Tonal Modulation and Subjective Time

This work investigated listeners` sense of the temporal expression of tonal modulation. One experiment described the effects on retrospective reproductions of sudden and gradual modulations to close and distant keys. The results showed that modulations elicit time underestimations as an inverse function of interkey distances, with a major impact for sudden modulations. A proposed vectorial model - ""Expected Development Fraction"" (EDF) - describes the development of expectations when an interkey distance is traversed during a certain time interval. This expected development is longer than the perceived duration, leading to underestimation of the time.

A eficiência das emissões otoacústicas transientes e audiometria tonal na detecção de mudanças temporárias nos limiares auditivos após exposição a níveis elevados de pressão sonora

A exposição ao ruído produz um efeito deletério sobre a saúde auditiva de trabalhadores. OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo utilizando audiometria tonal e EOAT pré e pós-exposição a níveis elevados de pressão sonora, buscando informações para estabelecer a eficiência dos testes para detectar pequenas mudanças temporárias no limiar. Forma de Estudo: Coorte Transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A amostra compôs-se de trinta indivíduos otologicamente normais, com idade variando de 20 a 35 anos. Os testes audiometria tonal liminar e EOAT foram realizados em cabina acústica, pré e pós-exposição de 5 horas, a níveis elevados de pressão sonora (entre 80 a 90 dB). RESULTADOS: Na audiometria tonal liminar as maiores mudanças dos limiares auditivos ocorreram nas freqüências altas (3000 a 8000 Hz) pós-exposição a níveis elevados de pressão sonora. Os achados referentes às EOA revelaram que existe uma piora da reprodutibilidade nas freqüências de 1000 a 4000 Hz das EOAT, quando os trabalhadores foram expostos a níveis elevados de pressão sonora. CONCLUSÃO: Notamos que tanto a audiometria tonal liminar quanto às EOAT evidenciaram sensibilidade para detectar mudanças temporárias, estatisticamente significantes, nos limiares de audibilidade e reprodutibilidade, respectivamente, após a exposição a níveis elevados de pressão sonora.

A phonological and tonal analysis of Samue using Optimality Theory

The topic of the present doctoral dissertation is the analysis of the phonological and tonal structures of a previously largely undescribed language, namely Samue. It is a Gur language belonging to the Niger-Congo language phulym, which is spoken in Burkina Faso. The data were collected during the fieldwork period in a Sama village; the data include 1800 lexical items, thousands of elicited sentences and 30 oral texts. The data were first transcribed phonetically and then the phonological and tonal analyses were conducted. The results show that the phonological system of Samue with the phoneme inventory and phonological processes has the same characteristics as other related Gur languages, although some particularities were found, such as the voicing and lenition of stop consonants in medial positions. Tonal analysis revealed three level tones, which have both lexical and grammatical functions. A particularity of the tonal system is the regressive Mid tone spreading in the verb phrase. The theoretical framework used in the study is Optimality theory. Optimality theory is rarely used in the analysis of an entire language system, and thus an objective was to see whether the theory was applicable to this type of work. Within the tonal analysis especially, some language specific constraints had to be created, although the basic Optimality Theory principle is the universal nature of the constraints. These constraints define the well-formedness of the language structures and they are differently ranked in different languages. This study gives new insights about typological phenomena in Gur languages. It is also a fundamental starting point for the Samue language in relation to the establishment of an orthography. From the theoretical point of view, the study proves that Optimality theory is largely applicable in the analysis of an entire sound system.

Les relations d’accords : proposition pour un système d’organisation harmonique structurelle au sein d’un discours non-tonal

La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU).

Review about neuropsychological processing of tonal attributes of music in the Western context

Many discussions about the music processing have occurred over the years. It is stated, on one hand, the existence of a single joint for grasping the music or any of its attributes by the Central Nervous System. Furthermore, it is claimed also the existence of multiple and diverse systems to understand each aspect of music. In general, model-independent set, studies focusing on the processing of sound components, specifically the musical tones, can significantly clarify the basic functioning of the auditory system and other higher brain functions. In this sense, one of the most prominent approaches in the study of sensory and perceptual processes of hearing, or changed unharmed, has been Neuroscience, which is interested in the interaction between the brain areas corresponding to different cognitive processes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to review the studies that dealt processing models of the attributes of tonal Western music, based on the conception that neuropsychological neural structures are interdependent sensory pathways.

El m??todo verbo-tonal

Disponer de algunas de las ideas que manifiesta la metodolog??a verbo-tonal. M??todo verbo-tonal. Presenta la figura del Profesor Doctor Petar Guberina y el Centro Suvag. Expone las bases te??ricas de la audici??n y lenguaje. Explica los fundamentos del m??todo verbo-tonal. Explica c??mo es la rehabilitaci??n en ni??os deficientes auditivos con este m??todo: diagn??stico, tensi??n en la reeducaci??n, educaci??n sensorio-motriz, pr??tesis y aparatos. Expone el proceso pedag??gico. Recoge los resultados de diversos centros que han seguido este m??todo. Elabora las conclusiones. Bibliograf??a. Cuestionarios. Los programas verbo-tonales han conseguido un ??xito considerable en la integraci??n de ni??os deficientes auditivos que comienzan con la terapia a los 2 ?? 3 a??os. La mayor??a de los ni??os sordos integrados pueden llegar a desarrollar una buena capacidad de comunicaci??n oral y pueden formar parte de una sociedad de oyentes. Los espacios ling????sticos vac??os del m??todo verbo-tonal se pueden cubrir con un entrenamiento r??tmico musical y con recursos naturales. El m??todo verbo-tonal da preferencia a un lenguaje oral y programa una lectura progresiva, una vez iniciada la comunicaci??n y la comprensi??n oral. El m??todo verbo-tonal se vale de aparatos y equipos electr??nico-cibern??ticos como t??cnicas para ense??ar a hablar a ni??os sordos.

De la patología de la audición y la audiometría verbo-tonal a la enseñanza de la fonética de lenguas extranjeras.

Demostrar como se puede formar en los alumnos de una lengua extranjera, siguiendo los mismos procedimientos que con los sordos, un lenguaje espontaneo. Para ello utiliza el método verbo-tonal de corrección fonética. Muestra: centenares de alumnos de centros españoles (institutos de bachillerato) y extranjeros (centros de Francia, Belgica y Holanda). No consta ni el número exacto ni la población ni el tipo de muestreo. Diseño: pretest (elaboración del sistema de faltas, tratamiento, procedimientos de corrección aplicando el método verbo tonal), postest (resultados). Variable dependiente: corrección fonética. Variable independiente: método verbo-tonal que utiliza tres procedimientos básicos: el recurso a los elementos suprasegmentales (en especial la entonación y el ritmo), la pronunciación matizada, incidiendo sobre el timbre, la intensidad, la duración, la fonética combinatoria. El método verbo-tonal de corrección fonética. Encuestas a los profesores para confeccionar el sistema de faltas de los respectivos alumnos. Pruebas de español, francés y neerlandés. Los resultados obtenidos al aplicar el método verbo-tonal a alumnos hispanófonos que estudian el francés y a alumnos francófonos y neerlandófonos que estudian español, permiten afirmar al autor que dicho método es el más rentable en la corrección fonética de lenguas extranjeras. En el método verbo-tonal se juega con la optima-entonación-ritmo-tensionduración-intensidad-fonética combinatoria, para conseguir una audición que induzca al alumno a reproducir correctamente un sonido extranjero, permitiéndole penetrar en el sistema de la lengua que está aprendiendo y dándole facilidad y espontaneidad en la expresión. Finalmente expone los sonidos vocálicos y consonánticos más difíciles de corregir por los distintos grupos de alumnos sometidos a este método. Los resultados constatados demuestran que casi el total de los casos presentados han sido resueltos de una manera estable. Este método supone un indiscutible avance respecto a métodos anteriores y ofrece nuevos horizontes a la investigación psicopedagógica y lingüística, así como un conjunto de directrices que favorecen la expresión oral de los alumnos que estudian una lengua extranjera.

Manuel Borgu???? y el m??todo eur??tmico vocal y tonal

Resumen en ingl??s

Differential sensitivity to tonal frequency and to the rate of modulation of broad-band noise by hearing-impaired listeners

This dissertation examined whether a hearing impairment of the auditory end-organ has the same or a differential effect on the place and periodicity processes. Differential sensitivities for four normally hearing listeners and for both ears of five patients with unilateral Meniere’s disease were measured for tonal frequency and rate of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated noise at common frequencies and rates of the stimulus.

The effects of aging and musical experience on the representation of tonal hierarchies

Two experiments explored the representation of the tonal hierarchy in Western music among older (aged 60 to 80) and younger (aged 15 to 22) musicians and nonmusicians. A probe tone technique was used: 4 notes from the major triad were presented, followed by 1 note chosen from the 12 notes of the chromatic scale. Whereas musicians had a better sense of the tonal hierarchy than nonmusicians, older adults were no worse than younger adults in differentiating the notes according to musical principles. However, older adults were more prone than younger adults to classify the notes by frequency proximity (pitch height) when proximity was made more salient, as were nonmusicians compared with musicians. With notes having ambiguous pitch height, pitch height effects disappeared among older adults but not nonmusicians. Older adults seem to have internalized tonal structure, but they sometimes fail to inhibit less musically relevant information.

First thoughts on surface tonal patterns in Amawaka, a Panoan language of Peru and Brazil

Amawaka ([ɑmɨ̃ˈwɐkɑ]) is a highly endangered and underdocumented tonal language of the Headwaters (Fleck 2011) subgroup of the Panoan family in the Southwest Amazon Basin, spoken by approximately 200 people. Undocumented phonetic and phonological phenomena of Amawaka include its tonal structure, both in terms of surface realizations and the patterns underlying these realizations. Original audiovisual data from the author’s fieldwork in various Amawaka communities at the Peru-Brazil border will illuminate the as-yet obscure tonal systematicity of the language. Unlike other elements, monosyllabic bimoraic phonological nominal words with long vowels display variation in their surface realization. All the words with the open back unrounded /ɑ/, like /ˈkɑ̀:/ (patarashca, a traditional Amazonian dish), /ˈnɑ̀:/ “mestizo” etc. [with the exception of /ˈtɑ:/ “reed”, which surfaces with either a H or L tone] bear a low tone in isolation. This realization contrasts with all the encountered nominal monosyllables with vowels from the close and close-mid front and central spectrum /i, ɘ, ɨ, ɨ̃/, which clearly surface as high tone words in isolation, for example /ˈmɨ̃́:/ (a clay-lick for animals), /ˈwí:/ “Anopheles, spp. mosquito”. Monosyllables with close-mid back rounded /o/ have a less restrictive pitch that varies among speakers from low to high realizations, and sometimes even across the speech tokens from an individual speaker, e.g. /wó:/ or /wō:/ “hair”, /ɧō:/ or /ɧò:/ (a type of tarantula). Phrasal tonal phonology is more complex, when these three kinds of monosyllables appear in larger noun phrases. Some retain the same surface tones as their isolation form, while others seem to vary freely in their surface realization, e.g. /ˈtɘ́:.nɑ̀:/ or /ˈtɘ́:.nɑ́:/ ‘one mestizo’. Yet other monosyllables, e.g. /mɑ̀:/, exhibit a falling tone when preceded by a H syllable, suggesting probably latent tone sandhi phenomena, e.g /ˈtɘ́:.mɑ̂:/ (one clay-lick for parrots). In disyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic nouns, tonal and stress patterns generally seem to be more consistent and tend to be retained both in isolation and in larger intonational phrases. Disyllabic nouns, for instance, surface as L-H or L-L when a glottal stop is in coda position. The association of L with a glottal stop is a feature that occurs in other Panoan languages as well, like Capanahua (Loos 1969), and more generally it is an areal feature, found in other parts of Amazonia (Hyman 2010). So, tone has significant interactions with the glottal stop and glottalization, which generally co-occurs with L. The data above suggest that the underlying tonal system of Amawaka is much more complex than the privative one-tone analysis (/H/ vs. Ø, i.e. lack of tone) that was proposed by Russell and Russell (1959). Evidence from field data suggests either an equipollent (Hyman 2010) two-tone opposition between /H/ and /L/, or a hybrid system, with both equipollent and privative features; that is, /H/ vs. /L/ vs. either Ø or /M/. This first systematic description of Amawaka tone, in conjunction with ongoing research, is poised to address broader questions concerning interrelationships between surface/underlying tone and other suprasegmental features, such as nasality, metrical stress, and intonation. References Fleck, David W. 2011. Panoan languages and linguistics. In Javier Ruedas and David W. Fleck (Eds.), Panoan Histories and Interethnic Identities, To appear. Hyman, Larry. 2010. Amazonia and the typology of tone systems. Presented at the conference Amazonicas III: The structure of the Amazonian languages. Bogotá. Loos, Eugene E. 1969. The phonology of Capanahua and its grammatical basis. Norman: SIL and U. Oklahoma. Russell, Robert & Dolores. 1959. Syntactotonemics in Amahuaca (Pano). Série Lingüistica Especial, 128-167. Publicaçoes do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Towards an analysis of tonal patterns in Amawaka, a Panoan language of Peru and Brazil

Amawaka ([ɑmɨ̃ˈwɐkɑ]) is a highly endangered and underdocumented tonal language of the Headwaters (Fleck 2011) subgroup of the Panoan family in the Southwest Amazon Basin, spoken by approximately 200 people. Undocumented phonetic and phonological phenomena of Amawaka include its tonal structure, both in terms of surface realizations and the patterns underlying these realizations. Original audiovisual data from the author’s fieldwork in various Amawaka communities at the Peru-Brazil border will illuminate the as-yet obscure tonal systematicity of the language. Unlike other elements, monosyllabic bimoraic phonological nominal words with long vowels display variation in their surface realization. All the words with the open back unrounded /ɑ/, like /ˈkɑ̀:/ (a traditional Amazonian dish), /ˈnɑ̀:/ “mestizo” etc. [with the exception of /ˈtɑ:/ “reed”, which surfaces with either a H or L tone] bear a low tone in isolation. This realization contrasts with all the encountered nominal monosyllables with vowels from the close and close-mid front and central spectrum /i, ɘ, ɨ, ɨ̃/, which clearly surface as high tone words in isolation, for example /ˈmɨ̃́:/ (a clay-lick for animals), /ˈwí:/ “Anopheles, spp. mosquito”. Monosyllables with close-mid back rounded /o/ have a less restrictive pitch that varies among speakers from low to high realizations, and sometimes even across the speech tokens from an individual speaker, e.g. /wó:/ or /wō:/ “hair”, /ɧō:/ or /ɧò:/ (a type of tarantula). Phrasal tonal phonology is more complex, when these three kinds of monosyllables appear in larger noun phrases. Some retain the same surface tones as their isolation form, while others seem to vary freely in their surface realization, e.g. /ˈtɘ́:.nɑ̀:/ or /ˈtɘ́:.nɑ́:/ ‘one mestizo’. Yet other monosyllables, e.g. /mɑ̀:/, exhibit a falling tone when preceded by a H syllable, suggesting probably latent tone sandhi phenomena, e.g /ˈtɘ́:.mɑ̂:/ (one clay-lick for parrots). In disyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic nouns, tonal and stress patterns generally seem to be more consistent and tend to be retained both in isolation and in larger intonational phrases. Disyllabic nouns, for instance, surface as L-H or L-L when a glottal stop is in coda position. The association of L with a glottal stop is a feature that occurs in other Panoan languages as well, like Capanahua (Loos 1969), and more generally it is an areal feature, found in other parts of Amazonia (Hyman 2010). So, tone has significant interactions with the glottal stop and glottalization, which generally co-occurs with L. The data above suggest that the underlying tonal system of Amawaka is much more complex than the privative one-tone analysis (/H/ vs. Ø, i.e. lack of tone) that was proposed by Russell and Russell (1959). Evidence from field data suggests either an equipollent (Hyman 2010) two-tone opposition between /H/ and /L/, or a hybrid system, with both equipollent and privative features; that is, /H/ vs. /L/ vs. either Ø or /M/. This first systematic description of Amawaka tone, in conjunction with ongoing research, is poised to address broader questions concerning interrelationships between surface/underlying tone and other suprasegmental features, such as nasality, metrical stress, and intonation. References Fleck, David W. 2011. Panoan languages and linguistics. In Javier Ruedas and David W. Fleck (Eds.), Panoan Histories and Interethnic Identities, To appear. Hyman, Larry. 2010. Amazonia and the typology of tone systems. Presented at the conference Amazonicas III: The structure of the Amazonian languages. Bogotá. Loos, Eugene E. 1969. The phonology of Capanahua and its grammatical basis. Norman: SIL and U. Oklahoma. Russell, Robert & Dolores. 1959. Syntactotonemics in Amahuaca (Pano). Série Lingüistica Especial, 128-167. Publicaçoes do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.