Tratamento de borra de petróleo com sistemas microemulsionados

During the storage of oil, sludge is formed in the bottoms of tanks, due to decantation, since the sludge is composed of a large quantity of oil (heavy petroleum fractions), water and solids. The oil sludge is a complex viscous mixture which is considered as a hazardous waste. It is then necessary to develop methods and technologies that optimize the cleaning process, oil extraction and applications in industry. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the composition of the oil sludge, to obtain and characterize microemulsion systems (MES), and to study their applications in the treatment of sludge. In this context, the Soxhlet extraction of crude oil sludge and aged sludge was carried out, and allowing to quantify the oil (43.9 % and 84.7 % - 13 ºAPI), water (38.7 % and 9.15 %) and solid (17.3 % and 6.15 %) contents, respectively. The residues were characterized using the techniques of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Xray diffraction (XRD) and transmission Infrared (FT-IR). The XRF technique determined the presence of iron and sulfur in higher proportions, confirming by XRD the presence of the following minerals: Pyrite (FeS2), Pyrrhotite (FeS) and Magnetite (Fe3O4). The FT-IR showed the presence of heavy oil fractions. In parallel, twelve MES were prepared, combining the following constituents: two nonionic surfactants (Unitol L90 and Renex 110 - S), three cosurfactants (butanol, sec-butanol and isoamyl alcohol - C), three aqueous phase (tap water - ADT, acidic solution 6 % HCl, and saline solution - 3.5 % NaCl - AP) and an oil phase (kerosene - OP). From the obtained systems, a common point was chosen belonging to the microemulsion region (25 % [C+S] 5 % OP and AP 70 %), which was characterized at room temperature (25°C) by viscosity (Haake Rheometer Mars), particle diameter (Zeta Plus) and thermal stability. Mixtures with this composition were applied to oil sludge solubilization under agitation at a ratio of 1:4, by varying time and temperature. The efficiencies of solubilization were obtained excluding the solids, which ranged between 73.5 % and 95 %. Thus, two particular systems were selected for use in storage tanks, with efficiencies of oil sludge solubilization over 90 %, which proved the effectiveness of the MES. The factorial design delimited within the domain showed how the MES constituents affect the solubilization of aged oil sludge, as predictive models. The MES A was chosen as the best system, which solubilized a high amount of aged crude oil sludge (~ 151.7 g / L per MES)

Extração do óleo e caracterização dos resíduos da borra de petróleo para fins de reuso

The petroleum industry, in consequence of an intense activity of exploration and production, is responsible by great part of the generation of residues, which are considered toxic and pollutants to the environment. Among these, the oil sludge is found produced during the production, transportation and refine phases. This work had the purpose to develop a process to recovery the oil present in oil sludge, in order to use the recovered oil as fuel or return it to the refining plant. From the preliminary tests, were identified the most important independent variables, like: temperature, contact time, solvents and acid volumes. Initially, a series of parameters to characterize the oil sludge was determined to characterize its. A special extractor was projected to work with oily waste. Two experimental designs were applied: fractional factorial and Doehlert. The tests were carried out in batch process to the conditions of the experimental designs applied. The efficiency obtained in the oil extraction process was 70%, in average. Oil sludge is composed of 36,2% of oil, 16,8% of ash, 40% of water and 7% of volatile constituents. However, the statistical analysis showed that the quadratic model was not well fitted to the process with a relative low determination coefficient (60,6%). This occurred due to the complexity of the oil sludge. To obtain a model able to represent the experiments, the mathematical model was used, the so called artificial neural networks (RNA), which was generated, initially, with 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 neurons in the hidden layer, 64 experimental results and 10000 presentations (interactions). Lesser dispersions were verified between the experimental and calculated values using 4 neurons, regarding the proportion of experimental points and estimated parameters. The analysis of the average deviations of the test divided by the respective training showed up that 2150 presentations resulted in the best value parameters. For the new model, the determination coefficient was 87,5%, which is quite satisfactory for the studied system

Avaliação de diferentes processos oxidativos avançados no tratamento de resíduos de petróleo

The petroleum industry deals with problems which are difficult to solve because of their relation to environmental issues. This is because amounts of residue are generated which vary in type and danger level. The soil contamination by non aqueous liquid phase mixtures, specifically hydrocarbon petroleum has been a reason for great concern, mainly the aromatic and polycyclic aromatic, which present risk to human health due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic character. The Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOP) are efficient technologies for destruction of organic compounds of difficult degradation and, often, they are present in low concentrations. They can be considered clean technologies, because there is no formation of solid by-products or the transfer of pollutor phases. This work focuses on the study of the degradation of petroleum industrial waste, by Advanced Oxidation Processes. Treatments tackling petroleum residues, contaminated soil, and water occurring in the production of petroleum reached the following Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) degradation levels: solid residues 100% in 96 treatment hours; water residue - 100% in 6 treatment hours; soil contamination (COT degradation) - 50.3% in 12 treatment hours. AOP were effective in dealing with petroleum residues thus revealing themselves to be a promising treatment alternative

Sistema microemulsionado: caracterização e aplicação na indústria de petróleo

Alkyl polyethoxylates are surfactants widely used in vastly different fields, from oil exploitation to pharmaceutical applications. One of the most interesting characteristics of these surfactants is their ability to form micellar systems with specific geometry, the so-called wormlike micelle. In this work, microemulsions with three distinct compositions (C/T = 40 %, 30 % and 25 %) was used with contain UNITOL / butanol / water / xylene, cosurfactant / surfactante (C/S) ratio equal to 0,5. The microemulsion was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), capillary viscometry, torque rheometry and surface tensiometry experiments carried out with systems based on xylene, water, butanol (cosurfactant) and nonaethyleneglycolmonododecyl ether (surfactant), with fixed surfactant:cosurfactant:oil composition (with and without oil phase) and varying the overall concentration of the microemulsion. The results showed that a transition from wormlike micelles to nanodrops was characterized by maximum relative viscosity (depending on how relative viscosity was defined), which was connected to maximum effective diameter, determined by DLS. Surface tension suggested that adsorption at the air water interface had a Langmuir character and that the limiting value of the surfactant surface excess was independent of the presence of cosurfactant and xylene. The results of the solubilization of oil sludge and oil recovery with the microemulsion: C/S = 40%, 30% and 25% proved to be quite effective in solubilization of oil sludge, with the percentage of solubilization (%solubilization) as high as 92.37% and enhanced oil recovery rates up to 90.22% for the point with the highest concentration of active material (surfactant), that is, 40%.

Aplicação de microemulsão na recuperação de petróleo de reservatórios carbonáticos

The large investment in exploration activities offshore Brazil has generated new findings, generally in carbonate reservoirs, with different wettability conditions usually considered in the sandstone, strongly water-wet. In general, the carbonates reservoirs tend to be oil-wet, it difficult to mobilize of oil these reservoirs. These oils can be mobilized by different methods, or it may reverse the wettability of the surface of the reservoir and facilitate the flow of oil, improving production rates. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the influence of inversion on the wettability of the rock in the production and recovery of petroleum from carbonate reservoirs, using microemulsions. Three systems were chosen with different classes of surfactants: a cationic (C16TAB), an anionic (SDS) and nonionic (Unitol L90). Studies of the influence of salinity on the formation of the microemulsion as well as the characterization of fluids using density and viscosity measurements were also performed. To verify the potential of microemulsion systems in changing the wettability state of the chalk oil-wet to water-wet, contact angle measurements were performed using chalk of neutral-wet as surface material. Overall, with respect to the ionic character of the surfactants tested, the cationic surfactant (C16TAB) had a greater potential for reversal in wettability able to transform the rock wettability neutral to strongly water-wet, when compared with the anionic surfactant (SDS) and nonionic (Unitol L90), which showed similar behavior, improving the wettability of the rock to water. The microemulsions of all surfactants studied were effective in oil recovery, resulting in 76.92% for the system with C16TAB, 67.42% for the SDS and 66.30% for Unitol L90 of residual oil

Desenvolvimento de tensoativos e sistemas microemulsionados para recuperação de petróleo

The high concentration of residual oil is one of the greatest problems found in petroleum mature fields. In these reservoirs, different enhanced oil recovery methods (EOR) can be used, highlighting the microemulsion injection. The microemulsion has showed to be efficient in petroleum recovery due to its ability to promote an efficient displacement of the petroleum, acting directly in the residual oil. In this way, this research has as objective the study of microemulsion systems obtained using a commercial surfactant (TP), determining microemulsion thermal stabilities and selecting points inside the pseudoternary phases diagram, evaluating its efficiencies and choosing the best system, that has the following composition: TP as surfactant (S), isopropyl alcohol as co-surfactant (C), kerosene as oil phase, water as aqueous phase, C/S ratio = 1, and 5% sodium p-toluenesulfonate as hydrotope; being observed the following parameters for the selection of the best pseudoternary phases diagram: C/S ratio, co-surfactant nature and addition of hydrotope to the system. The efficiency in petroleum recovery was obtained using two sandstone formation systems: Assu and Botucatu. The study of thermal stabilities showed that as the concentration of active matter in the system increased, the thermal stability also increased. The best thermal stability was obtained using point F (79.56 0C). The system that presented the best recovery percentile between the three selected (3) was composed by: 70% C/S, 2% kerosene and 28% water, with 94% of total recovery efficiency and 60% with microemulsion injection, using the Botucatu formation, that in a general way presented greater efficiencies as compared with the Assu one (81.3% of total recovery efficiency and 38.3% with microemulsion injection)

Avaliação da influência da fermentação fúngica em estado sólido na obtenção de compostos fenólicos a partir de resíduos de café

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Indicadores para o cálculo de resíduos nos planos de prevenção e gestão, e sua aplicação prática

O Trabalho Final de Mestrado (Dissertação) desenvolvido no âmbito da temática dos Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) procurou consubstanciar o cálculo de indicadores de apoio à aferição das quantidades de RCD, aplicáveis no respectivo Plano de Prevenção e Gestão (PPG). A actividade realizada resultou da premência que esta matéria apresenta no panorama actual do sector da Construção Civil, mais concretamente na fase de Projecto de Execução. A adequada avaliação das quantidades de RCD que se prevê gerar permitirá criar condições para uma correcta gestão dos RCD na fase de Obra, acautelando a prevenção da produção e da perigosidade, o recurso à triagem na origem, à reciclagem e a outras formas de valorização. Ao determinar a composição dos resíduos de acordo com o tipo de construção, providencia-se uma base de conhecimento muito útil à elaboração dos PPGRCD, suportando a integração a montante de medidas de prevenção e reutilização, permitindo a escolha antecipada das adequadas operações de recolha, transporte, armazenagem, triagem, tratamento, valorização e eliminação. Para se atingir os objectivos pretendidos, foi essencial realizar uma avaliação do estado da arte na Europa relativamente a esta matéria concreta, bem como um ponto de situação em Portugal. Estas actividades procuraram obter, das experiências consultadas, a informação relativa aos índices actualmente disponíveis. A aplicação prática dos índices foi acompanhada em obras de construção de natureza diversa (edifícios habitacionais, de escritórios e hospitalar) de modo a analisar a aplicabilidade dos valores obtidos em estudos consultados, retirando-se as necessárias ilações da comparação entre os indicadores disponíveis e aqueles que foram obtidos nas obras analisadas. O estudo realizado incidiu sobre a construção nova, uma vez que representa uma fonte de informação com dados representativos e completos, considerando-se que as respectivas conclusões são um contributo para a biblioteca de informação que permitirá uma maior segurança na quantificação dos resíduos previstos gerar em função das obras tipo analisadas.

Potencial poluidor de resíduo sólido da Samarco Mineração: estudo de caso da barragem de Germano

Foram estudadas amostras de resíduo sólido da Barragem de Germano, da Samarco Mineração S.A. Tal barragem localiza-se no município de Mariana-MG. Sua principal função é coletar os efluentes do tratamento do minério de ferro processado no Complexo de Germano. Este resíduo foi submetido a testes de classificação, de acordo com as Normas ABNT 10004, 10005, 10006 e 10007. Constatou-se que o resíduo é classe III (inerte) e que os testes mostraram a grande capacidade deste material na retenção de metais pesados e de cromo.

Incorporação de resíduos industriais em concreto betuminoso usinado à quente

Um dos maiores desafios da sociedade moderna é a descoberta de novas alternativas para a destinação de resíduos gerados em processos produtivos na indústria, que diminuam a degradação ambiental visando o progresso sustentável. A mudança na forma de enfrentar o problema, passando a valorizar o resíduo tratando-o com “status” de matéria-prima, através da incorporação em misturas asfálticas, minimiza a exploração de matéria-prima natural com ganho ambiental, tecnológico e econômico. Nesta pesquisa, aplicam-se métodos tradicionais de laboratório e de campo, que possibilitam avaliar o comportamento estrutural e ambiental da camada asfáltica com os resíduos industriais incorporados. Apresentam-se as propriedades avaliadas, comparando-as com propriedades usualmente verificadas em misturas do tipo cbuq, analisando as vantagens e desvantagens, a fim de estabelecer metodologia padronizada para avaliação do desempenho das misturas asfálticas estudadas, auxiliando àqueles que tem interesse na utilização de “ melhor compreensão da natureza dos materiais e quais propriedades necessitam ser avaliadas para possibilitar o seu uso em aplicações de pavimentos. A aplicação da metodologia Marshall, de ensaios de resistência à tração e módulo de resiliência mostraram comportamento mecânico adequado, e as relações de MR/Rt forneceram indicativo de leve aumento na rigidez e vida de fadiga semelhante às misturas convencionais Para avaliação ambiental os métodos empregados basearam-se nas exigências preconizadas pela ABNT, referentes à amostragem, classificação, lixiviação e solubilização de resíduos, não sendo observadas alterações na emissão de contaminantes. Os resultados mostraram o potencial da abordagem realizada, demonstrando que podem ser aplicados os mesmos métodos, procedimentos e equipamentos usualmente empregados na pavimentação rodoviária. Por fim, apresentam-se metodologia empregada na implantação de um trecho experimental, sob ação de cargas reais de tráfego e variações climáticas, e proposta de monitoramento ao longo da vida útil do pavimento, a fim de verificar o comportamento e estabelecer padrões de desempenho de misturas asfálticas incorporadas com resíduos industriais.

O gerenciamento dos resíduos dos serviços de saúde de uma amostra de hospitais nacionais

O presente trabalho constitui o Relatório Final de um projeto de pesquisa financiado pelo Núcleo de Pesquisas e Publicações da FGV-EAESP. Analisam-se nele os Planos de Gestão de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde PGRSS de uma amostra de 70 hospitais nacionais, elaborados em 2003, como resultado de um curso de educação a distância, ministrado por um consórcio formado entre a Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina e a Fundação Getulio Vargas. O curso foi sugerido pela UNESCO e financiado por bancos internacionais, com intermediação do REFORSUS. Para cada Plano, foram tabulados, em planilha EXCEL, 164 itens, sendo 12 informações gerais sobre o hospital, 141 relativas à infra-estrutura e aos procedimentos atualmente usados e 11 referentes ao plano futuro de gestão de resíduos. Diagnosticou-se a situação desses hospitais no tocante ao manejo dos resíduos, classificados como infectantes, químicos, radioativos, comuns e perfurocortantes, desde a coleta, o armazenamento e o tratamento interno até a remoção, o tratamento externo e a disposição final. A água, desde a fonte de suprimento até seu consumo, os efluentes líquidos e as emissões gasosas também foram objeto de investigação. Foram avaliados ainda, sob os aspectos técnico e econômico, os planos elaborados pelos hospitais para a gestão futura dos seus resíduos. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que os hospitais estudados se encontram em sua maioria numa fase incipiente em matéria de gestão dos seus resíduos, carecendo de infra-estrutura, recursos financeiros e humanos e gerenciamento, existindo considerável distância entre a gestão atual dos resíduos e as exigências legais que os hospitais devem cumprir nas áreas sanitária e ambiental.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de automação para uma planta de inertização de resíduos por plasma

The traditional processes for treatment of hazardous waste are questionable for it generates other wastes that adversely affect people s health. As an attempt to minimize these problems, it was developed a system for treatment of hazardous waste by thermal plasma, a more appropriate technology since it produces high temperatures, preventing the formation of toxic pollutants to human beings. The present work brings out a solution of automation for this plant. The system has local and remote monitoring resources to ensure the operators security as well as the process itself. A special attention was given to the control of the main reactor temperature of the plant as it is the place where the main processing occurs and because it presents a complex mathematical model. To this, it was employed cascaded controls based on Fuzzy logic. A process computer, with a particular man-machine interface (MMI), provides information and controls of the plant to the operator, including by Internet. A compact PLC module is in charge of the central element of management automation and plant control which receives information from sensors, and sends it to the MMI

Gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na microrregião homogênea serra de Botucatu: caracterização física dos resíduos sólidos domésticos na cidade de Botucatu/SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Diagnóstico e avaliação do potencial energético dos resíduos gerados em uma indústria alimentícia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)