中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis) 与鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)生殖生物学及早期发育的比较研究

本文主要对中国对虾及鹰的生殖生物学及早期胚胎的发育进行了较为系统的比较研究。在前人工作的基础上对中国对虾及鹰爪虾的精子及精荚形成，精子的超微结构，纳精囊的形态及结构，卵子的激活，受精卵的卵裂等进行了比较研究。使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对中国对虾精管的结构及精子的形成过程进行研究。中国对虾的输精管可分为近端、中段、远端输精管及壶腹四部分。输精管壁的本结构相似，分泌细胞的结构及分泌活动有较大的差别。精管自中段膨大部开始管腔逐渐被一隔膜分为大小不等的两部分，较大的腔内充满了很多精子，输精管较小的腔内充满胶体状物质。中国对精子细胞在精巢内产生，在两条输精管内渐发育成熟，经过细胞质的变化并与精子外部进行物质交换，形成顶体、亚顶体、棘突。核的变化则经历了染色质的解凝和核膜的消失，最后形成成熟的精子。对鹰爪虾精子的形成过程及精子的形态结构特征进行，结果表明鹰爪虾精子细胞产生于精巢的生精小管，在输精管内进一步发育，逐渐形成成熟的精子，许多精子在输精管内聚集成团外包胶质膜，形成许多大小不一的精子囊。精子由体 及棘突两部分组成，入海水中不运动。电镜下可见体部包括核区及细胞质区两部分。核区位于精子中部，核内由均质解凝的细胞核，外包一薄层细胞质带。细胞质区比核区略小，末端变尖，细胞质区内含有大量囊泡及膜层体。棘突从体部前端斜向伸出，由许多纤丝平行紧密排列组成，外包质膜。雄虾精子囊中的精子与已交配雌虾纳精囊内的精子在形态结构上没有明显差别。对中国对虾及鹰爪虾的纳精囊及精子的贮存特征进行研究。中国对虾及鹰爪虾的纳精囊都是封闭型纳精囊，中国对虾的纳精囊腔，表面为两个对称的半圆形甲壳版所覆盖，囊内由前向后伸出三个锥状突起。鹰爪纳精表面为前后两个甲壳版所覆盖。纳精囊中部为单一的腔，向后部两侧呈管状延伸，末端膨大形成两个袋状囊，内部贮存精子囊。纳精囊从功能上分为三个部分，即纳精囊中部的开口，交配时为胶体物质所充塞；内部的囊腔为贮存精子的部位；前端的开口为产卵时精释放口。中国对虾及鹰卵子具有相似的激活和卵裂过程。卵子可以不受精子的激活，只受海水刺激即可发生皮层反应；先排出皮质棒或皮质囊泡，形成胶质层，进而释放出皮层颗粒，形成孵化膜。中国对虾的孵化膜在卵子表面形成以后再举起；鹰爪虾的孵化膜远离卵子表面形成，然后进一步举起，鹰爪虾卵周隙较大。发生皮层反应的过程中，减数分裂重新启动，排出第一极体和第二极体。中国对虾与鹰爪虾卵子的皮层反应和减数分裂都可由海水刺激而进行，与受精与否无关，但未受精卵不能分裂或公分裂为大小不等的子细胞。中国对虾与鹰爪虾受精卵都具有原始的螺旋卵裂的特性。对海水中的Mg~(2+)、 Ca~(2+)、 K~+及胰蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶抑制剂对中国对虾卵子激活的影响进行研究。结果表明海水中的Mg~(2+)对中国虾卵子的激活是必须的，Ca~(2+)、 K~+是非必须的，而且它们对受精卵和非受精卵都具有相同的作用。胰蛋白酶（0．1％）在卵子产出后可以破坏胶质层及孵化膜的形成并影响受精卵的正常卵裂。胰蛋白酶抑制剂（0．01％）可以完全抑制卵子的激活及受精，也可以使发生皮层反应的卵子处于停滞状态。卵子产出后30min胰蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶抑制剂对卵子失去作用，表明胶膜及孵化膜完全形成后具有抵抗胰蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶抑制剂的作用。

Ecology and life history of penaeid shrimps

Fourteen species of penaeid shrimps with commercial value in Batan Bay and Tigbauan-Guimbal waters were identified as follows: Penaeus monodon, P.semisulcatus, P.japonicus, Metapenaeus ensis, M.burkenroadi, M.endeavouri, Metapenaeopsis palmensis, M.stridulans, Trachypenaeus fulvus, and Parapenaeus longipes. Among the 14 penaeids, P.semisulcatus, M.ensis and M.palmensis were found to be the dominant species within each genus. There are seven existing fishing gears for shrimping in the Batan Bay and Tigbauan-Guimbal waters: fish corrals, lift net, filter net, gill net, skimming net, baby trawler and commercial trawler. In general, female penaeids are larger than males. The largest P.monodon female measured was 81 mm in carapace length with 23 g in body weight. The largest male measuring 59 mm in carapace length with 119 g of body weight was caught in Batan Bay. Judging from spermatozoa occurrence on both sexes of P.monodon, the biological minimum size for male is 37 mm in carapace length and 49 mm for female. A total of 133 Penaeus postlarvae obtained from the offshore were identified by comparison with those reared in the laboratory. The postlarvae of P.japonicus-latisulcatus complex were quite dominant (60 . 2%), followed by P.semisulcatus (18 . 0%), and P.merguiensis-indicus complex (17 . 3%). The number of P.monodon postlarvae was relatively small (4 . 5%). The modal carapace length of P.monodon postlarvae from the offshore was 1 . 3 mm with three or four dorsal and no ventral spines on the rostrum, while P.monodon fry from the shoreline had 2 . 3 mm with five or six dorsal and one or two ventral spines.

Catch composition of penaeid prawns caught with fish corrals at Batan Bay, Philippines

The study was undertaken to ascertain the commercially important species of penaeid prawns caught in Batan Bay, Philippines and their abundance in fish corrals. A total of 12 species were commercially caught: Penaeus monodon, P. semisulcatus, P. merguiensis, P. indicus, P. latisulcatus, P. japonicus, P. canaliculatus, Metapenaeus ensis, M. endeavouri, M. dalli, M. elegans, and Trachypenaeus fulvus.

Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Penaeidae (Crustacea : Decapoda) revealed by mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences

The phylogenetic relationships within the family Penaeidae are examined based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of 30 species from 20 genera. The analysis generally supports the three- tribe scheme proposed by Burkenroad ( 1983) but it is not consistent with the five- group classification of Kubo ( 1949). Three clades are resolved: ( Penaeus sensu stricto + Fenneropenaeus + Litopenaeus + Farfantepenaeus + Marsupenaeus + Melicertus + Funchalia + Heteropenaeus), ( Metapenaeus + Parapenaeopsis + Xiphopenaeus + Rimapenaeus + Megokris + Trachysalambria) and ( Metapenaeopsis + Penaeopsis + Parapenaeus), corresponding to the Penaeini, Trachypenaeini and Parapenaeini respectively, while the affinities of Atypopenaeus and Trachypenaeopsis are obscure. The molecular data support that Miyadiella represents the juvenile stage of Atypopenaeus. Within the Trachypenaeini, Trachypenaeus sensu lato is clearly paraphyletic, while the monophyly of Penaeus sensu lato in the Penaeini is questionable.

Composition and abundance of marine shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidea) in Ubatuba bay, Ubatuba (SP), Brazil

This work aims to analyse the composition, abundance and distribution of the Penaeidea species which occur in the Ubatuba Bay (23 degrees 26'S and 45 degrees 02'W). The samples were monthly collected from October/1992 to September/1993. Each collect was composed of two parallel radials: the first (radial ''A'') was carried out in the mid region of the bay and the second one (radial ''B'') in the bay mouth. The trawls took one hour in a boat equipped with one otter-trawl (10 mm of mesh). The registered environmental factors were depth, bottom water temperature, granulometric composition and organic content of the sediment. After the trawls, the shrimp were separated from other marine organisms and counted. Eight species of shrimp were obtained: Xiphopenaeus kroyeri; Artemesia longinaris; Penaeus (L.) schmitti; P. (F.) brasiliensis; Trachypenaeus; constrictus; Sicyonia typica; S. dorsalis and Pleoticus muelleri. The most abundant species were X. kroyeri, A. longinaris, P. muelleri and T. constrictus. It was verified a very strong seasonality among the species. The X. kroyeri species occurred in both radials along the months but its abundance decreased from a November to March. Such fact is attributed to the temperature which reached a minimum value of 20 degrees C during this period. The species A. longinaris and P. muelleri were more frequent in the radial B which was caracterized by 14 +/- 1.3 m of depth, low organic content in the sediment (2.97%) and granulometric composition of medium sand. The distribution and abundance of these shrimps in the bay, beyond the hydrological features can be related to biotic factors as food availability, migration, inter and intra specific relations (competition, predation, etc.).