Oasis de modernidad: los hoteles de Benidorm (1950-1975). Nuevas tipologías turísticas basadas en directrices del movimiento moderno

Benidorm es un caso singular entre las ciudades costeras del Mediterráneo. Una ciudad que durante un cuarto de siglo se convierte en un laboratorio de pruebas para el urbanismo de la arquitectura que emana del movimiento moderno y del urbanismo de los CIAM a través de unos experimentos cuyos resultados no eran ni esperables ni imaginables. El resultado: una ciudad vertical turística de rascacielos dominada por hoteles y apartamentos. Un valor seguro que afianza el buen funcionamiento de esta gran máquina urbana del turismo de masas mediante sus alojamientos, muy en particular los hoteles. El presente artículo pretende analizar la aparición de estas diferentes tipologías arquitectónicas propias del turismo de pequeña escala en su evolución desde el bloque prismático exento horizontal hasta la torre prismática aislada y en altura a través de la evolución y transformación de la normativa urbanística, como un paso decisivo en la generación de Benidorm como la ciudad vertical de rascacielos y como modelo del urbanismo moderno para el turismo de masas.

The "other" cities: urban planning and architecture for tourism: the case of the Spanish Mediterranean (1945-1975)

There we analyce the first touristic nucleus arouse in the Spanish Mediterranean coast between World War II and the Petroleum Crisis (1945-75). Special attention is payed to the characteristics of these new villages: the relation of their urban frame with nature -original or artificial- and the lack of industry. We make a distintion of three types: cluster nucleus (La Manga and El Saler), tridimentional urbanism (Playa de San Juan y Urbanova) and extreme typologies (Campoamor and Benidorm). With them the cities for vacations are discovered, mainly for second home purpouse (vacation home/holiday home). The panorama after the current crisis is a lineal chain of small urban settlements on the coast. Finally, Finally, we can see how these "secondary cities" without industry and specialized in leisure, are developing to our days until become new cities of services, doubling the existing ones; now they are "the other cities".

Communication Architecture Design for Real-Time Networked Control Systems

Networked control over data networks has received increasing attention in recent years. Among many problems in networked control systems (NCSs) is the need to reduce control latency and jitter and to deal with packet dropouts. This paper introduces our recent progress on a queuing communication architecture for real-time NCS applications, and simple strategies for dealing with packet dropouts. Case studies for a middle-scale process or multiple small-scale processes are presented for TCP/IP based real-time NCSs. Variations of network architecture design are modelled, simulated, and analysed for evaluation of control latency and jitter performance. It is shown that a simple bandwidth upgrade or adding hierarchy does not necessarily bring benefits for performance improvement of control latency and jitter. A co-design of network and control is necessary to maximise the real-time control performance of NCSs

SKMA - A Key Management Architecture for SCADA Systems

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used in the management of critical infrastructure such as electricity and water distrubution systems. Currently there is little understanding of how to best protect SCADA systems from malicious attacks. We review the constraints and requirements for SCADA security and propose a suitable architecture (SKMA) for secure SCADA communications. The architecture includes a proposed key management protocol (SKMP). We compare the architecture with a previous proposal from Sandia Labs.