced water and the surfactants used in the process of metals removal. It was also developed a model that correlates the hydrolysis constant of saponified coconut oil with the metal distribution between the resulting stages of the proposed process, flocs and aqueous phases, and relating the results with the pH of the medium. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.963. Next, the process of producing washing soda (prefiro soda ahs ou sodium carbonate) started. The resulting water from the various treatment approaches from petroleum production water was used. During this stage of the research, it was observed that the surfactant assisted in the produced water treatment, by removing some metals and the dispersed oil entirety. The yield of sodium carbonate production was approximately 80%, and its purity was around 95%. It was also assessed, in the production of sodium carbonate, the influence of the type of reactor, using a continuous reactor and a batch reactor. These tests showed that the process with continuous reactor was not as efficient as the batch process. In general, it can be concluded that the production of sodium carbonate from water of oil production is a feasible process, rendering an effluent that causes a great environmental impact a raw material with large scale industrial use