Rehabilitación de suelos salino - sódicos : evaluación de enmiendas y de especies forrajeras

La salinización de los suelos es uno de los problemas más graves de degradación en el mundo. En la Argentina hay aproximadamente 85.000.000 ha afectadas por exceso de sales y sodio. La generación de productos orgánicos como residuo de procesos industriales es vista con interés para la recuperación de suelos salino-sódicos. Por otra parte, en producciones extensivas se generan productos orgánicos con potencial de bioremediación como los biosólidos de Feedlot (BF) y los Efluentes de Tambo (BT). El objetivo de esta tesis fue investigar posibles estrategias de rehabilitación de suelos salino-sódicos, a través de la evaluación de la aplicación de enmiendas biológicas (Biosólidos de feedlot y Efluentes de tambo) y químicas (Yeso) con el fin de modificar las propiedades químicas de suelos Natracuoles y mejorar la productividad primaria de gramíneas forrajeras perennes. Para esto, se llevaron a cabo dos ensayos, uno bajo condiciones de invernáculo y otro a campo. En los dos ensayos los tratamientos fueron: testigo (T), aplicación de 8 t de materia seca (MS) ha-1 de BT, aplicación de 8 t MS ha-1 de BF y aplicación de 12 t ha-1 de Y. En invernáculo se evaluó la respuesta en biomasa aérea y radical de Thinopyrum ponticum (agropiro alargado). En el ensayo de campo se evaluó el comportamiento de las enmiendas sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo, utilizándose cobertura vegetal de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) y sorgo para silaje (Sorghum sudanense). En invernáculo se comprobó que los BT, los BF y el Y incrementaron la MS aérea y radical de T. ponticum. En el ensayo a campo, se comprobó que los BT, los BF y el Y, no tuvieron efecto alguno sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo. La variabilidad observada en la materia seca (MS) de S. sudanense se explicó en un 49 por ciento por el Porcentaje de Sodio Intercambiable (PSI) del suelo y la profundidad del horizonte A. Se concluye que los BT, los BF y el Y incrementaron la MS aérea y radical de agropiro bajo condiciones de invernáculo, pero a campo, no fueron efectivos en la remediación de la salinidad y la sodicidad del suelo debido a la elevada variabilidad edáfica y a la sequía ocurrida durante el período experimental, condiciones que impidieron la lixiviación de sodio intercambiado por calcio y el exceso de sales solubles, y la consecuente remediación. La falta de respuesta observada a campo fue atribuida, además a la decobertura superficial del suelo por la labranza, particularmente en suelos con delgado horizonte A

Rehabilitación de suelos salino - sódicos : evaluación de enmiendas y de especies forrajeras

La salinización de los suelos es uno de los problemas más graves de degradación en el mundo. En la Argentina hay aproximadamente 85.000.000 ha afectadas por exceso de sales y sodio. La generación de productos orgánicos como residuo de procesos industriales es vista con interés para la recuperación de suelos salino-sódicos. Por otra parte, en producciones extensivas se generan productos orgánicos con potencial de bioremediación como los biosólidos de Feedlot (BF)y los Efluentes de Tambo (BT). El objetivo de esta tesis fue investigar posibles estrategias de rehabilitación de suelos salino-sódicos, a través de la evaluación de la aplicación de enmiendas biológicas (Biosólidos de feedlot y Efluentes de tambo)y químicas (Yeso)con el fin de modificar las propiedades químicas de suelos Natracuoles y mejorar la productividad primaria de gramíneas forrajeras perennes. Para esto, se llevaron a cabo dos ensayos, uno bajo condiciones de invernáculo y otro a campo. En los dos ensayos los tratamientos fueron: testigo (T), aplicación de 8 t de materia seca (MS)ha-1 de BT, aplicación de 8 t MS ha-1 de BF y aplicación de 12 t ha-1 de Y. En invernáculo se evaluó la respuesta en biomasa aérea y radical de Thinopyrum ponticum (agropiro alargado). En el ensayo de campo se evaluó el comportamiento de las enmiendas sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo, utilizándose cobertura vegetal de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.)y sorgo para silaje (Sorghum sudanense). En invernáculo se comprobó que los BT, los BF y el Y incrementaron la MS aérea y radical de T. ponticum. En el ensayo a campo, se comprobó que los BT, los BF y el Y, no tuvieron efecto alguno sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo. La variabilidad observada en la materia seca (MS)de S. sudanense se explicó en un 49 por ciento por el Porcentaje de Sodio Intercambiable (PSI)del suelo y la profundidad del horizonte A. Se concluye que los BT, los BF y el Y incrementaron la MS aérea y radical de agropiro bajo condiciones de invernáculo, pero a campo, no fueron efectivos en la remediación de la salinidad y la sodicidad del suelo debido a la elevada variabilidad edáfica y a la sequía ocurrida durante el período experimental, condiciones que impidieron la lixiviación de sodio intercambiado por calcio y el exceso de sales solubles, y la consecuente remediación. La falta de respuesta observada a campo fue atribuida, además a la decobertura superficial del suelo por la labranza, particularmente en suelos con delgado horizonte A

Assessment of the spatial variability in Tall wheatgrass forage using LANDSAT 8 satellite imagery to delineate potential management zones

Little information is available on the degree of within-field variability of potential production of Tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) forage under unirrigated conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial variability of the accumulated biomass (AB) without nutritional limitations through vegetation indexes, and then use this information to determine potential management zones. A 27-×-27-m grid cell size was chosen and 84 biomass sampling areas (BSA), each 2 m(2) in size, were georeferenced. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were applied after an initial cut at 3 cm height. At 500 °C day, the AB from each sampling area, was collected and evaluated. The spatial variability of AB was estimated more accurately using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), calculated from LANDSAT 8 images obtained on 24 November 2014 (NDVInov) and 10 December 2014 (NDVIdec) because the potential AB was highly associated with NDVInov and NDVIdec (r (2) = 0.85 and 0.83, respectively). These models between the potential AB data and NDVI were evaluated by root mean squared error (RMSE) and relative root mean squared error (RRMSE). This last coefficient was 12 and 15 % for NDVInov and NDVIdec, respectively. Potential AB and NDVI spatial correlation were quantified with semivariograms. The spatial dependence of AB was low. Six classes of NDVI were analyzed for comparison, and two management zones (MZ) were established with them. In order to evaluate if the NDVI method allows us to delimit MZ with different attainable yields, the AB estimated for these MZ were compared through an ANOVA test. The potential AB had significant differences among MZ. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that NDVI obtained from LANDSAT 8 images can be reliably used for creating MZ in soils under permanent pastures dominated by Tall wheatgrass.

Pathogenicity of three RPV isolates of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus on barley, wheat and wheat alien addition lines

Barleys with and without the Yd2 resistance factor, wheat alien addition stocks with other barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance factors and true wheats were challenged with three Australian isolates of BYDV-RPV. Yd2 resistance was effective against two of the BYDV-RPV isolates and inoculated barleys which carry Yd2 did not develop BYD symptoms and shoot growth was not affected. However, barleys with Yd2 were susceptible to the third BYDV-RPV isolate. All barley lines inoculated with the third virus isolate developed typical BYD symptoms (yellowing), shoot growth was reduced compared to uninfected controls and virus titres determined by ELISA were high and similar in barleys with and without Yd2. In contrast, resistances from Thinopyrum intermedium and Agropyron pulcherrimum in wheat backgrounds were effective against all three BYDV-RPV isolates. Shoot growth of inoculated plants with either of these resistance factors did not differ from uninfected controls and virus titres determined by ELISA were very low.

Novas fontes de antioxidantes e inibidores de enzimas relevantes para o tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doença de Alzheimer

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Epidemiological risk assessment using linked network and grid based modelling: Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in the UK

We developed a stochastic simulation model incorporating most processes likely to be important in the spread of Phytophthora ramorum and similar diseases across the British landscape (covering Rhododendron ponticum in woodland and nurseries, and Vaccinium myrtillus in heathland). The simulation allows for movements of diseased plants within a realistically modelled trade network and long-distance natural dispersal. A series of simulation experiments were run with the model, representing an experiment varying the epidemic pressure and linkage between natural vegetation and horticultural trade, with or without disease spread in commercial trade, and with or without inspections-with-eradication, to give a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial started at 10 arbitrary locations spread across England. Fifty replicate simulations were made at each set of parameter values. Individual epidemics varied dramatically in size due to stochastic effects throughout the model. Across a range of epidemic pressures, the size of the epidemic was 5-13 times larger when commercial movement of plants was included. A key unknown factor in the system is the area of susceptible habitat outside the nursery system. Inspections, with a probability of detection and efficiency of infected-plant removal of 80% and made at 90-day intervals, reduced the size of epidemics by about 60% across the three sectors with a density of 1% susceptible plants in broadleaf woodland and heathland. Reducing this density to 0.1% largely isolated the trade network, so that inspections reduced the final epidemic size by over 90%, and most epidemics ended without escape into nature. Even in this case, however, major wild epidemics developed in a few percent of cases. Provided the number of new introductions remains low, the current inspection policy will control most epidemics. However, as the rate of introduction increases, it can overwhelm any reasonable inspection regime, largely due to spread prior to detection. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The chromosomal assessment of salt tolerant substituted tritipyrum using genomic fluorescent in situ hybridiization (FISH)

Wheat, although moderately tolerant to salt, can not be cultivated in many areas. However, in the triticeae tribe, some of the wild wheat relatives are highly tolerant, e.g. Thinopyrum bessarabicum, which grows on the sea shore. Eight primary hexaploid tritipyrum lines, amphiploids between Triticum durum and Thinopyrum bessarabicum have been produced which can set seed in at least 250 mM NaCl. These tritipyrums (2n=6x=42, AABBEbEb) due to reasons such as brittle rachis, continuous production of tillers, late maturity, tall stature and meiotic instability will not fulfill the requirements of a successful commercial salt tolerant crop. To overcome such problems the substituted tritipyrum, in which selected Eb chromosomes are replaced by D genome chromosomes of 6x wheat, was produced from 6x tritipyrum x 6x wheat hybrids (F1: 2n=6x=42, AABBDEb) followed by selfing and backcrossing with 6x tritipyrum. The fertile plants among the above progenies were screened by the genomic fluorescent in situ hybridization technique to identify their Eb and D chromosome constitution. This study showed that producing tritiprum with variable numbers of Eb and D genome chromosomes is feasible and that FISH is a useful technique for determining the number of Eb chromosomes present.

Abundance of phytoplankton in the Black Sea during the Bilim 2 cruise in October 2008

The dataset is composed of 34 samples from 23 stations. The phytoplankton samples were collected by 5l Niskin bottles attached to the CTD system. The sampling depths were selected according to the CTD profiles and the in situ fluorometer readings. The samples (50 ml sea water) were preserved with prefiltered (0.2 micron) glutardialdehyde solution (1.5 ml of commercial glutardialdehyde (25%)) into dark colored glass bottles. Preserved samples were poured into 10 or 25 ml settling chambers (Hydro-Bios) for cells to settle on the bottom over a day. Species identification and enumeration were done under an inverted microscope (Olympus IX71). At least 400 specimen were tried to be counted in each sample.

Geographic distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments

Dinoflagellate cysts are useful for reconstructing upper water conditions. For adequate reconstructions detailed information is required about the relationship between modern day environmental conditions and the geographic distribution of cysts in sediments. This Atlas summarises the modern global distribution of 71 organicwalled dinoflagellate cyst species. The synthesis is based on the integration of literature sources together with data of 2405 globally distributed surface sediment samples that have been preparedwith a comparable methodology and taxonomy. The distribution patterns of individual cyst species are being comparedwith environmental factors that are knownto influence dinoflagellate growth, gamete production, encystment, excystment and preservation of their organic-walled cysts: surface water temperature, salinity, nitrate, phosphate, chlorophyll-a concentrations and bottom water oxygen concentrations. Graphs are provided for every species depicting the relationship between seasonal and annual variations of these parameters and the relative abundance of the species. Results have been compared with previously published records; an overview of the ecological significance as well as information about the seasonal production of each individual species is presented. The relationship between the cyst distribution and variation in the aforementioned environmental parameters was analysed by performing a canonical correspondence analysis. All tested variables showed a positive relationship on the 99% confidence level. Sea-surface temperature represents the parameter corresponding to the largest amount of variance within the dataset (40%) followed by nitrate, salinity, phosphate and bottom-water oxygen concentration, which correspond to 34%, 33%, 25% and 24% of the variance, respectively. Characterisations of selected environments as well as a discussion about how these factors could have influenced the final cyst yield in sediments are included.