Estimativa de crescimento de carvão-vermelho (Diptychandra aurantiaca), capitão (Terminalia argentea) e timbó (Magonia pubescens) no Pantanal, MS.

2009

Autocorrelação espacial em população natural de Terminalia argentea Mart et Succ. no cerrado de Selvíria, MS

The objective of this study was determine the spatial distribution of genotypes of Terminalia argentea Mart et Suce. (Capitão-do-campo) in a natural population, aiming to outline strategy to genetic conservation in situ and ex situ. The population (Terminalia argentea) is located in an area of cerrado on the Teaching and Research Farm of FEIS / UNESP. It was sampled seeds in 30 trees to determine the biochemistry and technological traits. The trees were also located per GPS apparatus, with objective of obtaining geographic coordinate and to analysis the genotype spatial structure from I Moran Index. The analysis of spatial autocorrelations, from I Moran index, indicated the tendency of a larger structure among trees near spatially. In another hand, trees distant spatially showed smaller similarity. The spatial structure was more visible in a ray of 353m.

Estimating the aboveground biomass and wood volume of savanna woodlands in Brazil's Pantanal wetlands based on allometric correlations

The quantity and distribution of vegetal biomass are important aspects to consider in ecosystem studies. However, little information is available about Brazil's Pantanal woodland savannas. This work involved the development of regression equations of the aerial biomass and wood volume of native tree species in a region of woodland savanna on Rio Negro farm in the Pantanal of Nhecolandia, Brazil. Samples were taken from 10 trees of each of five species: Protium heptaphyllum (Aub1.) Marchand, Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil., Diptychandra aurantiaca Tul., Terminalia argentea Mart. and Zucc. and Licania minutiflora (Sagot) Fritsch and from a miscellaneous group of I I different species. Linear and nonlinear regression analyses were developed relating the diameter at breast height to the dry weight of wood, branches and leaves, wood volume and total aerial biomass. All the regressions showed a significance of P < 0.05 and an R-2 close to or above 0.8. The biomass curve predicted by linear regression analysis of the studied species was similar to the nonlinear regression, with the exception of L. minutiflora and the miscellaneous group. The breast height diameter proved a good choice for estimating biomass and wood volume. The estimated wood volume and biomass of the Pantanal woodland savanna is crucial information for understanding the carbon cycle and for ensuring the region's conservation and sustainable use. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Espécies arbóreas que ocorrem na região do Bolsão Sul-Mato-Grossense e variação genética para caracteres silviculturais em um teste de progênies com três espécies em consórcio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Distribuição natural de espécies arbóreas em áreas com diferentes níveis de antropização e relação com os atributos químicos do solo

With the emergence of areas degraded by human activities, the chemical soil properties and silvicultural characters became important in understanding the succession process of tree species and planning of landscape restoration. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of tree species in areas with different levels of human disturbance, relating silvicultural aspects to the soil chemical properties and characterizing the type of vegetation, for integration of genetic conservation program in situ. The study was conducted in the area of Research and Extension Experimental Farm (FEPE) from UNESP, Ilha Solteira, in Selviria - MS. Through transect, 64 plots were marked 50 m equidistant with dimensions of 10 x 10 m, where: 29 plots were in an highly disturbed area (HDA), five in moderately disturbed area (MDA), 15 in lowly disturbed area (LDA), six in riparian stream of Vestia river (Riparian Forest) and nine in the legal reserve. Soil samples were collected at two depths (0.0 to 0.20 and 0.20 to 0.40 m) for the chemical analysis and the assessment of silvicultural characters, such as height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and shape. The study of the natural distribution of tree species and edaphic condition in the different evaluated areas showed that: the soil chemical properties associated with the level of human disturbance and conservation of the areas are influencing the natural occurrence, species diversity and development of the trees. Height, DBH and shape are good indicators to assess the growth of the tree community and relate them to soil chemical properties; LDA and legal reserve presented higher natural occurrence, number of individuals and number of species. In the riparian forest, basal area values, height, shape and chemical soil properties were higher. From the 97 species found, six have the potential to be used in a program of genetic conservation in situ. They are: Astronium fraxinifolium, Terminalia argentea, Curatella americana, Cupania vernalis, Qualea jundiahy and Andira cuyabensis.

Variação genética para caracteres silviculturais em três espécies arbóreas da região do bolsão sul-mato-grossense.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a variação genética e a seleção das melhores progênies de Myracrodruon urundeuva, Astronium fraxinifolium e Terminalia argentea, quanto aos caracteres de crescimento, em Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul. O teste de progênie foi instalado utilizando o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 28 tratamentos, quatro repetições e dez plantas por parcela em linhas simples, no espaçamento 1,5 x 3,0 m. Aos 14 anos de idade, as progênies foram avaliadas quantos aos caracteres: altura (ALT); diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP); diâmetro médio da copa (DMC); forma do tronco (FT, escala de notas, variando de 1 a 5) e sobrevivência (SOB). Foram encontradas altas herdabilidades entre médias de progênies para os caracteres DAP (0,67), DMC (0,57) e forma do tronco (0,83), respectivamente. O ganho predito para DAP indica que a seleção baseada em informações, tanto de progênies, quanto de indivíduos dentro de progênies foram substanciais, o que denota uma boa perspectiva de exploração da variabilidade genética ao longo de um programa de melhoramento genético para as espécies estudadas, assim como o estabelecimento de estratégias para futura formação de um pomar de sementes.

Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities of some plant extracts of African Combretum Loefl., Terminalia L. and Pteleopsis Engl. species

In Africa various species of Combretum, Terminalia and Pteleopsis are used in traditional medicine. Despite of this, some species of these genera have still not been studied for their biological effects to validate their traditional uses. The aim of this work has been to document the ethnomedicinal uses of several species of Combretum and Terminalia in Mbeya region, south-western Tanzania, and to use this information for finding species with good antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. During a five weeks expedition to Tanzania in spring 1999 sixteen different species of Combretum and Terminalia, as well as Pteleopsis myrtifolia were collected from various locations in the districts of Mbeya, Iringa and Dar-es-Salaam. Traditional healers in seven different villages in the Mbeya region were interviewed in Swahili and Nyakyusa on the medicinal uses of Combretum and Terminalia species shown to them. A questionnaire was used during the interviews. The results of the interviews correlated well between different villages, the same species being used in similar ways in different villages. Of the ten species shown to the healers six were frequently used for treatment of skin diseases, bacterial infections, diarrhea, oedema and wounds. The dried plants were most commonly prepared into hot water decoctions or mixed into maize porridge, Ugali. Infusions made from dried or fresh plant material were also common. Wounds and topical infections were treated with ointments made from the dried plant material mixed with sheep fat. Twenty-one extracts of six species of Combretum and four of Terminalia, collected from Tanzania, were screened for their antibacterial effects against two gram-negative and five gram-positive bacteria, as well as the yeast, Candida albicans, using an agar diffusion method. Most of the screened plants showed substantial antimicrobial activity. A methanolic root extract of T. sambesiaca showed the most potent antibacterial effects of all the plant species screened, and gave a MIC value of 0.9 mg/ml against Enterobacter aerogenes. Also root extracts of T. sericea and T. kaiserana gave excellent antimicrobial effects, and notably a hot water extract of T. sericea was as potent as extracts of this species made from EtOH and MeOH. Thus, the traditional way of preparing T. sericea into hot water decoctions seems to extract antimicrobial compounds. Thirty-five extracts of five species of Terminalia, ten of Combretum and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were screened for their antifungal effects against five species of yeast (Candida spp.) and Cryptococcus neoformans. The species differed from each other to their antifungal effects, some being very effective whereas others showed no antifungal effects. The most effective extracts showed antifungal effects comparable to the standard antibiotics itraconazol and amphotericin B. Species of Terminalia gave in general stronger antifungal effects than those of Combretum. The best effects were obtained with methanolic root extracts of T. sambesiaca, T. sericea and T. kaiserana, and this investigation indicates that decoctions of these species might be used for treatment of HIV-related fungal infections. Twenty-seven crude extracts of eight species of Combretum, five of Terminalia and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines (HeLa, cervical carcinoma; MCF 7, breast carcinoma, T 24 bladder carcinoma) and one endothelial cell line (BBCE, bovine brain capillary endothelial cells). The most outstanding effects were obtained with a leaf extract of Combretum fragrans, which nearly totally inhibited the proliferation of T 24 and HeLa cells at a concentration of 25 ug/ml and inhibited 60 % of the growth of the HeLa cells at a concentration of 4.3 ug/ml. The species of Terminalia were less cytotoxically potent than the Combretum species, although T. sericea and T. sambesiaca gave good cytotoxic effects (< 30 % proliferation). In summary this study indicates that some of the species of Terminalia, Combretum and Pteleopsis, used in Tanzanian traditional medicine, are powerful inhibitors of both microbial and cancer cell growth. In depth studies would be needed to find the active compounds behind these biological activities.

Antiulcerogenic activity of Terminalia chebula fruit in experimentally induced ulcer in rats

Objective: The present study is to evaluate the antiulcer effect of hydroalcoholic (70%) extract of Terminalia chebula fruit. Materials and methods: Aspirin, ethanol and cold restraint stress-induced ulcer methods in rats were used for the study. The effects of the extract on gastric secretions, pH, total and free acidity using pylorus ligated methods were also evaluated. Results: Animals pretreated with doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract showed significant reduction in lesion index, total affected area and percentage of lesion in comparison with control group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in the aspirin, ethanol and cold restraint stress-induced ulcer models. Similarly extracts increased mucus production in aspirin and ethanol-induced ulcer models. At doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg of T. chebula extract showed antisecretory activity in pylorus ligated model, which lead to a reduction in the gastric juice volume, free acidity, total acidity, and significantly increased gastric pH. Discussion and conclusion: These findings indicate that hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit T. chebula displays potential antiulcerogenic activity. This activity thus lends pharmacological credence to the suggested use of the plant as a natural remedy in the treatment or management of ulcer.

Antitumor and antioxidant status of Terminalia catappa against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antitumor and antioxidant status of ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa leaves against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: The leaves powder was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus and subjected to hot continuous percolation using ethanol (95% v/v). Tumor bearing animals was treated with 50 and 200 mg/kg of ethanol extract. EAC induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of EAC cells 1 x 10(6) cells/mice. The study was assed using life span of EAC-bearing hosts, hematological parameters, volume of solid tumor mass and status of antioxidant enzymes such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents from the leaves extract were also determined. Results: Total phenolics and flavonoids contents from the leaves extract were found 354.02 and 51.67 mg/g extract. Oral administration of ethanol extract of T. catappa (50 and 200 mg/kg) increased the life span (27.82% and 60.59%), increased peritoneal cell count (8.85 +/- 0.20 and 10.37 +/- 0.26) and significantly decreased solid tumor mass (1.16 +/- 0.14 cm(2)) at 200 mg/kg as compared with EAC-tumor bearing mice (P < 0.01). Hematological profile including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin (11.91 +/- 0.47 % g) and protein estimation were found to be nearly normal levels in extract-treated mice compared with tumor bearing control mice. Treatment with T. catappa significantly decreased levels of LPO and GSH, and increased levels of SOD and CAT activity (P < 0.01). Conclusion: T. catappa exhibited antitumor effect by modulating LPO and augmenting antioxidant defense systems in EAC bearing mice. The phenolic and flavonoid components in this extract may be responsible for antitumor activity.

Terminalia paniculata bark extract attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver via down regulation of fatty acid synthase in high fat diet-fed obese rats

Background: This study was performed to understand the possible therapeutic activity of Terminalia paniculata ethanolic extract (TPEE) on non alcoholic fatty liver in rats fed with high fat diet. Methods: Thirty six SD rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 6): Normal control (NC), high fat diet (HFD), remaining four groups were fed on HFD along with different doses of TPEE (100,150 and 200 mg/kg b.wt) or orlistat, for ten weeks. Liver tissue was homogenized and analyzed for lipid profiles, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Further, the expression levels of FAS and AMPK-1 alpha were also studied in addition to histopathology examination of liver tissue in all the groups. Results: HFD significantly increased hepatic liver total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA) and MDA but decreased the activities of SOD and CAT which were subsequently reversed by supplementation with TPEE in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TPEE administration significantly down regulated hepatic mRNA expression of FAS but up regulated AMPK-1 alpha compared to HFD alone fed group. Furthermore, western blot analysis of FAS has clearly demonstrated decreased expression of FAS in HFD + TPEE (200 mg/kg b. wt) treated group when compared to HFD group at protein level. Conclusions: Our biochemical studies on hepatic lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities supported by histological and expression studies suggest a potential therapeutic role for TPEE in regulating obesity through FAS.

Evaluation of anti-obesity activities of ethanolic extract of Terminalia paniculata bark on high fat diet-induced obese rats

Background: The prevalence and severity of obesity and associated co-morbidities are rapidly increasing across the world. Natural products-based drug intervention has been proposed as one of the crucial strategies for management of obesity ailments. This study was designed to investigate the anti-obesity activities of ethanolic extract of Terminalia paniculata bark (TPEE) on high fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods: LC-MS/MS analysis was done for ethanolic extract of T. paniculata bark. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups of six each, normal diet fed (NC), high fat diet-fed (HFD), HFD+ orlistat (standard drug control) administered, and remaining three groups were fed with HFD + TPEE in different doses (100,150 and 200 mg/kg b. wt). For induction of obesity rats were initially fed with HFD for 9 weeks, then, (TPEE) was supplemented along with HFD for 42 days. Changes in body weight, body composition, blood glucose, insulin, tissue and serum lipid profiles, atherogenic index, liver markers, and expression of adipogenesis-related genes such as leptin, adiponectin, FAS, PPARgamma, AMPK-1alpha and SREBP-1c, were studied in experimental rats. Also, histopathological examination of adipose tissue was carried out. Results: Supplementation of TPEE reduced significantly (P < 0.05) body weight, total fat, fat percentage, atherogenic index, blood glucose, insulin, lipid profiles and liver markers in HFD-fed groups, in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of adipogenesis-related genes such as Leptin, FAS, PPARgamma, and SREBP-1c were down regulated while Adiponectin and AMPK-1alpha were up regulated in TPEE + HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, histopathological examination of adipose tissue revealed the alleviating effect of TPEE which is evident by reduced size of adipocytes. Conclusions: Together, the biochemical, histological and molecular studies unambiguously demonstrate the potential anti adipogenic and anti obesity activities of TPEE promoting it as a formidable candidate to develop anti obesity drug.

Producción de biomasa de Cratylia argentea bajo diferentes densidades de siembra y frecuencias de corte en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca "Santa Rosa" propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, localizada geográficamente a 12°08'15" de latitud Norte y 86°09'36" de longitud Este, en el departamento de Managua, en los meses de octubre 2001 a septiembre 2002, se utilizó un diseño de Bloques completamente al azar, con arreglo en parcelas divididas. Se evaluaron los efectos de tres densidades de siembra (40,000, 20,000 y 10,000 Plantas/ha) y tres frecuencias de corte (8, 12 y 16 semanas) sobre la producción de Biomasa de Cratylia argentea. Las variables evaluadas fueron Materia Fresca Total (MFT), Materia Fresca Fracción Fina (MFFF), Materia Fresca Fracción Gruesa (MFFG), Porcentaje de Materia Seca (PMS), Materia Seca Total (MST), Materia Seca Fracción Fina (MSFF), Altura, Tasa de Crecimiento (TC) y Ceniza. Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparaciones con la Prueba de Tukey utilizando MINITAB, versión 13.0. Los resultados en el análisis de varianza (P<0,05) mostraron que la densidad de siembra de 40,000pl/ba presentó los mayores resultados sobre las variables, MFT (59.93 Ton/ha/Año), MFFF (43.5 Ton/ha/Afio), MFFG (13.34 Ton/ha/Año), MST (14.86 Ton MS ha/Año), MSFF (10.59 Ton MS ha/Año) y TC (52.33 Kg MS ha/día), las densidades de siembra no afectaron las variables altura, TC y PMS, la frecuencia de corte de 16 semanas mostró los mejores resultados para las variables MFT (59.58 Ton/ha/Año), MFFG (15.45 Ton/ha/Año), %MS (28.51 %), MST (16.15 Ton MS ha/Año), MSFF (8.75 Ton MS/ha/Año), altura (147.74 cm), Ceniza (12.92 %) y TC (60.06 kg MS ha/día), excepto para MFFF.

Producción de biomasa de Cratylia argentea bajo diferentes densidades de siembra y frecuencias de corte en el trópico seco de Managua, Nicaragua

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo de septiembre 2002 a septiembre 2003 en la finca Santa Rosa propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada al norte de la Comunidad de Sabana Grande en el municipio de Managua, Nicaragua. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de Bloques Completamente al Azar, con arreglo de parcelas divididas. Se evaluaron los efectos de tres densidades de siembra (40,000, 20,000 y 10,000 plantas/ha) y tres frecuencias de corte (8, 12 y 16 semanas) sobre la producción de biomasa de Cratylia argentea. Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparaciones con la prueba de Tukey, utilizando MlNlTAB, Versión 13.0; en las variables Materia Fresca Total (MFT), Materia Fresca Fracción Fina (MFFF), Materia Fresca Fracción Gruesa (MFFG), Porcentaje de Materia Seca (%MS), Cenizas, Rendimiento de Materia Seca Total (RMST), Rendimiento de Materia Seca Fracción Fina (RMSFF), Altura, y Tasa de Crecimiento (TC). El Análisis de Varianza (P<0.05) demostró que la densidad de siembra (40,000 plantas/ha) ofreció los mayores resultados en las variables MFT (59.19 ton/ha/año), MFFF (44.51 ton/ha/año), MFFG (13.88 ton/ha/año), RMST (18.00 ton/ha/año), RMSFF (13.26 ton/ha/año), y TC (33.39 kg/ha/día), las densidades de siembra no afectaron a las variables %MS, Cenizas y Altura. La frecuencia de corte de 16 semanas, presentó los mejores resultados en las variables MFT (53.13 ton/ha/año), MFFG (18.31 ton/ha/año), % MS (34.83%), %Cenizas (15.67%) RMST (18.38 ton/ha/año), RMSFF (12.11 ton/ha/año), Altura (162.30 cm). Las frecuencias de corte no tuvieron ningún efecto sobre MFFF y TC. En la época de lluvia se obtuvieron los mejores resultados para TC (41.51 kg MS/ha/día) y en la época de seca para o/oMS (32.53%) y cenizas (13.85%) el resto de variables no fueron afectadas por el efecto de época del año.

Efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra y alturas de corte sobre la producción de biomasa y composición quimica de Cratylia argentea

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca Santa Rosa, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), De partamento de Managua, localizada geográficamente a 12º08 ́15 ̈ latitud Norte y a 86º09 ́36 ̈ longitud Este, en el período Julio 2005-Julio 2006. Se evaluó el efecto de tres densidades de siembras (40 000, 20000 y 10 000 plantas/ha) y tres alturas de corte (20, 40 y 60 cm.) sobre la producción de biomasa y composición química de Cratylia argentea. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de Bloque Completamente al Azar con 4 repeticiones con arreglo de Parcelas Divididas, a las parcelas principales se les asignó la densidad de plantas y a las subparcelas las alturas de corte. Los resultados del análisis de vari anza (p<0.05) mostraron que la densidad de siembra de 40 000 plantas/ha presentó estadísticamente (P<0.05) diferencias altamente significativas dando los ma yores rendimientos para Materia Fresca Total (58.9 t/ha/año), Materia Seca Total (17.6 t/ha/año) y Altura de Planta (97.5 cm). No se encontró diferencias significativas entre densidades de siembra en contenido de MS,FDN, FDA y DIVMS, sin embargo, la densidad de siembra de 20 000 plantas/ha, presentó el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (21.1%).La altura de corte de 60 cm mostró significativamente (P<0.05) los mejores resultados para MFT (57.5 t/ha/año), MST (18.1 t/ha/año) y Altura de Plantas ( 115.6 cm). No se encontró diferencias estadísticas entre alturas de corte para contenido de MS y hemicelulosa, no obstante la altura de corte de 20 cm mostró el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (22.6%) y DIVMS (60.8%). La altura de corte de 60 cm presentó los mayores (P<0.05) contenidos de FDN (51.6%) y FDA (37.7%). No se encontró interacción entre densidades de siembra y alturas de corte.