Investigação biossintética, transcriptômica e proteômica em espécies de Piperaceae

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização transcriptômica de vias metabólicas na formiga Attini Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise transcriptômica de miRNAs em pacientes sob dupla terapia de antiagregação

A terapia antiagregante é comumente indicada na prevenção e tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares. A dupla antiagregação com clopidrogrel e ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) tem sido frequentemente adotada em pacientes com Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC), mas apresenta ineficácia em uma parcela significativa da população com genótipo de respondedores. Essa falha terapêutica nos leva a questionar se outros mecanismos moleculares podem estar influenciando na resposta a esses fármacos. Recentes estudos sugerem que pequenas sequências de RNA não codificantes denominadas microRNAs (miRNAs) podem estar fortemente relacionadas com resposta ao tratamento fármaco-terapêutico, controlando as proteínas envolvidas na farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica. Entretanto, os principais miRNAs que atuam na dinâmica da resposta medicamentosa ainda não foram bem definidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de miRNAs no sangue total periférico, procurando melhor esclarecer os mecanismos envolvidos na resposta aos antiagregantes plaquetários AAS e clopidogrel. Para isso, selecionou-se pacientes com DAC, os quais apresentavam diferentes respostas à dupla terapia de antiagregação determinadas pelo teste de agregação plaquetária. Baseados nos fenótipos, os perfis de expressão de miRNAs foram comparados entre os valores da taxa de agregação categorizados em tercis (T) de resposta. O grupo T1 foi constituído de pacientes respondedores, o T2 de respondedores intermediários e o T3 de não respondedores. Os perfis de miRNAs foram obtidos após sequenciamento de última geração e os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo pacote Deseq2. Os resultados mostraram 18 miRNAs diferentemente expressos entre os dois tercis extremos. Dentre esses miRNAs, 10 deles apresentaram importantes alvos relacionados com vias de ativação e agregação plaquetária quando analisados pelo software Ingenuity®. Dos 10 miRNAs, 4 deles, os quais apresentaram-se menos expressos no sequenciamento, demonstraram os mesmos perfis de expressão quando analisados pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase quantitativa (qPCR): hsa-miR-423-3p, hsa-miR-744-5p, hsa-miR- 30a-5p e hsa-let-7g-5p. A partir das análises de predição de alvos, pôde-se observar que os quatro miRNAs, quando menos expressos simultaneamente, predizem ativação da agregação plaquetária. Além disso, os miRNAs hsa-miR- 423-5p, hsa-miR-744-5p e hsa-let-7g-5p mostraram correlação com o perfil lipídico dos pacientes que, por sua vez, apresentou influência nos valores de agregação compreendidos no T3 de resposta a ambos os medicamentos. Sendo assim, conclui-se que maiores taxas de agregação plaquetária podem estar indiretamente relacionadas com os padrões de expressão de hsa-miR- 423-3p, hsa-miR-744-5p e hsa-let-7g-5p. Sugere-se que a avaliação do perfil de expressão destes 3 miRNAs no sangue periférico de pacientes com DAC possa predizer resposta terapêutica inadequada ao AAS e ao clopidogrel

Nutrigenómica

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

Estudo do efeito de contaminantes na espécie sentinela, a amêijoa Ruditapes decussatus, por intermédio da análise da expressão proteica: aplicação à monitorização do meio marinho

Tese dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, 2009, Universidade do Algarve

The role of lymphotoxin-B receptor signaling in t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia development

Dissertação de mest., Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

Insights into molecular and cellular events involved in normal and pathological vertebral development and fusion using zebrafish as model organism

The vertebral column and its units, the vertebrae, are fundamental features, characteristic of all vertebrates. Developmental segregation of the vertebral bodies as articulated units is an intrinsic requirement to guarantee the proper function of the spine. Whenever these units become fused either during development or postsegmentation, movement is affected in a more or less severe manner, depending on the number of vertebrae affected. Nevertheless, fusion may occur as part of regular development and as a physiological requirement, like in the tetrapod sacrum or in fish posterior vertebrae forming the urostyle. In order to meet the main objective of this PhD project, which aimed to better understand the molecular and cellular events underlying vertebral fusion under physiological and pathological conditions, a detailed characterization of the vertebral fusion occurring in zebrafish caudal fin region was conducted. This showed that fusion in the caudal fin region comprised 5 vertebral bodies, from which, only fusion between [PU1++U1] and ural2 [U2+] was still traceable during development. This involved bone deposition around the notochord sheath while fusion within the remaining vertebral bodies occur at the level of the notochord sheath, as during the early establishment of the vertebral bodies. A comparison approach between the caudal fin vertebrae and the remaining vertebral column showed conserved features such as the presence of mineralization related proteins as Osteocalcin were identified throughout the vertebral column, independently on the mineralization patterns. This unexpected presence of Osteocalcin in notochord sheath, here identified as Oc1, suggested that this gene, opposing to Oc2, generally associated with bone formation and mature osteoblast activity, is potentially associated with early mineralization events including chordacentrum formation. Nevertheless, major differences between caudal fin region and anterior vertebral bodies considering arch histology and mineralization patterns, led us to use RA as an inductive factor for vertebral fusion, allowing a direct comparison of equivalent structures under normal and fusion events. This fusion phenotype was associated with notochord sheath ectopic mineralization instead of ectopic perichordal bone formation related with increased osteoblast activity, as suggested in previous reports. Additionally, alterations in ECM content, cell adhesion and blood coagulation were discussed as potentially related with the fusion phenotype. Finally, Matrix gla protein, upregulated upon RA treatment and shown to be associated with chordacentrum mineralization sites in regular development, was further described considering its potential function in vertebral formation and pathological fusion. Therefore with this work we propose zebrafish caudal fin vertebral fusion as a potential model to study both congenital and postsegmentation fusion and we present candidate factors and genes that may be further explored in order to clarify whether we can prevent vertebral fusion.

Development of a Piggybac based direct reprogramming system for derivation of integration free induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) have great potential for applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling and basic research. Several methods have been developed for their derivation. The original method of Takahashi and Yamanaka involved the use of retroviral vectors which result in insertional mutagenesis, presence in the genome of potential oncogenes and effects of residual transgene expression on differentiation bias of each particular iPSc line. Other methods have been developed, using different viral vectors (adenovirus and Sendai virus), transient plasmid transfection, mRNA transduction, protein transduction and use of small molecules. However, these methods suffer from low efficiencies; can be extremely labor intensive, or both. An additional method makes use of the piggybac transposon, which has the advantage of inserting its payload into the host genome and being perfectly excised upon re-expression of the transposon transposase. Briefly, a policistronic cassette expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and C-Myc flanked by piggybac terminal repeats is delivered to the cells along with a plasmid transiently expressing piggybac transposase. Once reprogramming occurs, the cells are re-transfected with transposase and subclones free of tranposon integrations screened for. The procedure is therefore very labor intensive, requiring multiple manipulations and successive rounds of cloning and screening. The original method for reprogramming with the the PiggyBac transposon was created by Woltjen et al in 2009 (schematized here) and describes a process with which it is possible to obtain insert-free iPSc. Insert-free iPSc enables the establishment of better cellular models of iPS and adds a new level of security to the use of these cells in regenerative medicine. Due to the fact that it was based on several low efficiency steps, the overall efficiency of the method is very low (<1%). Moreover, the stochastic transfection, integration, excision and the inexistence of an active way of selection leaves this method in need of extensive characterization and screening of the final clones. In this work we aime to develop a non-integrative iPSc derivation system in which integration and excision of the transgenes can be controlled by simple media manipulations, avoiding labor intensive and potentially mutagenic procedures. To reach our goal we developed a two vector system which is simultaneously delivered to original population of fibroblasts. The first vector, Remo I, carries the reprogramming cassette and GFP under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (CAG). The second vector, Eneas, carries the piggybac transposase associated with an estrogen receptor fragment (ERT2), regulated in a TET-OFF fashion, and its equivalent reverse trans-activator associated with a positive-negative selection cassette under a constitutive promoter. We tested its functionality in HEK 293T cells. The protocol is divided in two the following steps: 1) Obtaining acceptable transfection efficiency into human fibroblasts. 2) Testing the functionality of the construct 3) Determining the ideal concentration of DOX for repressing mPB-ERT2 expression 4) Determining the ideal concentration of TM for transposition into the genome 5) Determining the ideal Windows of no DOX/TM pulse for transposition into the genome 6) 3, 4 and 5) for transposition out of the genome 7) Determination of the ideal concentration of GCV for negative selection We successfully demonstrated that ENEAS behaved as expected in terms of DOX regulation of the expression of mPB-ERT2. We also demonstrated that by delivering the plasmid into 293T HEK cells and manipulating the levels of DOX and TM in the medium, we could obtain puromycin resistant lines. The number of puromycin resistant colonies obtained was significantly higher when DOX as absent, suggesting that the colonies resulted from transposition events. Presence of TM added an extra layer of regulation, albeit weaker. Our PCR analysis, while not a clean as would be desired, suggested that transposition was indeed occurring, although a background level of random integration could not be ruled out. Finally, our attempt to determine whether we could use GVC to select clones that had successfully mobilized PB out of the genome was unsuccessful. Unexpectedly, 293T HEK cells that had been transfected with ENEAS and selected for puromycin resistance were insensitive to GCV.

Contamination of farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus, 1758) by the parasite Amyloodinium ocellatum: a proteomic approach

Dissertação de mestrado, Aquacultura e Pescas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Uniersidade do Algarve, 2015

Análise do transcriptoma das glândulas venenosas do escorpião Tityus stigmurus

In Brazil, accidents with scorpions are considered of medical importance, not only by the high incidence, but also for the potentiality of the venom from some species in determining severe clinical conditions. Tityus stigmurus is a widely distributed scorpion species in Northeastern Brazil and known to cause severe human envenomations, inducing pain, hyposthesia, edema, erythema, paresthesia, headaches and vomiting. The present study uses a transcriptomic approach to characterize the molecular repertoire from the non-stimulated venom gland of Tityus stigmurus scorpion. A cDNA library was constructed and 540 clones were sequenced and grouped into 37 clusters, with more than one EST (expressed sequence tag) and 116 singlets. Forty-one percent of ESTs belong to recognized toxin-coding sequences, with antimicrobial toxins (AMP-like) the most abundant transcripts, followed by alfa KTx- like, beta KTx-like, beta NaTx-like and alfa NaTx-like. Our analysis indicated that 34% include other possible venom molecules , whose transcripts correspond to anionic peptides, hypothetical secreted peptides, metalloproteinases, cystein-rich peptides and lectins. Fifteen percent of ESTs are similar to cellular transcripts. Sequences without good matches corresponded to 11%. This investigation provides the first global view of cDNAs from Tityus stigmurus. This approach enables characterization of a large number of venom gland component molecules, which belong either to known or atypical types of venom peptides and proteins from the Buthidae family

Algoritmos de aprendizado semi-supervisionado baseados em grafos aplicados na bioinformática

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Respuesta transcripcional de Populus a bifenilos policlorados: Aspectos aplicados a la fitorremediación

La degradación del suelo ha adquirido una magnitud preocupante. Los métodos tradicionales de descontaminación, son costosos e insuficientes. La fitorremediación representa una alternativa eficaz, de bajo coste, respetuosa con el medio ambiente, que además mejora las propiedades del suelo, si bien ha habido desarrollos relevantes en la última década. Desde el punto de vida científico, el reto principal es descifrar las rutas metabólicas implicadas en respuesta a contaminantes y comprender su regulación. Esta información es imprescindible si aspiramos a mejorar las capacidades naturales de algunas especies vegetales para remediar los suelos contaminados. Los estudios de esta Tesis se han centrado en Populus, el mejor modelo forestal disponible a raíz de la secuenciación de su genoma completo. Por otra parte, Populus tiene una gran capacidad natural para la degradación de contaminantes orgánicos, lo que explica su predominio en los programas forestales de fitorremediación que se desarrollan actualmente. Hemos elegido en concreto al híbrido Populus tremula x P. alba, por la facilidad con que se cultiva y su particular interés biotecnológico. La presente Tesis plantea un estudio comprehensivo de la respuesta molecular a bifenilos policlorados (PCBs), una familia de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes de particular relevancia a escala mundial. Se ha utilizado para ello una aproximación transcriptómica, basada en tecnología RNA-seq, para identificar los genes implicados en el metabolismo de los compuestos in planta y cuantificar sus niveles de activación en distintas situaciones controladas. La tesis pretende asimismo definir el control transcripcional subyacente a la respuesta bioquímica frente a este tipo de contaminantes. Resulta sorprendente que dicha respuesta sea prácticamente desconocida a nivel molecular, a pesar de su gran potencial aplicado en el contexto de la tecnología fitorremediadora. Para desarrollar este proyecto aplicamos a nuestros cultivos de chopo híbridos concentraciones diferentes de Aroclor 1221, una mezcla de PCBs muy utilizada a nivel comercial durante décadas, su uso está prohibido hoy internacionalmente. Y tomamos muestras de RNA a dos concentraciones y dos momentos distintos de exposición al contaminante, generando así una matriz de cuatro elementos con sus controles correspondientes. Con el fin de incrementar la especificidad de nuestro análisis, consideramos sobre todo los genes diferencialmente expresados más significativos según cuatro algoritmos estadísticos distintos. Por otra parte, realizamos análisis funcionales con herramientas bioinformáticas basadas en comparaciones de secuencias y en redes de co-expresión génica. La respuesta de los genes de particular interés fue validada mediante tecnología qRT-PCR (reacción de la polimerasa en cadena cuantitativa en tiempo real). Se trata del primer estudio comprehensivo de la respuesta de un organismo vegetal ante la presencia de PCBs. Este estudio nos ha permitido identificar una cantidad considerable de genes estructurales y reguladores, definiendo nuevos factores de transcripción cuya expresión es proporcional a la concentración de contaminante en el medio o al tiempo de exposición al mismo. Los análisis de correlación nos permiten afirmar en que la respuesta metabólica a PCBs, incluyendo posibles rutas degradadoras, participan en al menos quince factores de transcripción y unas cuarenta proteínas o enzimas que resultan particularmente inducidas. Entre las familias implicadas destacan los citocromos P450, la glutatión transferasas, las deshidrogenasas reductasas (short-chain dehydrogenase reductase) y las proteínas MDR (multi-drug resistance). Mientras que los factores de transcripción encontrados pertenecen a la familia de ZF-TF, MYBs, WRKYs entre otros. También identificamos proteínas de función desconocida que no se habían vinculado previamente a este tipo de respuestas en plantas, como la CSP (cold-shock domain proteins). Para estudiar su posible relación con la presencia de PCBs, se caracterizó un gen de esta familia detectado mediante espectrometría de masas en tándem (MS/MS) a partir de mapas IEF x SDS-PAGE (isoelectro focusing x sodium dodecyl sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) de alta resolución. Mediante qRT-PCR pudimos confirmar la inducción del gen correspondiente, ortólogo a PtCSP4 de P. trichocarpa (Potri.004g172600), en respuesta a Aroclor 1221. El análisis fenotípico de las líneas transgénicas de Arabidopsis thaliana que sobre-expresaba la proteína CSP de chopo híbrido confirmó un papel para la misma tolerancia a PCBs, posiblemente a través de mecanismos reguladores que activan proteínas MDR. Este trabajo, además de aportar datos novedosos sobre los mecanismos moleculares desencadenados por la presencia de un PCB en Populus, utilizado aquí como sistema modelo. Con ello se demuestra el potencial de las especies arbóreas no solo como agentes descontaminantes, ya explotado comercialmente, sino también como fuente potencial de genes interesantes. Entre los genes identificados en esta Tesis hay candidatos evidentes a participar en mecanismos de tolerancia al estrés inducido por la contaminación y también rutas metabólicas degradadores de PCBs. Precisamente la posibilidad de degradar al contaminante confiere particular interés a este tipo de estudios frente a la fitorremediación de metales pesados y otros contaminantes elementales. La comparación de los datos generados en este estudio con estudios análogos que se realicen en el futuro con otras especies y xenobióticos, contribuirán a definir mejor la respuesta de las plantas ante la contaminación orgánica y mejorar su potencial descontaminante. ABSTRACT Soil degradation has acquired a disturbing magnitude. Traditional methods of decontamination are expensive and insufficient. Phytoremediation represent an effective alternative, low cost, respectful of the environment, that also improves soil properties, although there have been relevant developments in the last decade. From a life scientist, the challenge is to decipher the major metabolic pathways involved in response to pollutants and understand their regulation. This information is essential if we desire to enhance the natural abilities of some plant species to remediate contaminated soils. This thesis studies have focused on Populus, the best available forestry model following the sequencing of the entire genome. Moreover, Populus has a natural ability to degrade organic pollutants, which explains its predominance in phytoremediation forestry programs currently being developed. We have chosen specifically to hybrid Populus tremula x P. alba, the ease with which it is grown and its particular biotechnological interest. This thesis presents a comprehensive study of the molecular response to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a family of persistent organic pollutants of particular relevance worldwide. It has been used for a transcriptomic approach using RNA-seq technology, to identify genes involved in the metabolism of compounds in plant and quantify their levels of activation in different controlled situations. The thesis also aims to define the underlying transcriptional control the biochemical response to these pollutants. It is surprising that the response is virtually unknown at the molecular level, despite its great potential applied in the context of phytoremediation technology. To develop this project we applied our hybrid poplar crops different concentrations of Aroclor 1221, a mixture of PCBs widely used commercially for decades, its use is now banned internationally. And we RNA samples at two different concentrations and times of exposure to the pollutant, generating an array of four elements with their corresponding controls. In order to increase the specificity of our analysis, we consider mainly the most significant differentially expressed genes in four different statistical algorithms. Moreover, functional analyzes conducted with bioinformatics tools based on sequence comparisons and networks gene co-expression. The response of genes of particular interest was validated by qRT-PCR (polymerase reaction chain in real-time quantitative. This is the first comprehensive study of the response of a plant organism in the presence of PCBs. This study allowed us to identify a considerable amount of structural and regulatory genes, defining new transcription factors whose expression is proportional to the concentration of contaminant in the middle or at the time of exposure. Correlation analyzes allow us to affirm that the metabolic response to PCBs, including possible degradative pathways, at least fifteen involved in transcription factors and forty proteins or enzymes which are particularly induced. Among the families involved include cytochromes P450, the glutathione transferases, dehydrogenases reductases (short -chain dehydrogenase reductase) and MDR proteins (multi - drug resistance). While transcription factors belong to the family found ZF-TF, MYBs, WRKYs among others. We also identify proteins of unknown function that had not been previously linked to such responses in plants such as CSP (cold- shock domain proteins). To study their possible relationship with the presence of PCBs, a gene in this family was characterized and was detected by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) from maps IEF x SDS -PAGE (sodium dodecyl isoelectro x sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of high resolution. By qRT -PCR could confirm the induction of the corresponding gene, ortholog to PtCSP4 of P. trichocarpa (Potri.004g172600), in response to Aroclor 1221. Phenotypic analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines over- expressing the protein CSP poplar hybrid confirmed a role for PCBs same tolerance, possibly through regulatory mechanisms activated MDR proteins. This work, in addition to providing new data on the molecular mechanisms triggered by the presence of PCBs in Populus, used here as a model system. Thus the potential of tree species not only as decontamination agents, and commercially exploited, but also as a potential source of interesting genes is shown. Among the genes identified in this thesis there are evident candidates to participate in tolerance mechanisms to stress induced by pollution and degrading metabolic pathways of PCBs. Precisely the possibility of degrading the pollutant attaches particular interest to this type of study off the phytoremediation of heavy metals and other elemental pollutants. The comparison of the data generated in this study with similar studies carried out in the future with other species and xenobiotics contribute to better define the response of plants to organic pollution and improve their decontamination potential.

Avaliação do efeito da inibição do reparo de sítios abásicos na resposta inflamatória celular

Base excision repair (BER) proteins has been associated with functions beyond DNA repair. Apurynic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional protein involved in a plethora of cellular activities, such as redox activation of transcription factors, RNA processing and DNA repair. Some studies have described the action of the protein 8-oxoguanine (OGG1) in correcting oxidized lesions in promoters as a step in the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Despite being especially important in redox activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and AP- 1, the repair activity of APE1 has not yet been associated with the inflammatory response. In this study, experimental and bioinformatic analysis approaches have been used to investigate the relationship between inhibition of the repair of abasic sites in DNA by MX, a synthetic molecule designed to inhibt the repair activity of APE1, and the modulation of the inflammatory response. The results showed that treatment of monocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and MX reduced the expression of cytokines, chemokines and toll-like receptors, and negatively regulated biological immune processes, as macrophages activation, and NF-κB and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interferon pathways, without inducing cell death. The transcriptomic analysis suggests that LPS/MX treatment induces mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of autophagy pathways, probably activated by impairment of cellular energy and/or the accumulation of nuclear and mitochondria DNA damage. Additionally, it is proposed that the repair activity of APE1 is required for transcription of inflammatory genes by interaction with abasic sites at specific promoters and recruitment of transcriptional complexes during inflammatory signaling. This work presents a new perspective on the interactions between the BER activity and the modulation of inflammatory response, and suggests a new activity for APE1 protein as modulator of the immune response in a redox-independent manner.

Saccharomycotin transcriptomics by next-generation sequencing

The non-standard decoding of the CUG codon in Candida cylindracea raises a number of questions about the evolutionary process of this organism and other species Candida clade for which the codon is ambiguous. In order to find some answers we studied the transcriptome of C. cylindracea, comparing its behavior with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (standard decoder) and Candida albicans (ambiguous decoder). The transcriptome characterization was performed using RNA-seq. This approach has several advantages over microarrays and its application is booming. TopHat and Cufflinks were the software used to build the protocol that allowed for gene quantification. About 95% of the reads were mapped on the genome. 3693 genes were analyzed, of which 1338 had a non-standard start codon (TTG/CTG) and the percentage of expressed genes was 99.4%. Most genes have intermediate levels of expression, some have little or no expression and a minority is highly expressed. The distribution profile of the CUG between the three species is different, but it can be significantly associated to gene expression levels: genes with fewer CUGs are the most highly expressed. However, CUG content is not related to the conservation level: more and less conserved genes have, on average, an equal number of CUGs. The most conserved genes are the most expressed. The lipase genes corroborate the results obtained for most genes of C. cylindracea since they are very rich in CUGs and nothing conserved. The reduced amount of CUG codons that was observed in highly expressed genes may be due, possibly, to an insufficient number of tRNA genes to cope with more CUGs without compromising translational efficiency. From the enrichment analysis, it was confirmed that the most conserved genes are associated with basic functions such as translation, pathogenesis and metabolism. From this set, genes with more or less CUGs seem to have different functions. The key issues on the evolutionary phenomenon remain unclear. However, the results are consistent with previous observations and shows a variety of conclusions that in future analyzes should be taken into consideration, since it was the first time that such a study was conducted.

Análise do transcriptoma das glândulas venenosas do escorpião Tityus stigmurus

In Brazil, accidents with scorpions are considered of medical importance, not only by the high incidence, but also for the potentiality of the venom from some species in determining severe clinical conditions. Tityus stigmurus is a widely distributed scorpion species in Northeastern Brazil and known to cause severe human envenomations, inducing pain, hyposthesia, edema, erythema, paresthesia, headaches and vomiting. The present study uses a transcriptomic approach to characterize the molecular repertoire from the non-stimulated venom gland of Tityus stigmurus scorpion. A cDNA library was constructed and 540 clones were sequenced and grouped into 37 clusters, with more than one EST (expressed sequence tag) and 116 singlets. Forty-one percent of ESTs belong to recognized toxin-coding sequences, with antimicrobial toxins (AMP-like) the most abundant transcripts, followed by alfa KTx- like, beta KTx-like, beta NaTx-like and alfa NaTx-like. Our analysis indicated that 34% include other possible venom molecules , whose transcripts correspond to anionic peptides, hypothetical secreted peptides, metalloproteinases, cystein-rich peptides and lectins. Fifteen percent of ESTs are similar to cellular transcripts. Sequences without good matches corresponded to 11%. This investigation provides the first global view of cDNAs from Tityus stigmurus. This approach enables characterization of a large number of venom gland component molecules, which belong either to known or atypical types of venom peptides and proteins from the Buthidae family