Parentage determination of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis in the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve based on molecular data

Reproductive behaviors are poorly known for the Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis. In this study, the parentage of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population inhabiting the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve is determined by analysis of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, and the porpoise's reproductive behaviors are studied. Overall 4 full parentage assignments and additional 3 single parentage assignments were determined for the population of 23 individuals. The analysis shows that their estimated reproductive cycle is shorter than that reported previously and there probably exists an overlapping between gestation and lactation period. The Study also shows that the female does not show fidelity to a particular male for breeding and vice versa, the oldest males did not monopolize mating and the dominance rank could not be so strict for the porpoise society. Moreover, the porpoise's mating pattern and relatedness among candidate parents are discussed here. These results provide important information for making guidelines of management and conservation for this protected population.

Observations on behavior and ecology of the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) group at Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow of the Yangtze River

The authors made 39 surveys (a total of 161 days) in the Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow of the Yangtze River, China, for observing 13 Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) captured from the main stream of the Yangtze River and 7 juveniles born in the oxbow from January 1997 to July 2000. The animals were usually divided into several "core" groups and moved around in shallow, muddy-bottom areas with the largest individual in the lead. Each core group was composed of 2-3 animals (either 2 adults, 1 adult and 1 juvenile, 2 adults and 1 juvenile, or 2 adults and 1 calf). Newly-released animals joined the other animals first, and then reorganized their own groups one or two days later. Average breath interval was 34.4 s (+/- s.d. 4.39) for individuals in the group. The animals mated from May through June and gave birth during the second and last ten days of April of the next year. The gestation period was estimated as 310 - 320 days. Calves over 5 months old began to eat small fish. The distance of calves swimming apart from their suspected mothers increased each month. These findings will help in the management of the reserve to protect this unique freshwater porpoise.

新刻法家驚天雷Xin ke fa jia jing tian lei.Traité abrégé de droit.

Divisé en deux parties parallèles, imprimées l'une sur le haut de la page et l'autre sur le bas.2 livres.

新刻京本全像插增田虎王慶忠義水滸全傳Xin ke jing ben quan xiang cha zeng tian hu wang qing zhong yi shui hu quan zhuan.Le Shui hu zhuan, etc., édition complétée et illustrée, nouvellement gravée à la capitale.

Vieille édition avec illustrations en haut des pages.Livre 20 et début du livre 21 (hui 99 à 102).

天童密雲禪師年譜Tian tong mi yun shan shi nian pu.Tableau chronologique de la vie du bonze Mi yun (1566-1642).

Par Dao min.

天父上帝言題皇詔Tian fu shang di yan ti huang zhao.Décrets et pièces diverses publiés par les Tai ping.

Recueil de 13 pièces officielles de la rébellion, datées de 1851, 1852, 1853, avec une table.

天主堂Tian zhu tang.Documents chrétiens.

1° Liste par provinces des églises ; 2° décrets de 1707 et 1708 ; 3° liste des Jésuites avec indication de leur nationalité ; 40 liste des Franciscains.

皇明添設衙門官制大全Huang ming tian she ya men guan zhi da quan.Géographie administrative des Ming.

Fragment (livres 6 à 8) relatif aux provinces de Shan xi. Zhe jiang et Jiang xi, avec trois cartes. Note manuscrite française non signée, datée de 1686.

天問略Tian wen lüe.Abrégé d'astronomie.

Cat. imp., liv. 106, f. 20.D'après le système de Ptolémée. Par le P. Emmanuel Diaz (1574-1659) ; préface de l'auteur (1615). Autre préface par Kong Zheng shi Zhong fu (1615). Introduction (1615). Texte et figures.

渾天儀說Hun tian yi shuo.Usage et explication des sphères célestes.

Voir aussi Cat. imp., liv. 106, f. 21 (Xin fa suan shu, 100 livres).Par les P. P. Adam Schall et Giacomo Rho (1590-1638) ; publié sous la direction de Li Tian jing ; préface de ce dernier (1636). Texte et figures.