Development of a novel titration and off-gas analysis (TOGA) sensor for study of biological processes in wastewater treatment systems

The development of the new TOGA (titration and off-gas analysis) sensor for the detailed study of biological processes in wastewater treatment systems is outlined. The main innovation of the sensor is the amalgamation of titrimetric and off-gas measurement techniques. The resulting measured signals are: hydrogen ion production rate (HPR), oxygen transfer rate (OTR), nitrogen transfer rate (NTR), and carbon dioxide transfer rate (CTR). While OTR and NTR are applicable to aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively, HPR and CTR are useful signals under all of the conditions found in biological wastewater treatment systems, namely, aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic. The sensor is therefore a powerful tool for studying the key biological processes under all these conditions. A major benefit from the integration of the titrimetric and off-gas analysis methods is that the acid/base buffering systems, in particular the bicarbonate system, are properly accounted for. Experimental data resulting from the TOGA sensor in aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions demonstrates the strength of the new sensor. In the aerobic environment, carbon oxidation (using acetate as an example carbon source) and nitrification are studied. Both the carbon and ammonia removal rates measured by the sensor compare very well with those obtained from off-line chemical analysis. Further, the aerobic acetate removal process is examined at a fundamental level using the metabolic pathway and stoichiometry established in the literature, whereby the rate of formation of storage products is identified. Under anoxic conditions, the denitrification process is monitored and, again, the measured rate of nitrogen gas transfer (NTR) matches well with the removal of the oxidised nitrogen compounds (measured chemically). In the anaerobic environment, the enhanced biological phosphorus process was investigated. In this case, the measured sensor signals (HPR and CTR) resulting from acetate uptake were used to determine the ratio of the rates of carbon dioxide production by competing groups of microorganisms, which consequently is a measure of the activity of these organisms. The sensor involves the use of expensive equipment such as a mass spectrometer and requires special gases to operate, thus incurring significant capital and operational costs. This makes the sensor more an advanced laboratory tool than an on-line sensor. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A GCSS model intercomparison for a tropical squall line observed during toga-coare. II: Intercomparison of single-column models and a cloud-resolving model

This paper presents single-column model (SCM) simulations of a tropical squall-line case observed during the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment of the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Programme. This case-study was part of an international model intercomparison project organized by Working Group 4 ‘Precipitating Convective Cloud Systems’ of the GEWEX (Global Energy and Water-cycle Experiment) Cloud System Study. Eight SCM groups using different deep-convection parametrizations participated in this project. The SCMs were forced by temperature and moisture tendencies that had been computed from a reference cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulation using open boundary conditions. The comparison of the SCM results with the reference CRM simulation provided insight into the ability of current convection and cloud schemes to represent organized convection. The CRM results enabled a detailed evaluation of the SCMs in terms of the thermodynamic structure and the convective mass flux of the system, the latter being closely related to the surface convective precipitation. It is shown that the SCMs could reproduce reasonably well the time evolution of the surface convective and stratiform precipitation, the convective mass flux, and the thermodynamic structure of the squall-line system. The thermodynamic structure simulated by the SCMs depended on how the models partitioned the precipitation between convective and stratiform. However, structural differences persisted in the thermodynamic profiles simulated by the SCMs and the CRM. These differences could be attributed to the fact that the total mass flux used to compute the SCM forcing differed from the convective mass flux. The SCMs could not adequately represent these organized mesoscale circulations and the microphysicallradiative forcing associated with the stratiform region. This issue is generally known as the ‘scale-interaction’ problem that can only be properly addressed in fully three-dimensional simulations. Sensitivity simulations run by several groups showed that the time evolution of the surface convective precipitation was considerably smoothed when the convective closure was based on convective available potential energy instead of moisture convergence. Finally, additional SCM simulations without using a convection parametrization indicated that the impact of a convection parametrization in forced SCM runs was more visible in the moisture profiles than in the temperature profiles because convective transport was particularly important in the moisture budget.

Administração de toga : desvendando a cultura organizacional da UFRGS e da UNISINOS

Esta pesquisa objetiva, através do aporte teórico da Antropologia Social, da Psicologia Social, da Administração e da Filosofia, fazer a leitura do cotidiano organizacional e dos rituais existentes em duas universidades, desnudando as suas culturas, estabelecendo, igualmente, comparações onde semelhanças e diferenças entre as mesmas possam ser traçadas. Ao elucidar as representações sociais construídas nestes micro-ambientes, procurou-se mostrar que fragmentação, diferenciação e integração cultural são perspectivas capazes de serem encontradas em um mesmo espaço organizacional, evidenciando que a cultura pode ter em seu cerne contradições, ambigüidades, convergências que longe de serem vistas como incompatíveis devem ser entendidas como complementares. O método etnográfico foi utilizado no desvendamento da cultura organizacional da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, leiga e pública, e da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, confessional e particular, trazendo à tona as múltiplas significações presentes nesses contextos. Os resultados mostram que, no caso da UFRGS, "escassez de recursos" e "universidade de renome" são significações acerca da Universidade partilhadas por alunos e professores (fragmentação). Já a "dificuldade de conciliar estudo e trabalho" é uma significação sobre a Universidade restrita ao grupo de alunos e a "liberdade" é uma significação sobre a Universidade partilhada só pelo grupo de professores (diferenciação). Já a representação da Universidade sob a ótica da "deficiência" perpassa os três grupos de atores, quais sejam, professores, funcionários e alunos (representação integradora). Na UNISINOS, a "boa infra-estrutura e recursos" é uma significação sobre a Universidade partilhada por alunos e professores (fragmentação). A significação de "avanços que ainda não se consolidadaram" é uma significação sobre a Universidade partilhada só pelo grupo de professores e "mensalidades altas" é uma significação sobre a Universidade partilhada só pelo grupo de alunos (diferenciação). A representação da Universidade sob a ótica da "ordem" perpassa os três grupos de atores (integração). Na comparação da UFRGS com a UNISINOS, a única significação comum é a dos alunos com relação aos professores, estes últimos vistos ora como "competentes" e ora como "despreparados", nas duas instituições. A confluência de múltiplos saberes permitiu a identificação de múltiplas perspectivas.