TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN-RATE DEPENDENCE OF FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS OF PHENOLPHTHALEIN POLYETHER KETONE

A strong strain-rate and temperature dependence was observed for the fracture toughness of phenolphthalein polyether ketone (PEK-C). Two separate crack-blunting mechanisms have been proposed to account for the fracture-toughness data. The first mechanism involves thermal blunting due to adiabatic heating at the crack tip for the high temperatures studied. In the high-temperature range, thermal blunting increases the fracture toughness corresponding to an effectively higher test temperature. However, in the low-temperature range, the adiabatic temperature rise is insufficient to cause softening and Jic increases with increasing temperature owing to viscoelastic losses associated with the p-relaxation there. The second mechanism involves plastic blunting due to shear yield/flow processes at the crack tip and this takes place at slow strain testing of the single-edge notched bending (SENB) samples. The temperature and strain-rate dependence of the plastic zone size may also be responsible for the temperature and strain-rate dependence of fracture toughness.

Effect of reinforcement and heat treatment on elevated temperature sliding of electroless Ni–P/SiC composite coatings

The investigation is focused on the wear behaviour at elevated test temperature of composite Ni–P/SiC deposit, with varying concentration of the reinforcing SiC particles. The phase evolution measured by X-ray diffraction suggests slight crystallisation during wear testing at 200 °C. In coating without reinforcing particles, adhesive wear is accompanied by microcracks. The thermal heat generated and the cyclic loading could have induced sub-surface microcracks. Owing to the effective matrix-ceramics system in composite coatings, fine grooves, abrasive polishing and uniform wearing are observed. Reinforcing particles in the matrix hinder microcrack formation and significantly reduce the wear rate. Triboxidation is confirmed from energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.

Analisi della stabilità dei risultati dei test di risposta termica: prove in campo, confronto e analisi critica per diversi metodi di esecuzione e modellizzazione

Il Test di Risposta Termica (Thermal Response Test-TRT) (Mogenson,1983) è il test esistente con il più alto grado di accuratezza per la caratterizzazione del reservoir geotermico superficiale. Il test consiste in una simulazione in situ del funzionamento di un sistema a circuito chiuso di sfruttamento dell’energia geotermica, per un periodo limitato di tempo, attraverso l’iniezione o estrazione di calore a potenza costante all’interno del geo-scambiatore (Borehole Heat Exchanger-BHE). Dall’analisi della variazione delle temperature del fluido circolante, è possibile avere una stima delle proprietà termiche medie del volume del reservoir geotermico interessato dal test. Le grandezze principali per la caratterizzazione di un serbatoio geotermico sono la conduttività termica (λ), la capacità termica volumetrica (c), la temperatura indisturbata del suolo (Tg) e la resistenza termica del pozzo (Rb); la loro determinazione è necessaria per il corretto progettazione degli geo-scambiatori. I risultati del TRT sono tuttavia sensibili alle condizioni al contorno spazio-temporali quali ad es.: variazione della temperatura del terreno, movimento d’acqua di falda, condizioni metereologiche, eventi stagionali, ecc. Questo lavoro vuole: i) introdurre uno studio sui problemi di caratterizzazione del reservoir geotermico superficiale, in particolare analizzando l’effetto che il movimento d’acqua di falda ha sui parametri termici; ii) analizzare la sensitività dei risultati del test alle variabilità dei parametri caratteristici del funzionamento delle attrezzature. Parte del lavoro della mia tesi è stata svolta in azienda per un periodo di 4 mesi presso la “Groenholland Geo Energy systems” che ha sede ad Amsterdam in Olanda. Tre diversi esperimenti sono stati realizzati sullo stesso sito (stratigrafia nota del terreno: argilla, sabbia fine e sabbia grossa) usando una sonda profonda 30 metri e diversi pozzi per l’estrazione d’acqua e per monitorare gli effetti in prossimità del geo scambiatore. I risultati degli esperimenti sono stati molto diversi tra di loro, non solo in termini di dati registrati (temperature del fluido termovettore), ma in termini dei valori dei parametri ottenuti elaborando i dati. In particolare non è sufficiente adottare il modello classico della sorgente lineare infinita (Infinite Line Source Solution- ILS) (Ingersoll and Plass, 1948), il quale descrive il trasferimento di calore per conduzione in un mezzo omogeneo indefinito a temperatura costante. Infatti, lo scambio di calore avviene anche tramite convezione causata dal movimento d’acqua di falda, non identificabile mediante gli approcci classici tipo CUSUM test (Cumulative Sum test) (Brown e altri,1975) Lo studio della tesi vuole dare un quadro di riferimento per correlare la variabilità dei risultati con la variabilità delle condizioni al contorno. L’analisi integra le metodologie classiche (ILS) con un approccio geostatistico utile a comprendere i fenomeni e fluttuazioni che caratterizzano il test. Lo studio delle principali variabili e parametri del test, quali temperatura in ingresso e uscita del fluido termovettore, portata del fluido e potenza iniettata o estratta, è stato sviluppato mediante: il variogramma temporale, ovvero la semivarianza dell’accrescimento, che esprime il tipo di autocorrelazione temporale della variabile in esame; la covarianza incrociata temporale, ovvero la covarianza fra due variabili del sistema, che ne definisce quantitativamente il grado di correlazione in funzionamento del loro sfasamento temporale. L’approccio geostatistico proposto considera la temperatura del fluido Tf come una funzione aleatoria (FA) non stazionaria nel tempo (Chiles, 1999), il cui trend è formalmente definito, ma deve essere identificato numericamente. Si considera quindi un classico modello a residuo; in cui la FA è modellizzata come la somma di un termine deterministico, la media (il valore atteso) m(t),coincidente col modello descritto dalla teoria della sorgente lineare infinità, e di un termine aleatorio, la fluttuazione, Y(t). Le variabili portata e potenza sono invece considerate delle funzioni aleatorie stazionarie nel tempo, ovvero a media costante. Da questo studio di Tesi si sono raggiunte delle conclusioni molto importanti per lo studio del TRT: Confronto tra gli esperimenti in estrazione di calore, con e senza movimento d’acqua di falda: si studia l’effetto indotto dalla falda sul TRT. E’ possibile caratterizzare quantitativamente l’incremento della conducibilità termica equivalente legata a fenomeni convettivi dovuti al movimento d’acqua di falda. Inoltre, i variogrammi sperimentali evidenziano periodicità simili nei due casi e legate al funzionamento della pompa di calore e della componentistica associata ed alla circolazione del fluido termovettore all’interno della sonda. Tuttavia, la componente advettiva ha un effetto di smorzamento sulle piccole periodicità dei variogrammi, ma di aumento dell’ampiezza delle periodicità maggiori a causa del funzionamento della pompa di calore che deve fornire maggiore energia al sistema per bilanciare le dispersioni dovute al movimento d’acqua di falda. Confronto fra estrazione ed iniezione di calore, con movimento d’acqua di falda: si studia la significatività dei risultati nei due casi. L’analisi delle variografie evidenzia significative differenze nella struttura dei variogrammi sperimentali. In particolare, nel test con iniezione di calore i variogrammi sperimentali delle temperature hanno valori sistematicamente inferiori, circostanza che assicura una migliore precisione nella stima dei parametri termici. Quindi eseguire il TRT in iniezione di calore risulta più preciso. Dall’analisi dei variogrammi sperimentali delle singole variabili quali temperatura del fluido in ingresso e uscita all’interno del geoscambiatore è stato confermato il fenomeno di smorzamento delle oscillazioni da parte del terreno. Dall’analisi delle singole variabili del test (temperature, potenza, portata) è stata confermata l’indipendenza temporale fra portate e temperature. Ciò è evidenziato dalle diverse strutture dei variogrammi diretti e dalle covarianze incrociate prossime a zero. Mediante correlogrami è stato dimostrato la possibilità di calcolare il tempo impiegato dal fluido termovettore per circolare all’interno della sonda. L’analisi geostatistica ha permesso quindi di studiare in dettaglio la sensitività dei risultati del TRT alle diverse condizioni al contorno, quelle legate al reservoir e quelle legate al funzionamento delle attrezzature

Temperature influences the coercive mating and swimming performance of male eastern mosquitofish

Although the functional consequences of temperature variation have been examined for a wide range of whole-animal performance traits, the implications of thermal variation for reproductive behaviour or performance are poorly known. I examined the acute effects of temperature on the mating behaviour and swimming performance of male eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, which rely on a coercive strategy to obtain matings and are routinely exposed to wide daily temperature fluctuations. Males showed reproductive behaviours across the entire test temperature range of 14-38 degrees C, representing one of the widest reproductively active temperature ranges for any ectotherm. Both the time spent in pursuit of females and the total number of mating attempts increased with temperature to a plateau that started at approximately 22-26 degrees C. However, males maintained a constant level of copulations at 18-34 degrees C, the temperature range they routinely experience in southeast Queensland. In contrast, maximum swimming performance and approach speeds during copulations were highly thermally dependent across this temperature range. Thus, acute temperature variation has important fitness implications for male G. holbrooki, but mating performance was significantly limited only at extreme temperatures. (c) 2005 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A study of the deformation slip lines in quenched and aged Al-2% Ge alloy

Optical microscopy has been employed to observe the slip lines in deformed Al-2% Ge alloy samples. Slip lines have been observed in the as-quenched, partially-aged, fully-aged and over-aged states. The lines tend to traverse fairly straight paths in the case of quenched and partially-aged conditions. Fully-aged samples also reveal such straight running lines when tested at low-temperatures. However, the density of the lines generally decreases as the peak-aged state is approached. These results are in agreement with the idea that thermally activated shearing of the precipitates is occurring in the alloy aged up to peak-hardness. The irregular lines for the over-aged specimens support the view that the moving dislocations by-pass the precipitates during deformation. The influence of test-temperature on the appearance of slip traces has been briefly examined.

Hot-pressed TiB2-10 wt.% TiSi2 ceramic with extremely good thermal transport properties at elevated temperatures (up to 1273 K)

This contribution reports and analyses the high thermal transport property of hot-pressed TiB2-10 wt.% TiSi2 ceramics. Depending on the test temperature, the thermal conductivity values of the TiB2 composite (which range from 89 to 122W m(-1) K-1) are determined to be 18-25% higher than that of monolithic TiB2. The thermal transport properties are analyzed in terms of electronic and phonon contributions. The electronic contribution is the major component of the thermal conductivity of TiB2 and comparable contributions from both electronic and phonon components are observed for the TiB2-TiSi2 composite. (C) 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ductile To Brittle Transition In Dynamic Fracture Of Brittle Bulk Metallic Glass

We report an unusual transition from a locally ductile to a pure brittle fracture in the dynamic fracture of brittle Mg65Cu20Gd10 bulk metallic glass. The fractographic evolution from a dimple structure to a periodic corrugation pattern and then to the mirror zone along the crack propagation direction during the dynamic fracture process is discussed within the framework of the meniscus instability of the fracture process zone. This work might provide an important clue in understanding of the energy dissipation mechanism for dynamic crack propagation in brittle glassy materials. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Critical behavior of brittle-ductile transition of polymers

We report that the brittle-ductile transition of polymers induced by temperature exhibits critical behavior. When t close to 0, the critical surface to surface interparticle distance (IDc) follows the scaling law: IDc proportional to t(-v) where t = 1 - T/T-BD(m) (T and T-BD(m) are the test temperature and brittle-ductile transition temperature of matrix polymer, respectively) and v = 2/D. It is clear that the scaling exponent v only depends on dimension (D). For 2, 3, and 4 dimension, v = 1, 2/3, and 1/2 respectively. The result indicates that the ID, follows the same scaling law as that of the correlation length (xi), when t approach to zero.

The rheological behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene

The rheological behavior and the dynamic mechanical properties of syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (sPB) were investigated by a rotational rheometer (MCR-300) and a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA-242C). Rheological behavior of sPB-830, a sPB with crystalline degree of 20.1% and syndiotactic content of 65.1%, showed that storage modulus (G ') and loss modulus (G '') decreased, and the zero shear viscosity (eta(0)) decreased slightly with increasing temperature when measuring temperatures were lower than 160 degrees C. However, G ' and G '' increased at the end region of relaxation curves with increasing temperature and)10 increased with increasing temperature as the measuring temperatures were higher than 160 degrees C. Furthermore, critical crosslinked reaction temperature was detected at about 160 degrees C for sPB-830. The crosslinked reaction was not detected when test temperature was lower than 150 degrees C for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of sample. The relationship between processing temperature and crosslinked reaction was proposed for the sPB-830 sample.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Zn-8Al-4RE magnesium alloy

The Mg-8Zn-8Al-4RE (RE = mischmetal, mass%) magnesium alloy was prepared by using casting method. The microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast alloy, solid solution alloy and aged alloy samples have been investigated. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometery and scanning electron microscope attached energy spectrometer were used to characterize the microstructure and phase composition for the alloy. Net shaped tau-Mg-32(Al,Zn)(49) phase was obtained at the grain boundary, and needle-like or blocky Al11RE3 phase disperses in grain boundary and alpha-Mg matrix. The tau-Mg-32(Al,Zn)(49) phase disappeared during solution treatment and a new phase of Al(2)CeZn2 formed during subsequent age treatment. The mechanical properties were performed by universal testing machine at room temperature, 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C, separately. The ultimate tensile strength of as-cast alloy is lower compared to an age treatment alloy at 200 degrees C for 12h. The strengths decreased with enhancing test temperature, but elongation has not been effect by age treatment.

Preparation and physical properties of enhanced radiation induced crosslinking of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)

Preparation and physical properties of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) crosslinked by enhanced radiation have been studied through various methods. It was found that the most effective agent for irradiation-crosslinking was triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) among four kinds of polyfunctional monomers. Gel content (65.6%) was formed for EVOH-44 (content of ethylene is 44 mol%) at 200 kGy with 5% TAIC, but for EVOH-32 (content of ethylene is 32 mol%), only 37.4% gel content was formed under the same conditions. This result showed that the more the content of ethylene units comprised in EVOH, the easier the chemical bonds could be formed between different molecular chains. Tensile strength and elastic modulus increased after crosslinking at high test temperature and elongation at break decreased at the same time. Hygroscopicity of EVOH showed noticeable decrease after enhancement radiation-crosslinking.

The mechanical and thermal behaviors of glass bead filled polypropylene

Notch Izod impact strength of poly(propylene) (PP)/glass bead blends was studied as a function of temperature. The results indicated that the toughness for various blends could undergo a brittle-ductile transition (BDT) with increasing temperature. The BDT temperature (T-BD) decreased with increasing glass bead content. Introducing the interparticle distance (ID) concept into the study, it was found that the critical interparticle distance (IDc) reduced with increasing test temperature correspondingly. The static tensile tests showed that the Young's modulus of the blends decreased slightly first and thereafter increased with increasing glass bead content. However, the yield stress decreased considerably with the increase in glass bead content. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements revealed that the heat-deflection temperature of the PP could be much improved by the incorporation of glass beads. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (T-g) increased obviously with increasing glass beads content. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results implied that the addition of glass beads could change the crystallinity as well as the melting temperature of the PP slightly.

Brittle-ductile transition in PP/EPDM blends: effect of notch radius

The toughness of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) blends was studied over wide ranges of EPDM content and temperature. In order to study the effect of notch radius (R), the toughness of the samples with different notch radii was determined from Izod impact test. The results showed that both toughness and brittle-ductile transition (BDT) of the blends were a function of R, respectively. At test temperatures, the toughness tended to decrease with increasing 1/R for various PP/EPDM blends. Moreover, the brittle-ductile transition temperature (T-BT) increased with increasing 1/R, whereas the critical interparticle distance (IDc) reduced with increasing 1/R. Finally, it was found that the different curves of IDc versus test temperature (T) for different notches reduced down to a master curve if plotting IDc versus T-BT(m)-T, where T-BT(m) was the T-BT of PP itself for a given notch, indicating that T-BT(m)-T was a more universal parameter that determined the BDT of polymers. This conclusion was well in agreement with the theoretical prediction.

The influence of twinning on the hot working flow stress and microstructural evolution of magnesium alloy AZ31

The microstructural evolution during compression (at 350°C and a strain rate of 0.01s-1) was examined for magnesium alloy AZ31 received in the "as-cast" condition. It was revealed that at low strains, many twins are produced and dynamically recrystallized (DRX) grains form as a necklace along pre-existing grain boundaries. At higher strains, DRX stagnates, most likely due to the accommodation of deformation in the DRX fraction of the material. It was also observed that twin boundaries act as sites for the nucleation of DRX grains. The analysis was repeated for samples pre-compressed to a strain of 0.15 at room temperature prior to the hot deformation step. The idea of these additional tests was to increase the degree of twinning and therefore the density of sites for the nucleation of DRX. It was found that statically recrystallized (SRX) grains developed at the twins during heating to the test temperature. When these samples were deformed, the peak flow stress was reduced by approximately 20% and the development of DRX was enhanced. This can be attributed to the accelerated nucleation of DRX in the refined SRX structure.

Deformation modes and anisotropy in magnesium alloy AZ31

A strongly textured sheet of magnesium alloy AZ31 has been subjected to tensile testing at temperatures between ambient and 300°C. Structures have been examined by optical and transmission electron microscopy and also by atomic force microscopy to quantify surface displacements seen at grain boundaries. Plastic anisotropy varies strongly with test temperature as was observed previously by Agnew and Duygulu. The present findings do not support the view that crystallographic <c + a> becomes a major contributor to deformation at higher temperatures. Rather, the material behaviour reflects an increasing contribution from grain boundary sliding despite the relatively high strain rate (I 0^-3 s^-1) used in the mechanical tests.