Plan för hantering av översvämningsriskerna i Toby-Laihela ås vattendragsområde för år 2016-2021

En plan för hantering av översvämningsriskerna i Toby-Laihela å för åren 2016-2021har utarbetats. I planen presenteras en preliminär be-dömning av översvämningsriskerna, kartor över översvämningshotade områden och över översvämningsrisk, bedömning av översväm-ningsskadorna, målen för hanteringen av översvämningsriskerna och åtgärder för att förhindra och minska översvämningsriskerna. I risk-hanteringsplanen presenteras även de berörda parternas och medborgarnas deltagande och hörande under planeringen. Planen för hante-ring av översvämningsriskerna har beretts i samarbete med översvämningsgruppen för Toby-Laihela ås avrinningsområde, NTM-centralen i Södra Österbotten och Finlands miljöcentral. Skador orsakade av översvämningar i Toby-Laihela å kan förebyggas och minskas på många olika sätt. Spektret av åtgärder sträcker sig från planering av markanvändning till att på egen hand skydda sin fastighet och från uppgörande av översvämningsprognoser till operativ bekämpning av översvämningar. Åtgärderna som presenteras i planen omfattar åtgärder för förebyggande av översvämningar, översväm-ningsskyddsåtgärder, verksamhet vid översvämning, beredskapsåtgärder samt åtgärder efter en översvämning. Tyngdpunkten ligger på förebyggande av skador och beredskap. Åtgärder för att kvarhålla översvämningsvatten på avrinningsområdet, framförs bl.a. i jord- och skogsområden. I Toby-Laihela ås område är också planeringen av trafikförbindelser en viktig del av hanteringen av översvämningsrisker, eftersom översvämningar i området hotar centrala trafikförbindelser i Vasa. I planen presenteras effektiverad informationsspridning, så att privata och offentliga aktörer bättre kan bereda sig inför översvämningar också på egen hand. Kommuner, invånare och invallningsföretag i Toby-Laihela ås område samt NTM-centralen har en central roll vid genomförandet av åtgärder för hantering av översvämningsrisker. Planen baserar sig på lagen om översvämningsrisker och vid utarbetandet har man utnyttjat den preliminära bedömningen av översväm-ningsrisker i vattendragsområdet, översvämningskartor och befintliga dokument om hantering av översvämningsrisker. Förslaget till plan har varit på remiss och alla har haft möjlighet att presentera sina åtgärder om planen. Jord- och skogsbruksministeriet har godkänt planen i december 2015. Planen granskas enligt behov senast år 2021.

Toby's funfair fish.

A Toby le encanta ir a la feria y está más entusiasmado que de costumbre porque se ha ganado un pez de colores. Nunca tuvo una mascota antes y está muy emocionado con su pescado Moby. Para que Moby sea feliz y se sienta como en casa, le hace en la pecera su propio recinto ferial.

The high toby : being further chapters in the life and fortunes of Dick Ryder, otherwise Galloping Dick, sometime gentleman of the road /

Publisher's ads 40 p. at end.

Beyond the Fragmentation Threshold Hypothesis: Regime Shifts in Biodiversity Across Fragmented Landscapes

Ecological systems are vulnerable to irreversible change when key system properties are pushed over thresholds, resulting in the loss of resilience and the precipitation of a regime shift. Perhaps the most important of such properties in human-modified landscapes is the total amount of remnant native vegetation. In a seminal study Andren proposed the existence of a fragmentation threshold in the total amount of remnant vegetation, below which landscape-scale connectivity is eroded and local species richness and abundance become dependent on patch size. Despite the fact that species patch-area effects have been a mainstay of conservation science there has yet to be a robust empirical evaluation of this hypothesis. Here we present and test a new conceptual model describing the mechanisms and consequences of biodiversity change in fragmented landscapes, identifying the fragmentation threshold as a first step in a positive feedback mechanism that has the capacity to impair ecological resilience, and drive a regime shift in biodiversity. The model considers that local extinction risk is defined by patch size, and immigration rates by landscape vegetation cover, and that the recovery from local species losses depends upon the landscape species pool. Using a unique dataset on the distribution of non-volant small mammals across replicate landscapes in the Atlantic forest of Brazil, we found strong evidence for our model predictions - that patch-area effects are evident only at intermediate levels of total forest cover, where landscape diversity is still high and opportunities for enhancing biodiversity through local management are greatest. Furthermore, high levels of forest loss can push native biota through an extinction filter, and result in the abrupt, landscape-wide loss of forest-specialist taxa, ecological resilience and management effectiveness. The proposed model links hitherto distinct theoretical approaches within a single framework, providing a powerful tool for analysing the potential effectiveness of management interventions.

Opposite Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function and Psychopathology

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the two main ingredients of the Cannabis sativa plant have distinct symptomatic and behavioral effects. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy volunteers to examine whether Delta-9-THC and CBD had opposite effects on regional brain function. We then assessed whether pretreatment with CBD can prevent the acute psychotic symptoms induced by Delta-9-THC. Fifteen healthy men with minimal earlier exposure to cannabis were scanned while performing a verbal memory task, a response inhibition task, a sensory processing task, and when viewing fearful faces. Subjects were scanned on three occasions, each preceded by oral administration of Delta-9-THC, CBD, or placebo. BOLD responses were measured using fMRI. In a second experiment, six healthy volunteers were administered Delta-9-THC intravenously on two occasions, after placebo or CBD pretreatment to examine whether CBD could block the psychotic symptoms induced by Delta-9-THC. Delta-9-THC and CBD had opposite effects on activation relative to placebo in the striatum during verbal recall, in the hippocampus during the response inhibition task, in the amygdala when subjects viewed fearful faces, in the superior temporal cortex when subjects listened to speech, and in the occipital cortex during visual processing. In the second experiment, pretreatment with CBD prevented the acute induction of psychotic symptoms by Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Delta-9-THC and CBD can have opposite effects on regional brain function, which may underlie their different symptomatic and behavioral effects, and CBD`s ability to block the psychotogenic effects of Delta-9-THC. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 764-774; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.184; published online 18 November 2009

Modulation of Auditory and Visual Processing by Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol: an fMRI Study

Although the effects of cannabis on perception are well documented, little is known about their neural basis or how these may contribute to the formation of psychotic symptoms. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) during visual and auditory processing in healthy volunteers. In total, 14 healthy volunteers were scanned on three occasions. Identical 10mg THC, 600mg CBD, and placebo capsules were allocated in a balanced double-blinded pseudo-randomized crossover design. Plasma levels of each substance, physiological parameters, and measures of psychopathology were taken at baseline and at regular intervals following ingestion of substances. Volunteers listened passively to words read and viewed a radial visual checkerboard in alternating blocks during fMRI scanning. Administration of THC was associated with increases in anxiety, intoxication, and positive psychotic symptoms, whereas CBD had no significant symptomatic effects. THC decreased activation relative to placebo in bilateral temporal cortices during auditory processing, and increased and decreased activation in different visual areas during visual processing. CBD was associated with activation in right temporal cortex during auditory processing, and when contrasted, THC and CBD had opposite effects in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus, the right-sided homolog to Wernicke`s area. Moreover, the attenuation of activation in this area (maximum 61, -15, -2) by THC during auditory processing was correlated with its acute effect on psychotic symptoms. Single doses of THC and CBD differently modulate brain function in areas that process auditory and visual stimuli and relate to induced psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 1340-1348; doi:10.1038/npp.2011.17; published online 16 March 2011

The genetics of coronary heart disease: the contribution of twin studies

Despite the decline in coronary heart disease in many European countries, the disease remains an enormous public health problem. Although we know a great deal about environmental risk factors for coronary heart disease, a heritable component was recognized a long time ago. The earliest and best known examples of how our genetic constitution may determine cardiovascular risk relate to lipoprotein(a), familial hypercholesterolaemia and apolipoprotein E. In the past 20 years a fair number of polymorphisms assessed singly have shown strong associations with the disease but most are subject to poor repeatability. Twins constitute a compelling natural experiment to establish the genetic contribution to coronary heart disease and its risk factors. GenomEUtwin, a recently funded Framework 5 Programme of the European Community, affords the opportunity of comparing the heritability of risk factors in different European Twin Registries. As an illustration we present the heritabilities of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, based on data from over 4000 twin pairs from six different European countries and Australia. Heritabilities for systolic blood pressure are between 52 and 66% and for diastolic blood pressure between 44 and 66%. There is no evidence of sex differences in heritability estimates and very little to no evidence for a significant contribution of shared family environment. A non-twin based prospective case/cohort study of coronary heart disease and stroke (MORGAM) will allow hypotheses relating to cardiovascular disease, generated in the twin cohorts, to be tested prospectively in adult populations. Twin studies have also contributed to our understanding of the life course hypothesis, and GenomEUtwin has the potential to add to this.

The over-production of US sports and the new International Division of Cultural Labor

This article focuses on how US professional sports utilize the New International Division of Cultural Labor to supplement an overly costly local labor pool and over-supplied local market. We argue that while the classic problem of over-production is slowly eroding the sealed-off nature of US culture, the forces of its hyper-protectionist capitalism continue to characterize sports, precluding equal exchange.

Paracoccidioidomicose enzoótica em tatus (Dasypus novemcinctus) no estado do Pará

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis foi encontrado, por inoculação de triturado de fígado e baço em hamsters, em 4 de 20 tatus (Dasypus novemcinctus) examinados na região de Tucuruí, Pará. Hamsters inoculados por via intradérmica e peritoneal com o parasito desenvolveram infecções generalizadas e morreram em 1½ a 13 meses. A diagnose do fungo foi confirmada por histopatologia e cultura. Não se observaram sinais macroscópios de doenças nos tatus. A distribuição geográfica de D. novemcinctus abrange a área endêmica de paracoccidioidomicose humana, sugerindo-se que o tatu tenha algum papel na ecologia do fungo.

New records of Histoplasma capsulatum from wild animals in the Brazilian Amazon

Twenty-eight isolates of Histoplasma capsulation were obtained from eight species of forest mammals from the States of Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia in the Amazon Region of Brazil. Primary isolates were obtained by inoculating triturated liver and spleen tissue intradermally and intraperito-neally in hamsters. Mycological diagnosis in hamsters presenting lesions was confirmed by histopathology and culture on Sabouraud dextrose-agar. Infected hamsters developed signs of disease within two to nine months; all had disseminated visceral lesions and most also had skin lesions at the sites of inoculation. None of the hamsters inoculated with skin macerates of the original hosts developed histoplasmosis, and histopathological examination of the viscera of the wild hosts failed to reveal H. capsulation. Prevalence of infection was considerably higher in females than in males both for the opossum Didelphis marsupialis and for total wild animals (479) examined. It is proposed that canopy-dwelling mammals may acquire the infection from conidia borne on convective currents in hollow trees with openings at ground-level.