Functional MRI BOLD response to Tower of London performance of first-episode schizophrenia patients using cortical pattern matching

Due to its three-dimensional folding pattern, the human neocortex; poses a challenge for accurate co-registration of grouped functional; brain imaging data. The present study addressed this problem by; employing three-dimensional continuum-mechanical image-warping; techniques to derive average anatomical representations for coregistration; of functional magnetic resonance brain imaging data; obtained from 10 male first-episode schizophrenia patients and 10 age-matched; male healthy volunteers while they performed a version of the; Tower of London task. This novel technique produced an equivalent; representation of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response; across hemispheres, cortical regions, and groups, respectively, when; compared to intensity average co-registration, using a deformable; Brodmann area atlas as anatomical reference. Somewhat closer; association of Brodmann area boundaries with primary visual and; auditory areas was evident using the gyral pattern average model.; Statistically-thresholded BOLD cluster data confirmed predominantly; bilateral prefrontal and parietal, right frontal and dorsolateral; prefrontal, and left occipital activation in healthy subjects, while; patients’ hemispheric dominance pattern was diminished or reversed,; particularly decreasing cortical BOLD response with increasing task; difficulty in the right superior temporal gyrus. Reduced regional gray; matter thickness correlated with reduced left-hemispheric prefrontal/; frontal and bilateral parietal BOLD activation in patients. This is the; first study demonstrating that reduction of regional gray matter in; first-episode schizophrenia patients is associated with impaired brain; function when performing the Tower of London task, and supports; previous findings of impaired executive attention and working memory; in schizophrenia.

Functional brain maps of Tower of London performance : a positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrasts represent different physiological measures of brain activation. The present study aimed to compare two functional brain imaging techniques (functional magnetic resonance imaging versus [15O] positron emission tomography) when using Tower of London (TOL) problems as the activation task. A categorical analysis (task versus baseline) revealed a significant BOLD increase bilaterally for the dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex and for the cerebellum. A parametric haemodynamic response model (or regression analysis) confirmed a task-difficulty-dependent increase of BOLD and rCBF for the cerebellum and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In line with previous studies, a task-difficulty-dependent increase of left-hemispheric rCBF was also detected for the premotor cortex, cingulate, precuneus, and globus pallidus. These results imply consistency across the two neuroimaging modalities, particularly for the assessment of prefrontal brain function when using a parametric TOL adaptation.

Sketch of the Tower of London, as a fortress, a prison, and a palace.

Cover title dated 1879.

The Tower of London : a historical romance /

Mode of access: Internet.

The story of the Tower of London,

Draughts of the Tower of London as it was about the year 1595 on end-papers.

Tower of London : guide to the armouries /

Mode of access: Internet.

The history and antiquities of the Tower of London, with memoirs of royal and distinguished persons, deduced from records, state-papers, and manuscripts, and from other original and authentic sources /

Paged continously.

An historical description of the Tower of London and its curiosities. Written chiefly to direct the attention of strangers to what is most curious in this repository, and to enable them afterwards to describe what they have seen.

Sometimes attributed to David Henry.

A short history of the Tower of London, including a particular detail of its interesting curiosities; with a brief account of many of its most celebrated kings of England, noblemen and others, whose figures, in armour and sitting on horseback, are exhibited in the horse armoury.

Title vignette.

A short history of the Tower of London ; with a list of the interesting curiosities contained in the armories and regalia /

Title vignette.

The history and antiquities of the Tower of London, with biographical anecdotes of royal and distinguished persons, deduced from records, state-papers, and manuscripts, and from other original and authentic sources.

Paged continuously.

"My merry Rockhurst"; being some episodes in the life of Viscount Rockhurst, a friend of King Charles the Second, and at one time constable of His Majesty's tower of London,

Mode of access: Internet.

Authorized guide to the Tower of London.

Mode of access: Internet.

Account of the royal hospital and collegiate church of Saint Katharine, near the Tower of London.

Mode of access: Internet.

Kidd's new guide to the "lions" of London : or, The stranger's directory to the Tower, St. Paul's, the parks, the theatres, the bazaars, the diorama, the colosseum, Thames tunnel, the Zoological gardens, Regent's park, the Surrey zoological gardens, Westminster abbey, etc. etc. with numerous illustrations of the different places and objects, designed and engraved by G.W. Bonner.

Mode of access: Internet.