Micromagnetic studies of Fe/Co ellipses with competing anisotropy contributions

The effects of competing magneto-crystalline and shape anisotropies on magnetization reversal were studied in situ in arrays of sub-micron Fe/Co ellipses of compositions Fe2/Co6 and Fe8/Co3 with magnetic force microscopy (MFM). A simple model assigning magnetization values to the different types of domain structures observed in the MFM images was used to estimate the field dependence of the total magnetization of a sample. The agreement with macroscopic magnetization measurements is discussed. 

Virtual Pole from Magnetic Anomaly (VPMA): A procedure to estimate the age of a rock from its magnetic anomaly only

Virtual Pole from Magnetic Anomaly (VPMA) is a new multi-disciplinary methodology that estimates the age of a source rock from its magnetic anomaly, taken directly from available aeromagnetic data. The idea is to use those anomalies in which a strong remanent magnetic component is likely to occur. Once the total magnetization of the anomaly is computed through any of the currently available methods, the line that connects all virtual paleogeographic poles is related with the position, on a paleogeographic projection, of the appropriate age fragment of the APWT curve. We applied this procedure to five (5) well-known magnetic anomalies of the South American plate in SE Brazil, all of them associated to alkaline complexes of Mesozoic age. The apparent ages obtained from VPMA on three of the anomalies where the radiometric age of the source rock is known - Tapira, Araxa and Juquia were inside the error interval of the published ages. The VPMA apparent ages of the other two, where the age of the source rock is not known (Registro and Pariqueracu magnetic anomalies) were geologically coherent. We expect that the application of the VPMA methodology as a reconnaissance geochronological tool may contribute to geological knowledge over continental areas, especially when the source rocks of the magnetic anomalies am unknown or buried below superficial sediments. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Gap solitons in a spin-orbit-coupled bose-einstein condensate

We report a diversity of stable gap solitons in a spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate subject to a spatially periodic Zeeman field. It is shown that the solitons can be classified by the main physical symmetries they obey, i.e., symmetries with respect to parity (P), time (T), and internal degree of freedom, i.e., spin (C), inversions. The conventional gap and gap-stripe solitons are obtained in lattices with different parameters. It is shown that solitons of the same type but obeying different symmetries can exist in the same lattice at different spatial locations. PT and CPT symmetric solitons have antiferromagnetic structure and are characterized, respectively, by nonzero and zero total magnetizations. © 2013 American Physical Society.

Inversão de momentos de fonte em métodos potenciais

A inversão de momentos de fonte gravimétrica tridimensional é analisada em duas situações. Na primeira se admite conhecer apenas a anomalia. Na segunda se admite conhecer, além da anomalia, informação a priori sobre o corpo anômalo. Sem usar informação a priori, mostramos que é possível determinar univocamente todo momento, ou combinação linear de momentos, cujo núcleo polinomial seja função apenas das coordenadas Cartesianas que definem o plano de medida e que tenha Laplaciano nulo. Além disso, mostramos que nenhum momento cujo núcleo polinomial tenha Laplaciano não nulo pode ser determinado. Por outro lado, informação a priori é implicitamente introduzida se o método de inversão de momentos se baseia na aproximação da anomalia pela série truncada obtida de sua expansão em multipolos. Dado um centro de expansão qualquer, o truncamento da série impõe uma condição de regularização sobre as superfícies equipotenciais do corpo anômalo, que permite estimar univocamente os momentos e combinações lineares de momentos que são os coeficientes das funções-bases da expansão em multipolos. Assim, uma distribuição de massa equivalente à real é postulada, sendo o critério de equivalência especificado pela condição de ajuste entre os campos observado e calculado com a série truncada em momentos de uma ordem máxima pré-estabelecida. Os momentos da distribuição equivalente de massa foram identificados como a solução estacionária de um sistema de equações diferenciais lineares de 1a. ordem, para a qual se asseguram unicidade e estabilidade assintótica. Para a série retendo momentos até 2a. ordem, é implicitamente admitido que o corpo anômalo seja convexo e tenha volume finito, que ele esteja suficientemente distante do plano de medida e que a sua distribuição espacial de massa apresente três planos ortogonais de simetria. O método de inversão de momentos baseado na série truncada (IMT) é adaptado para o caso magnético. Para este caso, mostramos que, para assegurar unicidade e estabilidade assintótica, é suficiente pressupor, além da condição de regularização, a condição de que a magnetização total tenha direção e sentido constantes, embora desconhecidos. O método IMT baseado na série de 2a. ordem (IMT2) é aplicado a anomalias gravimétricas e magnéticas tridimensionais sintéticas. Mostramos que se a fonte satisfaz as condições exigidas, boas estimativas da sua massa ou vetor momento de dipolo anômalo total, da posição de seu centro de massa ou de momento de dipolo e das direções de seus três eixos principais são obtidas de maneira estável. O método IMT2 pode falhar parcialmente quando a fonte está próxima do plano de medida ou quando a anomalia tem efeitos localizados e fortes de um corpo pequeno e raso e se tenta estimar os parâmetros de um corpo grande e profundo. Definimos por falha parcial a situação em que algumas das estimativas obtidas podem não ser boas aproximações dos valores verdadeiros. Nas duas situações acima descritas, a profundidade do centro da fonte (maior) e as direções de seus eixos principais podem ser erroneamente estimadas, embora que a massa ou vetor momento de dipolo anômalo total e a projeção do centro desta fonte no plano de medida ainda sejam bem estimados. Se a direção de magnetização total não for constante, o método IMT2 pode fornecer estimativas erradas das direções dos eixos principais (mesmo se a fonte estiver distante do plano de medida), embora que os demais parâmetros sejam bem estimados. O método IMT2 pode falhar completamente se a fonte não tiver volume finito. Definimos por falha completa a situação em que qualquer estimativa obtida pode não ser boa aproximação do valor verdadeiro. O método IMT2 é aplicado a dados reais gravimétricos e magnéticos. No caso gravimétrico, utilizamos uma anomalia situada no estado da Bahia, que se supõe ser causada por um batólito de granito. Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que as massas graníticas geradoras desta anomalia tenham sido estiradas na direção NNW e adelgaçadas na direção vertical durante o evento compressivo que causou a orogênese do Sistema de Dobramentos do Espinhaço. Além disso, estimamos que a profundidade do centro de massa da fonte geradora é cerca de 20 km. No caso magnético, utilizamos a anomalia de um monte submarino situado no Golfo da Guiné. Com base nos resultados, estimamos que o paleopolo magnético do monte submarino tem latitude 50°48'S e longitude 74°54'E e sugerimos que não exista contraste de magnetização expressivo abaixo da base do monte submarino.

Estudo do comportamento das feições lineares observado em dados aeromagnéticos da Bacia do Paraná

O processamento dos dados aeromagnéticos em imagens revelou-se como um bom método de interpretação, que aqui denominamos de método das imagens sombreadas. A aplicação deste método foi feita em dados aeromagnéticos de uma área da Bacia do Paraná, com o objetivo de realçar os lineamentos que não são evidentes nos mapas de contorno. Para subsidiar os nossos estudos, utilizamos imagens de LANDSAT porque muitos lineamentos presentes na bacia não possuem resposta ao levantamento aeromagnético. Com a integração destas duas imagens definimos duas direções dominantes para os lineamentos nos seguintes intervalos: N40° — 60°W e N40° — 65°E. Com a definição deste padrão, obtivemos informações do arcabouço estrutural e, consequentemente, uma idéia da evolução tectônica da bacia. A outra parte desenvolvida neste trabalho foi o cálculo do vetor de magnetização total nos principais lineamentos da bacia, e eles apresentaram um total de 5 inclinações de magnetização diferentes. Essas inclinações foram explicadas pela superposição do efeito da magnetização induzida, efeito de reversão do campo geomagnético, e o efeito da magnetização anisotrópica causada pela desmagnetização nos diques.

Interpretação aeromagnética automática com uso da equação homogênea de Euler e sua aplicação na Bacia do Solimões

ABSTRACT: We present here a methodology for the rapid interpretation of aeromagnetic data in three dimensions. An estimation of the x, y and z coordinates of prismatic elements is obtained through the application of "Euler's Homogeneous equation" to the data. In this application, it is necessary to have only the total magnetic field and its derivatives. These components can be measured or calculated from the total field data. In the use of Euler's Homogeneous equation, the structural index, the coordinates of the corners of the prism and the depth to the top of the prism are unknown vectors. Inversion of the data by classical least-squares methods renders the problem ill-conditioned. However, the inverse problem can be stabilized by the introduction of both a priori information within the parameter vector together with a weighting matrix. The algorithm was tested with synthetic and real data in a low magnetic latitude region and the results were satisfactory. The applicability of the theorem and its ambiguity caused by the lack of information about the direction of total magnetization, inherent in all automatic methods, is also discussed. As an application, an area within the Solimões basin was chosen to test the method. Since 1977, the Solimões basin has become a center of exploration activity, motivated by the first discovery of gas bearing sandstones within the Monte Alegre formation. Since then, seismic investigations and drilling have been carried on in the region. A knowledge of basement structures is of great importance in the location of oil traps and understanding the tectonic history of this region. Through the application of this method a preliminary estimate of the areal distribution and depth of interbasement and sedimentary magnetic sources was obtained.

Constructing correlated spin states with neutral atoms in optical lattices

This thesis reports on the experimental investigation of controlled spin dependent interactions in a sample of ultracold Rubidium atoms trapped in a periodic optical potential. In such a situation, the most basic interaction between only two atoms at one common potential well, forming a micro laboratory for this atom pair, can be investigated. Spin dependent interactions between the atoms can lead to an intriguing time evolution of the system. In this work, we present two examples of such spin interaction induced dynamics. First, we have been able to observe and control a coherent spin changing interaction. Second, we have achieved to examine and manipulate an interaction induced time evolution of the relative phase of a spin 1/2-system, both in the case of particle pairs and in the more general case of N interacting particles. The first part of this thesis elucidates the spin-changing interaction mechanism underlying many fascinating effects resulting from interacting spins at ultracold temperatures. This process changes the spin states of two colliding particles, while preserving total magnetization. If initial and final states have almost equal energy, this process is resonant and leads to large amplitude oscillations between different spin states. The measured coupling parameters of such a process allow to precisely infer atomic scattering length differences, that e.g. determine the nature of the magnetic ground state of the hyperfine states in Rubidium. Moreover, a method to tune the spin oscillations at will based on the AC-Zeeman effect has been implemented. This allowed us to use resonant spin changing collisions as a quantitative and non-destructive particle pair probe in the optical lattice. This led to a series of experiments shedding light on the Bosonic superfluid to Mott insulator transition. In a second series of experiments we have been able to coherently manipulate the interaction induced time evolution of the relative phase in an ensemble of spin 1/2-systems. For two particles, interactions can lead to an entanglement oscillation of the particle pair. For the general case of N interacting particles, the ideal time evolution leads to the creation of spin squeezed states and even Schrödinger cat states. In the experiment we have been able to control the underlying interactions by a Feshbach resonance. For particle pairs we could directly observe the entanglement oscillations. For the many particle case we have been able to observe and reverse the interaction induced dispersion of the relative phase. The presented results demonstrate how correlated spin states can be engineered through control of atomic interactions. Moreover, the results point towards the possibility to simulate quantum magnetism phenomena with ultracold atoms in optical traps, and to realize and analyze many novel quantum spin states which have not been experimentally realized so far.

Electronic structure and magnetism of Mn-doped GaSb for spintronic applications: A DFT study

We have carried out first-principles spin polarized calculations to obtain comprehensive information regarding the structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of the Mn-doped GaSb compound with dopant concentrations: x¼0.062, 0.083, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50. The plane-wave pseudopotential method was used in order to calculate total energies and electronic structures. It was found that the MnGa substitution is the most stable configuration with a formation energy of 1.60 eV/Mn-atom. The calculated density of states shows that the half-metallic ferromagnetism is energetically stable for all dopant concentrations with a total magnetization of about 4.0 lB/Mn-atom. The results indicate that the magnetic ground state originates from the strong hybridization between Mn-d and Sb-p states, which agree with previous studies on Mn-doped wide gap semiconductors. This study gives new clues to the fabrication of diluted magnetic semiconductors

Theoretical and experimental magnetization loss comparison between IBAD coils and RABiTS coils

This paper presents a comparative study of ac magnetization losses in two types of 2 G HTS racetrack coils. The magnetic substrate made by RABiTS is the main difference between the two types, because ferromagnetic loss caused by magnetic substrate is accounted into the total ac losses. IBAD and RABiTS tapes were successfully wound into racetrack shape with identical geometry. The measurements were carried out by using electromagnetic method with pick-up coils under a sinusoidally varying external magnetic field, with amplitudes up to 27 mT, ranging from 10 Hz to 100 Hz at a temperature of 77 K. The field was oriented perpendicularly to the surface of the tapes. Experimental measurements were validated by applying theoretical models and the results showed that the magnetization loss in the MAG RABiTS coil is always higher than that in the NON MAG coil due to the presence of the magnetic substrate, which increases the magnetic field penetration into the coil and causes higher magnetic flux density within the penetrated region. © 2002-2011 IEEE.

Spin reversal and magnetization jumps in ErMexMn1-xO3 perovskites (Me = Ni, Co)

The erbium-based manganite ErMnO3 has been partially substituted at the manganese site by the transition-metal elements Ni and Co. The perovskite orthorhombic structure is found from x(Ni) = 0.2-0.5 in the nickel-based solid solution ErNixMn1-xO3, while it can be extended up to x(Co) = 0.7 in the case of cobalt, provided that the synthesis is performed under oxygenation conditions to favor the presence of Co3+. Presence of different magnetic entities (i.e., Er3+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+, Mn3+, and Mn4+) leads to quite unusual magnetic properties, characterized by the coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions. In ErNixMn1-xO3, a critical concentration x(crit)(Ni) = 1/3 separates two regimes: spin-canted AF interactions predominate at x < x(crit), while the ferromagnetic behavior is enhanced for x > x(crit). Spin reversal phenomena are present both in the nickel- and cobalt-based compounds. A phenomenological model based on two interacting sublattices, coupled by an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction, explains the inversion of the overall magnetic moment at low temperatures. In this model, the ferromagnetic transition-metal lattice, which orders at T-c, creates a strong local field at the erbium site, polarizing the Er moments in a direction opposite to the applied field. At low temperatures, when the contribution of the paramagnetic erbium sublattice, which varies as T-1, gets larger than the ferromagnetic contribution, the total magnetic moment changes its sign, leading to an overall ferrimagnetic state. The half-substituted compound ErCo0.50Mn0.50O3 was studied in detail, since the magnetization loops present two well-identified anomalies: an intersection of the magnetization branches at low fields, and magnetization jumps at high fields. The influence of the oxidizing conditions was studied in other compositions close to the 50/50 = Mn/Co substitution rate. These anomalies are clearly connected to the spin inversion phenomena and to the simultaneous presence of Co2+ and Co3+ magnetic moments. Dynamical aspects should be considered to well identify the high-field anomaly, since it depends on the magnetic field sweep rate. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of muscle fiber orientation on water and metabolite relaxation times, magnetization transfer, and visibility in human skeletal muscle

PURPOSE To gain a deeper understanding of the influence of skeletal muscle fiber orientation on metabolite visibility, magnetization transfer from water, and water proton relaxation rates in (1) H MR spectra. METHODS Non-water-suppressed MR spectroscopy was performed in tibialis anterior muscle (TA) of 10 healthy adults, with the TA oriented either parallel or at the magic angle to the 3T field. Spectra were acquired with metabolite-cycled PRESS, and water inversion from 50 to 2510 ms before excitation. Water proton T2 relaxation was sampled with STEAM with echo times from 12 to 272 ms. RESULTS Apparent concentrations of total creatine (tCr), taurine, and trimethylammonium compounds were reduced by 29% to 67% when TA was parallel to B0 . Both tCr peak areas were strongly correlated to the methylene peak splitting. Magnetization transfer rates from water to tCr CH3 were not significantly different between orientations. Water T1 s were similar between orientations, but T2 s were statistically significantly shorter by 1 ms in the parallel orientation (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Muscle metabolite visibilities in MR spectroscopy and water T2 times depend substantially on muscle fiber orientation relative to B0 . In contrast, magnetization transfer rates appear to depend on muscle composition, rather than fiber orientation. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

(Table 2) Geochemistry of ore minerals and magnetization properties at the DSDP Leg 73 Holes

The samples investigated in this study come from DSDP Leg 73 Drill Holes 519A, 522B, and 524, all of which are in the South Atlantic. A general petrographic description of the basalts is given by Carman et al. (1984; doi:10.2973/dsdp.proc.73.120.1984).

Natural oxides, elements and remanent magnetization intensities and directions at DSDP Hole 93-603B

Dark green spherules occur in the lower part of a turbidite in Section 603B-22-3, at the 70 cm level. In all probability these spherules originally consisted of massive glass, but now appear to have become completely altered into smectite. The presence of numerous microscopic fissures in the spherules probably mediated in the alteration process. Judging by the presence of similar spherules at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary in DSDP Hole 390B, the green spherules are thought to represent diagenetically altered impact ejecta from one large or several smaller extraterrestrial objects at the end of the Cretaceous. The presence of anomalously high concentrations of Ni, Co, and As higher up in the turbidite are in agreement with an expected enrichment of these elements in the K/T boundary clay. However, precise Ir analyses are necessary in order to confirm this.