Total length, and lipid and toxaphene content in blubber of minke whales (B. acutorostrata) from the North Atlantic

Toxaphene contamination of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from North Atlantic waters was examined for the first time. Total toxaphene and SumCHB (sum of 11 chlorobornanes) concentrations in blubber samples ranged from 170 ± 110 and 41 ± 39 ng/g lipid weight (l.w.) for female minke whales from southeastern Greenland to 5800 ± 4100 and 1100 ± 780 ng/g l.w. for males from the North Sea, respectively. Very large variations in toxaphene concentrations among sampling areas were observed suggesting a spatial segregation of minke whales. However, much of the apparent geographical discrimination was explained by the seasonal fluctuation of animal fat mass. Patterns of CHBs in males revealed that recalcitrant CHBs were in higher proportions in animals from the more easterly areas than in animals from the more westerly areas. This trend may be influenced by the predominance of the US, over the European, input of toxaphene to North Atlantic waters.

Analysis and GC-MS characterization of toxaphene in fish and water /

Mode of access: Internet.

Toxicological profile for toxaphene : draft /

Prepared under Contract Number 205-96-0606.

Ambient water quality criteria for toxaphene /

Mode of access: Internet.

Toxaphene status report: special report to the Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee, Environment Protection Agency, November 1971. /

Mode of access: Internet.

The Biologic and economic assessment of toxaphene : a report of the toxaphene assessment team to the rebuttable presumption against registration of toxaphene /

"Submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency on September 12, 1977 and November 30, 1978."

Einfluss der Verarbeitung auf lipophile chlororganische Rückstände in Fischen

Influence of fish processing methods on changes of chlordane and toxaphene residue concentrations were studied in various fishery products. Investigation included smoking, marinating and canning of fish. Smoking of Greenland halibut and ocean perch led to an increase in chlordane and toxaphene residue amounts in the edible part in relation to the raw material. A similar increase was observed during the marinating process of herring fillets. In both cases, loss of water was responsible for the observed changes in residue contents. The fat and thus the lipophilic organochlorine compounds remained completely in the products. Canning of herring fillets in tomato sauce reduced the residue concentration of the final product due to dilution by the tomato sauce. The concentrations in the fillets kept nearly unchanged even after storage of cans for six months. No equilibration was observed between residue concentrations in fillets and sauce.

Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s), Chlorinated Pesticides, and Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Tissues of Belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, from Cook Inlet

Tissues from Cook Inlet beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, that were collected as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s), chlorinated pesticides, and heavy metals and other elements. Concentrations of total PCB’s (ΣPCB’s), total DDT (ΣDDT), chlordane compounds, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dieldrin, mirex, toxaphene, and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) measured in Cook Inlet beluga blubber were compared with those reported for belugas from two Arctic Alaska locations (Point Hope and Point Lay), Greenland, Arctic Canada, and the highly contaminated stock from the St. Lawrence estuary in eastern Canada. The Arctic and Cook Inlet belugas had much lower concentrations (ΣPCB’s and ΣDDT were an order of magnitude lower) than those found in animals from the St. Lawrence estuary. The Cook Inlet belugas had the lowest concentrations of all (ΣPCB’s aver-aged 1.49 ± 0.70 and 0.79 ± 0.56 mg/kg wet mass, and ΣDDT averaged 1.35 ± 0.73 and 0.59 ± 0.45 mg/kg in males and females, respectively). Concentrations in the blubber of the Cook Inlet males were significantly lower than those found in the males of the Arctic Alaska belugas (ΣPCB’s and ΣDDT were about half). The lower levels in the Cook Inlet animals might be due to differences in contaminant sources, food web differences, or different age distributions among the animals sampled. Cook Inlet males had higher mean and median concentrations than did females, a result attributable to the transfer of these compounds from mother to calf during pregnancy and during lactation. Liver concentrations of cadmium and mercury were lower in the Cook Inlet belugas (most cadmium values were <1 mg/kg and mercury values were 0.704–11.42 mg/kg wet mass), but copper levels were significantly higher in the Cook Inlet animals (3.97–123.8 mg/kg wet mass) than in Arctic Alaska animals and similar to those reported for belugas from Hudson Bay. Although total mercury levels were the lowest in the Cook Inlet population, methylmercury concentrations were similar among all three groups of the Alaska animals examined (0.34–2.11 mg/kg wet mass). As has been reported for the Point Hope and Point Lay belugas, hepatic concentrations of silver were re

Mise à jour et étude de sources de variation des niveaux d’exposition au chlordane, au BPC, au toxaphène et au mercure chez les Inuits de l’Arctique canadien

La nourriture traditionnelle compose une part essentielle de la culture Inuit. Néanmoins, la contamination de cette nourriture par les organochlorés et les métaux lourds fait l’objet d’une attention toute particulière, car elle excède dans certains cas les recommandations canadiennes. Le but de ce travail est, d’une part de mettre à jour les estimés d’exposition au chlordane, au BPC, au toxaphène et au mercure, et d’autre part d’en explorer certaines sources de variation. Pour ce faire, de nouvelles données sur la concentration de ces contaminants parmi les plus importants aliments traditionnels ont été combinées aux relevés alimentaires assemblés dans l’Arctique canadien en 1998 et 1999, la quantité et le type de nourriture traditionnelle consommés étant supposés ne pas avoir changé. D’après l’ensemble des nouveaux estimés obtenus, les changements dans la banque de données sur les contaminants affectent plus les extrémités des distributions que les mesures de tendance centrale. Les estimés d’apports en organochlorés peuvent être considérés comme toujours actuels étant donné que les cinq types d’aliments pour lesquels il y a des nouvelles données disponibles représentent la majorité de l’exposition totale. En ce qui concerne le mercure, toutefois, des données additionnelles sont nécessaires à propos du caribou, du narval, du muktuk du béluga et de la truite de lac pour générer des niveaux d’exposition plus exacts. Les sources de variations de ces estimés d’exposition ont été explorées en évaluant les coefficients de variation propres aux apports alimentaires et ceux propres aux concentrations de contaminants dans les aliments traditionnels. Il s’avère que la variation attribuable aux méthodes de collecte de données alimentaires est plus élevée que celle attribuable à la mesure des contaminants dans les banques de données. De nouvelles méthodes pour mesurer les niveaux de consommation d’aliments traditionnels devraient être développées.

Concentrations of persistant organic pollutants in Great skua eggs (Stercorarius skua) from Shetland 1980 and 2008

Concentrations of POPs in Great skua eggs from Shetland are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 11,600 µg/kg (ww) DDE and up to 17,900 µg/kg ww SumPCB. Concentrations of legacy POPs were significantly lower in 2008 than 1980. Decreases were greatest for least persistent compounds. Median SumPBDEs increased from 99 µg/kg ww in 1980 to 173 µg/kg ww in 2008. There were changes in Great skua breeding season diet, with more adult Herring and Mackerel and less Sandeel. These changes increase exposure to POPs, since Herring and Mackerel accumulate more POPs than Sandeels. In both years, eggs with higher d15N had higher POP concentrations. In 1980, birds feeding more on demersal discard fish from trawl fisheries and less on Sandeels, had higher POP levels in eggs. In 2008, individuals feeding more on Herring and Mackerel, and less on discards, had higher POP levels in eggs.

(Table 1) Concentrations of the main organochlorine pesticides in liver and plasma samples of ringed seals (Phoca hispida)

The present study investigates the concentrations and patterns of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites in liver and plasma of two ringed seal populations (Phoca hispida): lower contaminated Svalbard population and more contaminated Baltic Sea population. Among OCPs, p,p'-DDE and sum-chlordanes were the highest in concentration. With increasing hepatic contaminant concentrations and activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, the concentrations of 3-methylsulfonyl-p,p'-DDE and the concentration ratios of pentachlorophenol/hexachlorobenzene increased, and the toxaphene pattern shifted more towards persistent Parlar-26 and -50 and less towards more biodegradable Parlar-44. Relative concentrations of the chlordane metabolites, oxychlordane and -heptachlorepoxide, to sum-chlordanes were higher in the seals from Svalbard compared to the seals from the Baltic, while the trend was opposite for cis- and trans-nonachlor. The observed differences in the OCP patterns in the seals from the two populations are probably related to the catalytic activity of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, and also to differences in dietary exposure.